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Acute respiratory diseases and peculiarities of the immune response in schoolchildren 小学生急性呼吸道疾病和免疫反应的特点
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2020-4-41-48
E. Tepper, T. Taranushenko, A. Savchenko
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引用次数: 0
Tracheoesophageal fistula as an iatrogenic complication of polytrauma, manifestations, diagnosis, treatment 气管食管瘘作为医源性多伤并发症的表现、诊断、治疗
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2020-1-84-88
A. Morozov, E. Mokhov, V. Kadykov, A. Olshevskaya, M. Dukhanina, M. A. Pakhomov
A case of polytrauma caused by car accident complicated by the development of tracheoesophageal fistula (TPS) with prolonged ventilation support is presented. The article describes clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and palliative therapy of this pathology. Despite complex treatment, the presence of TEF in the patient led to worsening of the condition, which in complex with number of other injuries and various complications led to death.
本文报告一例车祸致多发外伤并发气管食管瘘(TPS)并延长通气支持时间的病例。本文介绍了该病理的临床表现、诊断方法和姑息治疗。尽管治疗复杂,但患者体内TEF的存在导致病情恶化,再加上许多其他损伤和各种并发症,导致死亡。
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引用次数: 3
Pathogenetic mechanisms of drug-induced liver damage 药物性肝损伤的发病机制
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2020-6-36-50
A. Kochetkov, E. Akimova, O. Ostroumova
Drug-induced liver damage (DILD) is a common condition that can lead in some cases to acute liver failure and unfavorable patient outcomes. DILD development mechanisms are of two main types. The first is a direct dose-dependent type and the second is dose-independent idiosyncratic one. Cytochrome P450 system is of great importance in the genesis of direct DILD, since during drugs metabolism highly toxic metabolites can be formed in this liver enzymatic system. As a result, hepatocytes die destructing mitochondria and thus blocking the production of cell energy substrates, triggering oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. It also leads to direct DNA damage and activation of signaling pathways for apoptosis. In most cases idiosyncratic DILD is associated with individual genetically determined predisposition with a wide range of clinical manifestations. In case of this type of DILD, the immune cells are sensitized to hepatocytes activating humoral and cellular immune response and rather often forming antibodies to some structural element of hepatocytes. The structure of antigens of the main histocompatibility complex as well as receptor-mediated interactions with Fas-ligand participation, interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor play a certain role in the development of idiosyncratic DILD. By present, hypotheses of immune system activation in idiosyncratic DILD have been proposed, including haptenization hypothesis; the hypothesis of direct interaction of drugs with the molecules of major histocompatibility complex and subsequent activation of the immune system; the hypothesis of changes in structural sequences of endogenous biologically active peptides with impaired interaction in the backbones of major histocompatibility complex and occurrence of autoimmune reactions. Finally, there is the hypothesis of multiple determinants, which postulates that there are various risk factors (for example, genetic polymorphisms, gender, age, etc.) that contribute to DILD onset in case of comorbidity. DILD mechanisms can also be considered according to clinical and morphological type of liver damage. One can distinguish cholestatic DILD type, vascular type, steatosis, and the type when liver tumor develops. The cholestatic DILD type is clinically expressed by cholestasia or inability of bile to enter the lumen of small intestine as a result of abnormal secretion of bile acids by hepatocytes or obstruction of biliary tract. Hepatic steatosis is histologically determined as deposition of triglycerides within hepatocytes. Drug-induced steatosis is reversible unless steatohepatitis or cirrhosis has developed. Vascular DILD type is associated with damage of stellate and endothelial liver cells, lining sinusoidal capillaries. Edema, thrombosis of small intrahepatic vessels, develop as a result of it, leading to obstruction of venous outflow (and impaired lymph outflow), expansion of sinusoids, pressure overload and hepato-hepatic necrosis, and, in some cases, to ce
药物性肝损伤(DILD)是一种常见的疾病,在某些情况下可导致急性肝衰竭和不良的患者预后。DILD开发机制主要有两种类型。第一种是直接剂量依赖型,第二种是剂量无关的特质型。细胞色素P450系统在直接DILD的发生中起重要作用,因为在药物代谢过程中,该肝酶系统可形成高毒性代谢物。结果,肝细胞死亡,破坏线粒体,从而阻断细胞能量底物的产生,引发氧化应激和脂质过氧化。它还导致直接的DNA损伤和细胞凋亡信号通路的激活。在大多数情况下,特异性DILD与个体遗传决定的易感性有关,具有广泛的临床表现。在这种类型的DILD的情况下,免疫细胞对肝细胞敏感,激活体液和细胞免疫反应,并且经常形成针对肝细胞某些结构元件的抗体。主要组织相容性复合体抗原的结构以及受体介导的与fas配体参与、干扰素γ和肿瘤坏死因子的相互作用在特异性DILD的发生发展中起一定作用。目前,关于特异性DILD的免疫系统激活假说已被提出,包括半抗原化假说;药物与主要组织相容性复合体分子直接相互作用并随后激活免疫系统的假说;内源性生物活性肽结构序列变化与主要组织相容性复合体骨干相互作用受损和自身免疫反应发生的假设。最后,还有多决定因素假说,该假说假设存在各种风险因素(例如,遗传多态性、性别、年龄等),在合并症的情况下导致DILD发病。DILD的机制也可以根据肝损伤的临床和形态学类型来考虑。可以区分胆汁淤积型、血管型、脂肪变性和肝脏肿瘤发生时的类型。胆汁淤积型DILD临床表现为肝细胞胆汁酸分泌异常或胆道梗阻导致胆汁淤积或胆汁不能进入小肠管腔。肝脂肪变性在组织学上被确定为肝细胞内甘油三酯的沉积。药物性脂肪变性是可逆的,除非已发展为脂肪性肝炎或肝硬化。血管型DILD与星状细胞、肝内皮细胞、肝窦毛细血管损伤有关。水肿,肝内小血管血栓形成,导致静脉流出阻塞(和淋巴流出受损),窦扩张,压力过载和肝肝坏死,在某些情况下,导致小叶中心纤维化。这种病理被称为窦阻塞综合征或静脉闭塞性疾病。随肝脏肿瘤发展的DILD型包括肝细胞腺瘤、肝细胞癌、胆管癌。了解DILD的致病相关性在实际临床实践中很重要,因为一方面,它可以优化肝病病因的诊断搜索,另一方面,它可以提高治疗和预防此类疾病的方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 1
The lung ultrasound in differential diagnostic of acute respiratory failure reason 肺超声在鉴别诊断急性呼吸衰竭原因中的应用
