Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789244830.0061
L. Morgan
Abstract This paper discusses about the solution culture or 'hydroculture' systems, which are methods of crop production which do not employ the use of substrates to contain the root system and hold moisture between irrigations. It includes NFT or the nutrient film technique, deep water culture/deep flow technique - float, raft or pond systems, aeroponics, aquaponics, organic solution culture, hydroponic fodder systems, and automation for solution culture systems.
{"title":"Hydroponic System - Solution Culture.","authors":"L. Morgan","doi":"10.1079/9781789244830.0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0061","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This paper discusses about the solution culture or 'hydroculture' systems, which are methods of crop production which do not employ the use of substrates to contain the root system and hold moisture between irrigations. It includes NFT or the nutrient film technique, deep water culture/deep flow technique - float, raft or pond systems, aeroponics, aquaponics, organic solution culture, hydroponic fodder systems, and automation for solution culture systems.","PeriodicalId":171023,"journal":{"name":"Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123859042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789244830.0229
L. Morgan
Abstract This chapter focuses on plant factories, which is an indoor, enclosed, crop cultivation system where the growing environment is precisely controlled to maximize production. Topics covered are the history and background of plant factories,advantages of plant factories, criticisms of plant factories, costs and returns of plant factories, domestic and other small-scale plant factories, crops produced including pharmaceuticals, vertical or multilevel systems, including moveable systems, crop nutrition in plant factories, plant factory environments, lighting, environmental control and plant quality in plant factories, and automation and robotization.
{"title":"Plant factories - closed plant production systems.","authors":"L. Morgan","doi":"10.1079/9781789244830.0229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0229","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter focuses on plant factories, which is an indoor, enclosed, crop cultivation system where the growing environment is precisely controlled to maximize production. Topics covered are the history and background of plant factories,advantages of plant factories, criticisms of plant factories, costs and returns of plant factories, domestic and other small-scale plant factories, crops produced including pharmaceuticals, vertical or multilevel systems, including moveable systems, crop nutrition in plant factories, plant factory environments, lighting, environmental control and plant quality in plant factories, and automation and robotization.","PeriodicalId":171023,"journal":{"name":"Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130992709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789244830.0246
L. Morgan
Abstract 'Quality' of greenhouse and hydroponic produce implies suitability for a particular purpose or the degree to which certain set standards are met. Aspects of produce quality may encompass sensory properties (appearance, texture, taste and aroma), nutritive values, chemical constituents, mechanical properties, functional properties and defects. Quality standards and testing methods have been developed for most commercial crops to help ensure consumers receive produce of a suitable standard. These quality standards can range from basic grading for removal of damaged produce and for size, shape, weight and overall appearance, to analytical testing for compositional factors such as acidity, volatiles, dry matter, starch and sugars, toxins, vitamins and minerals, and others. This chapter discusses the components of crop quality, quality improvement, cultural practices to improve greenhouse produce quality (nutrient solution electrical conductivity levels, salinity and deficit irrigation), environmental conditions (including light and temperature) affecting quality of greenhouse crops, role of genetics in the quality of greenhouse-grown produce, microbial quality and food safety. Different quality testing and grading methods are described such as colour analysis, total soluble solids (Brix) testing, sensory evaluation of compositional quality, volatiles testing (aroma), texture and firmness quality assessment.
{"title":"Greenhouse produce quality and assessment.","authors":"L. Morgan","doi":"10.1079/9781789244830.0246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0246","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 'Quality' of greenhouse and hydroponic produce implies suitability for a particular purpose or the degree to which certain set standards are met. Aspects of produce quality may encompass sensory properties (appearance, texture, taste and aroma), nutritive values, chemical constituents, mechanical properties, functional properties and defects. Quality standards and testing methods have been developed for most commercial crops to help ensure consumers receive produce of a suitable standard. These quality standards can range from basic grading for removal of damaged produce and for size, shape, weight and overall appearance, to analytical testing for compositional factors such as acidity, volatiles, dry matter, starch and sugars, toxins, vitamins and minerals, and others. This chapter discusses the components of crop quality, quality improvement, cultural practices to improve greenhouse produce quality (nutrient solution electrical conductivity levels, salinity and deficit irrigation), environmental conditions (including light and temperature) affecting quality of greenhouse crops, role of genetics in the quality of greenhouse-grown produce, microbial quality and food safety. Different quality testing and grading methods are described such as colour analysis, total soluble solids (Brix) testing, sensory evaluation of compositional quality, volatiles testing (aroma), texture and firmness quality assessment.","PeriodicalId":171023,"journal":{"name":"Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide","volume":"37 13","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114006758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789244830.0047
L. Morgan
Abstract This chapter discusses greenhouse operation and management. Its sanitation and hygiene for food safety and compliance programs and for crop protection; source water quality and treatment; biosecurity; waste management and disposal of wastewater and its treatment, disposal of and reduction in organic waste, plastics, and pesticides and agrochemical containers; and occupational health and safety are also discussed.