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2020-5-12-22
D. A. Kuzhel
Ultrasound lungs examination has been considered uninformative for decades due to the high acoustic resistance between soft tissues and airy lungs. Recently, the work in emergency conditions has proved the usefulness of ultrasound technologies, especially while diagnosing acute respiratory failures. Introduction of ultrasound technologies into the practice of intensive care units made it possible to change the ‘philosophy’ of diagnosing critical conditions, promoting ultrasound as primary technique, even in the era of widespread use of computed tomography. Portable ultrasound diagnostic devices, along with general clinical examination, made it possible to differentiate rapidly such acute conditions as cardiogenic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, atelectasis, and other lung lesions
几十年来,由于软组织和通气肺之间的高声阻,超声肺部检查被认为是不可靠的。最近,在紧急情况下的工作已经证明了超声技术的有用性,特别是在诊断急性呼吸衰竭时。将超声技术引入重症监护病房的实践使得改变诊断危重疾病的“理念”成为可能,即使在计算机断层扫描广泛使用的时代,超声也被推广为主要技术。便携式超声诊断设备,加上一般的临床检查,使快速区分心源性休克、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、气胸、肺不张和其他肺部病变等急性疾病成为可能
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引用次数: 0
On the Marketness of Markets and Actor Clout: Market-shaping Roles 论市场的市场化与行动者影响力:市场塑造角色
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.15358/2511-8676-2020-2-3-170
S. Nenonen, K. Storbacka
In reconnecting marketing to more plastic and malleable markets, we need more understanding about market evolution. In this research we explore how to assess the state of a market, and how the roles of a market-shaping actor vary depending on this state. We view markets as configurations of 25 interdependent elements and argue that well-functioning markets have a high degree of configurational fit between elements. The level of configurational fit describes the state of a market as a continuum from low to high marketness. The clout of a market actor to influence a market configuration is an amalgamation of the actor’s capabilities, network position and relative power. By exploring marketness and clout as contextual contingencies, we identify four market-shaping roles: market maker, market activist, market champion, and market complementor. The focus of a market-shaping actor, in terms of which elements to influence and in which order, vary significantly between roles.
在将营销与更具可塑性和可塑性的市场重新联系起来的过程中,我们需要更多地了解市场的演变。在这项研究中,我们探讨了如何评估市场状态,以及市场塑造参与者的角色如何根据这种状态而变化。我们认为市场是由25个相互依赖的要素构成的,并认为运作良好的市场在要素之间具有高度的配置契合度。配置匹配水平描述了市场从低市场到高市场的连续状态。市场行为者对市场结构的影响是行为者能力、网络地位和相对权力的综合。通过将市场化和影响力作为语境偶然性进行探索,我们确定了四种市场塑造角色:做市商、市场积极分子、市场冠军和市场补充者。一个塑造市场的行动者的重点,在影响哪些因素和以何种顺序方面,在不同的角色之间差别很大。
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引用次数: 0
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in diagnosis of functional disorders in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis 心肺运动试验对肺结节病患者功能障碍的诊断价值
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2020-1-27-35
A. L. Gudim, L. Postnikova, V. A. Kostrov, A. Mironov
Кардиопульмональное нагрузочное тестирование в диагностике функциональных нарушений у пациентов с саркоидозом органов дыхания А. Л. Гудим1, Л. Б. Постникова1, В. А. Костров1, А. А. Миронов2 1Городская клиническая больница No 38, Нижний Новгород 603000, Российская Федерация 2Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского, Нижний Новгород 603950, Российская Федерация
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引用次数: 0
New approaches to spasticity treatment and prevention in patients during acute period of focal injuries of the brain using botulin toxin type A A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗和预防脑局灶性损伤急性期痉挛的新方法
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2020-4-84-91
D. Pokhabov, A. Arutyunyan, M. Tunik, V. Abramov, K. Tutsenko, A. Khoroshavina, M. Sadovsky
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引用次数: 0
Drug-induced acute tubular necrosis 药物性急性肾小管坏死
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2020-5-49-62
O. Ostroumova, M. Klepikova, K. K. Dzamikhov, V. De, S. N. Litvinova
Nowadays, there is an increasing necessity to use a lot of medical products (MP) in one patient. This can lead to potential nephrotoxic adverse reactions (ADRs) among drugs. One of drug-induced kidney damage manifestations is acute tubular necrosis (ATN), which causes the development of severe complications associated with the use of hemodialysis and a high risk of mortality. The purpose of this review is to analyze literature data concerning groups of drugs and individual drugs, the intake of which is associated with the development of drug-induced ATN, risk factors, prevention and treatment methods. Among drug-induced ATN development risk factors are both general, associated with the development of drug-induced acute kidney damage (for example, age, history of chronic kidney disease, etc.), and specific ones, typical for certain groups of drugs. Most often, drug-induced ATN develops while taking antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer drugs. The main method of treatment for drug-induced ATN is abolition of nephrotoxic drugs, but if it is impossible, then there are certain patient management schemes. To prevent and to diagnose drug-induced ATN at early stages, that is the key for favorable prognosis, it is necessary to aware of doctors of different specialties about such pharmacotherapy complications.