{"title":"Greenhouse operation and management.","authors":"L. Morgan","doi":"10.1079/9781789244830.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0047","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter discusses greenhouse operation and management. Its sanitation and hygiene for food safety and compliance programs and for crop protection; source water quality and treatment; biosecurity; waste management and disposal of wastewater and its treatment, disposal of and reduction in organic waste, plastics, and pesticides and agrochemical containers; and occupational health and safety are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":171023,"journal":{"name":"Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124280488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789244830.0077
L. Morgan
Abstract This chapter focuses on substrate-based hydroponic systems. The main purpose of the substrate in hydroponic systems is to provide plant support, allowing roots to grow throughout the medium absorbing water and nutrients from the nutrient solution. Topics discussed are properties of hydroponic substrates, open and closed soilless systems, common hydroponic substrates, substrates and water-holding capacity, substrates and oversaturation, matching substrates to crop species, physical properties of soilless substrates, chemical properties of hydroponic substrates, nutrient delivery in substrate systems, irrigation and moisture control in substrates, and microbial populations in substrates.
{"title":"Substrate-based Hydroponic Systems.","authors":"L. Morgan","doi":"10.1079/9781789244830.0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0077","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter focuses on substrate-based hydroponic systems. The main purpose of the substrate in hydroponic systems is to provide plant support, allowing roots to grow throughout the medium absorbing water and nutrients from the nutrient solution. Topics discussed are properties of hydroponic substrates, open and closed soilless systems, common hydroponic substrates, substrates and water-holding capacity, substrates and oversaturation, matching substrates to crop species, physical properties of soilless substrates, chemical properties of hydroponic substrates, nutrient delivery in substrate systems, irrigation and moisture control in substrates, and microbial populations in substrates.","PeriodicalId":171023,"journal":{"name":"Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127168459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789244830.0030
L. Morgan
Abstract This chapter discusses the greenhouse environment and its energy use. Its heating, cooling, shading, ventilation and air movement, humidity, carbon dioxide enrichment, automation, energy use and conservation in protected cropping, renewable energy sources for protected cropping such as geothermal energy, solar energy, passive solar energy, wind-generated energy, biomass and biofuels are also discussed.
{"title":"The greenhouse environment and energy use.","authors":"L. Morgan","doi":"10.1079/9781789244830.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter discusses the greenhouse environment and its energy use. Its heating, cooling, shading, ventilation and air movement, humidity, carbon dioxide enrichment, automation, energy use and conservation in protected cropping, renewable energy sources for protected cropping such as geothermal energy, solar energy, passive solar energy, wind-generated energy, biomass and biofuels are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":171023,"journal":{"name":"Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122161100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789244830.0100
L. Morgan
Abstract This chapter discusses the organic soilless greenhouse systems. It includes topics on organic greenhouse production, organic hydroponic systems, organic hydroponic nutrients, microbial mineralization of organic nutrients for hydroponics, anaerobic and aerobic processing of organic materials, vermicast and vermicomposting, use of vermiculture liquids in hydroponics, composting for organic nutrient processing and substrate preparation, organic materials for vermicast, composting and biodigester systems, auqaponics, organic hydroponic production systems, biofilms in hydroponic systems, nutrient amendmentsorganic certification in the USA, organic pest and disease control, hybrid systems, and issues commonly encountered with organic hydroponic systems.
{"title":"Organic soilless greenhouse systems.","authors":"L. Morgan","doi":"10.1079/9781789244830.0100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0100","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter discusses the organic soilless greenhouse systems. It includes topics on organic greenhouse production, organic hydroponic systems, organic hydroponic nutrients, microbial mineralization of organic nutrients for hydroponics, anaerobic and aerobic processing of organic materials, vermicast and vermicomposting, use of vermiculture liquids in hydroponics, composting for organic nutrient processing and substrate preparation, organic materials for vermicast, composting and biodigester systems, auqaponics, organic hydroponic production systems, biofilms in hydroponic systems, nutrient amendmentsorganic certification in the USA, organic pest and disease control, hybrid systems, and issues commonly encountered with organic hydroponic systems.","PeriodicalId":171023,"journal":{"name":"Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide","volume":"416 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116678869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789244830.0136
L. Morgan
Abstract This chapter focuses on plant nutrition and nutrient formulation. Water quality and sources for hydroponic production, reclaimed water sources, water testing, water analysis reports, water treatment options, water usage and supply requirements, plant nutrition in hydroponic systems, essential elements and its function in plants and deficiency symptoms, beneficial elements, nutrient formulation, hydroponic nutrient formulation - nitrogen sources, common hydroponic fertilizers, fertilizer composition and grades, chelation of trace elements, foliar fertilizers, electrical conductivity, pH, conditions which affect nutrient uptake rates, automation and testing equipment, plant tissue analysis, fertilizer and environmental concerns, water and nutrient solution treatment methods, and surfactants are the topics discussed in this chapter.
{"title":"Plant nutrition and nutrient formulation.","authors":"L. Morgan","doi":"10.1079/9781789244830.0136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0136","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter focuses on plant nutrition and nutrient formulation. Water quality and sources for hydroponic production, reclaimed water sources, water testing, water analysis reports, water treatment options, water usage and supply requirements, plant nutrition in hydroponic systems, essential elements and its function in plants and deficiency symptoms, beneficial elements, nutrient formulation, hydroponic nutrient formulation - nitrogen sources, common hydroponic fertilizers, fertilizer composition and grades, chelation of trace elements, foliar fertilizers, electrical conductivity, pH, conditions which affect nutrient uptake rates, automation and testing equipment, plant tissue analysis, fertilizer and environmental concerns, water and nutrient solution treatment methods, and surfactants are the topics discussed in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":171023,"journal":{"name":"Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134407021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789244830.0170
L. Morgan
Abstract This chapter describes (i) major greenhouse pests (including insects, mites and nematodes) and pest control options focusing on integrated pest management (which involves the use of 'ofter' control options such as biological and microbial control combined with physical exclusion, pest trapping, resistant crops and other methods); (ii) selected diseases of hydroponic crops, including those caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses; and (iii) physiological disorders caused by non-living or non-infectious factors such as temperature, light, irrigation water quality and salinity, chemical injury (phytotoxicity), and cultural practices.
{"title":"Plant health, plant protection and abiotic factors.","authors":"L. Morgan","doi":"10.1079/9781789244830.0170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter describes (i) major greenhouse pests (including insects, mites and nematodes) and pest control options focusing on integrated pest management (which involves the use of 'ofter' control options such as biological and microbial control combined with physical exclusion, pest trapping, resistant crops and other methods); (ii) selected diseases of hydroponic crops, including those caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses; and (iii) physiological disorders caused by non-living or non-infectious factors such as temperature, light, irrigation water quality and salinity, chemical injury (phytotoxicity), and cultural practices.","PeriodicalId":171023,"journal":{"name":"Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124101933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789244830.0011
L. Morgan
Abstract This chapter focuses on greenhouses and protected cropping structures. Topics covered are glasshouses and plastic greenhouses, closed and semi-closed greenhouse structures, passive solar greenhouses, sustainable greenhouse design, cladding materials, screen houses, net houses, shade houses, rain covers and other structures, screen and shade nets, low tunnels and high tunnels, hot beds and cold frames greenhouses, floating mulches, row covers, cloche covers, direct covers and frost cloth, greenhouse site planning, windbreaks, outdoor hydroponic systems, and controlled-environment agriculture.
{"title":"Greenhouses and protected cropping structures.","authors":"L. Morgan","doi":"10.1079/9781789244830.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter focuses on greenhouses and protected cropping structures. Topics covered are glasshouses and plastic greenhouses, closed and semi-closed greenhouse structures, passive solar greenhouses, sustainable greenhouse design, cladding materials, screen houses, net houses, shade houses, rain covers and other structures, screen and shade nets, low tunnels and high tunnels, hot beds and cold frames greenhouses, floating mulches, row covers, cloche covers, direct covers and frost cloth, greenhouse site planning, windbreaks, outdoor hydroponic systems, and controlled-environment agriculture.","PeriodicalId":171023,"journal":{"name":"Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115061607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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