如今,在一个病人身上使用多种医疗产品(MP)的必要性越来越大。这可能导致药物之间潜在的肾毒性不良反应(adr)。药物性肾损害的表现之一是急性肾小管坏死(ATN),它会导致与血液透析相关的严重并发症和高死亡率。本综述的目的是分析与药物性ATN发生、危险因素、预防和治疗方法相关的药物组和单个药物的文献资料。在药物性ATN发生的危险因素中,既有一般性的,与药物性急性肾损害的发生有关(如年龄、慢性肾脏疾病史等),也有特异性的,是某些药物组的典型危险因素。大多数情况下,药物性ATN是在服用抗菌、抗病毒和抗癌药物时发生的。治疗药物性ATN的主要方法是停用肾毒性药物,但如果不可能,则有一定的患者管理方案。为了早期预防和诊断药物性ATN,是获得良好预后的关键,有必要让不同专业的医生了解这类药物治疗并发症。
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引用次数: 1
Stereotypes in Services - A Systematic Literature Review to Move from Scattered Insights to Generalizable Knowledge 服务中的刻板印象——从分散的见解到可概括的知识的系统文献综述
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.15358/2511-8676-2020-4-216
Hannes Fleischer
Over the last 40 years, the impact of stereotypes in a service context has been investigated repeatedly, as stereotypes can have a strong influence on interactions during the service encounter. The many academic studies analysed various stereotypes, took a customer or employee perspective, investigated attitudinal or behavioural outcomes before and after an interaction and found both positive and negative effects of stereotypes. Thus, a synthesis of research is needed that integrates existing knowledge to clarify what researchers have learnt about stereotypes in services. The main contribution of our research is to aggregate and categorise the highly specialized findings that exist on specific stereotypes and thus make the current knowledge more generalisable. The results of our study reveal that a strong focus on customer stereotypes regarding employees exists, but other stereotype constellations are less often investigated. Similarly, the investigation of more subtle stereotype triggers and the consideration of contextual factors should receive more attention. Finally, even as we identified meaningful managerial implications to address the consequences of stereotypes, academic papers need to include a practitioner’s perspective more consequently.
在过去的40年里,原型在服务上下文中的影响已经被反复研究,因为原型可以对服务遇到期间的交互产生强烈的影响。许多学术研究分析了各种刻板印象,从顾客或员工的角度出发,调查了互动前后的态度或行为结果,发现了刻板印象的积极和消极影响。因此,需要综合研究,整合现有知识,以澄清研究人员对服务业中的刻板印象的了解。我们研究的主要贡献是对存在于特定刻板印象中的高度专业化的发现进行汇总和分类,从而使当前的知识更具普遍性。我们的研究结果表明,客户对员工的刻板印象是存在的,但其他刻板印象星座很少被调查。同样,对更微妙的刻板印象触发因素的调查和情境因素的考虑也应该得到更多的关注。最后,即使我们确定了有意义的管理含义来解决刻板印象的后果,学术论文也需要更多地包括从业者的观点。
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引用次数: 1
Mechanical jaundice as a multidisciplinary problem. Clinical case 机械性黄疸是一个多学科问题。临床病例
Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2020-1-89-95
A. A. Khadanov, Y. Privalov, V. G. Neustroev, S. V. Zhuravlev, R. R. Gumerov, I. Egorov, Irkutsk Regional Clinical Consultative
There is clinical observation demonstrating interdisciplinary approach in treating a patient with a tumour of large duodenal papilla complicated by mechanical jaundice.
有临床观察显示跨学科的方法治疗患者的大十二指肠乳头肿瘤合并机械性黄疸。
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引用次数: 1
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Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice
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