Urbanization is rapidly emerging as one of the most potent forces to shape the global environment. There is already immense pressure on urban natural capital; local biodiversity has been isolated and overshadowed by urban sprawl. The irreversible loss of native biodiversity has an impact on multi-scale ecosystem functioning. It has become critical to reconcile these issues to ensure that urban development is sustainable and, in fact, betters the quality of life. This essay explores the interactions between urban biodiversity, natural capital, and people in urban human ecosystems. A strong scientifi c basis through continual mapping, monitoring, and assessment is required to communicate the implicit connection between biodiversity and the quality of life to the public and policymakers. Grassroots innovation, public participation, and local governance are critical to maintaining urban biodiversity. A natural capital and ecosystem approach are strongly recommended to ensure that urbanization becomes more sustainable and cities are able to reduce their ecological footprint.
{"title":"Urban biodiversity: an essay on natural capital and social innovation using Delhi as an example","authors":"Meher Bajwa","doi":"10.3233/RED-120071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120071","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization is rapidly emerging as one of the most potent forces to shape the global environment. There is already immense pressure on urban natural capital; local biodiversity has been isolated and overshadowed by urban sprawl. The irreversible loss of native biodiversity has an impact on multi-scale ecosystem functioning. It has become critical to reconcile these issues to ensure that urban development is sustainable and, in fact, betters the quality of life. This essay explores the interactions between urban biodiversity, natural capital, and people in urban human ecosystems. A strong scientifi c basis through continual mapping, monitoring, and assessment is required to communicate the implicit connection between biodiversity and the quality of life to the public and policymakers. Grassroots innovation, public participation, and local governance are critical to maintaining urban biodiversity. A natural capital and ecosystem approach are strongly recommended to ensure that urbanization becomes more sustainable and cities are able to reduce their ecological footprint.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"10 1","pages":"95-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73899957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Water and the laws in India","authors":"V. Narain","doi":"10.3233/RED-120077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"80 1","pages":"131-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73081890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental problems require multilateral solutions rather than unilateral ones. Several multilateral environmental agreements exist, and each has its own institutional mechanism. This study examines the provisions of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in the context of the environment with a view to understand the lessons that can be drawn from the multilateral trade negotiations for the sustainable development context
{"title":"Trade and environment: multilateral institutions and sustainable development","authors":"Saon Ray","doi":"10.3233/RED-120064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120064","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental problems require multilateral solutions rather than unilateral ones. Several multilateral environmental agreements exist, and each has its own institutional mechanism. This study examines the provisions of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in the context of the environment with a view to understand the lessons that can be drawn from the multilateral trade negotiations for the sustainable development context","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"15 3","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72587917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Legal Grounds: natural resources, identity, and the law in Jharkhand","authors":"Pampa Mukherjee","doi":"10.3233/RED-120066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120066","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"247 1","pages":"29-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80629507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Triggered by the unprecedented loss of biodiversity, the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the 2010 biodiversity target, that is, “to achieve, by 2010, a signifi cant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional, and national level, as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefi t of all life on Earth”. This target is now being revised as a post-2010 target. Whatever the target may, be- 2010 or beyond, the challenge step is to put mechanisms in place to track progress towards the targets. There is a large body of trend indicators as well as response indicators for assessing progress towards the target. In this paper, based on a conceptual framework and available information, we reviewed the existing scenario on the biodiversity targets, which resulted in a set of criteria and a set of policy-relevant research questions to be further developed as policy-response indicators for assessing progress that the countries are making towards achieving the biodiversity targets. The criteria and research questions are grouped under four policy areas: implementation mechanism of global biodiversity conventions at the national level; integration of biodiversity into policies and programs of other sectors; public awareness and support, and availability of resources to work towards the targets. These indicators need to be measured at national level and monitored globally.
{"title":"Policy-response towards achieving the biodiversity targets – 2010 and beyond: research questions for developing indicators to assess progress","authors":"N. Khera, Sebastian Winkler, András Krolopp","doi":"10.3233/RED-120065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120065","url":null,"abstract":"Triggered by the unprecedented loss of biodiversity, the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the 2010 biodiversity target, that is, “to achieve, by 2010, a signifi cant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional, and national level, as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefi t of all life on Earth”. This target is now being revised as a post-2010 target. Whatever the target may, be- 2010 or beyond, the challenge step is to put mechanisms in place to track progress towards the targets. There is a large body of trend indicators as well as response indicators for assessing progress towards the target. In this paper, based on a conceptual framework and available information, we reviewed the existing scenario on the biodiversity targets, which resulted in a set of criteria and a set of policy-relevant research questions to be further developed as policy-response indicators for assessing progress that the countries are making towards achieving the biodiversity targets. The criteria and research questions are grouped under four policy areas: implementation mechanism of global biodiversity conventions at the national level; integration of biodiversity into policies and programs of other sectors; public awareness and support, and availability of resources to work towards the targets. These indicators need to be measured at national level and monitored globally.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"49 1","pages":"11-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91138913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For sustainability of urban areas, urban ecosystem management must integrate biodiversity conservation in the planning process. While it is an established practice to set aside areas for conservation, it is also critical to continuously monitor urban areas using suitable indicators. The need for monitoring environmental changes at local levels assumes greater signifi cance in light of the predicted impacts of climate change on ecosystems and biodiversity. Birds serve as useful indicators for monitoring biodiversity at the ecosystem-community level. The impacts of global climate change on bird populations can be observed and monitored. This paper focuses on the urban area of Delhi, based on previous studies and work during 2008-09. Between 2006 and 2008, there occurred a general decline in the abundance and frequency of bird species, except for the common myna, house crow, and rock pigeon. The most striking feature is the change in relative density of occurrence of the rock pigeon. Delhi's vegetation has a predominance of exotic species, with limited shrub and herb cover. The paper proposes to initiate conservation action to maintain urban biodiversity under three levels-within greenspaces, at the landscape level, and at the policy level.
{"title":"Biodiversity management for sustainable development of cities","authors":"N. Khera","doi":"10.3233/RED-120069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120069","url":null,"abstract":"For sustainability of urban areas, urban ecosystem management must integrate biodiversity conservation in the planning process. While it is an established practice to set aside areas for conservation, it is also critical to continuously monitor urban areas using suitable indicators. The need for monitoring environmental changes at local levels assumes greater signifi cance in light of the predicted impacts of climate change on ecosystems and biodiversity. Birds serve as useful indicators for monitoring biodiversity at the ecosystem-community level. The impacts of global climate change on bird populations can be observed and monitored. This paper focuses on the urban area of Delhi, based on previous studies and work during 2008-09. Between 2006 and 2008, there occurred a general decline in the abundance and frequency of bird species, except for the common myna, house crow, and rock pigeon. The most striking feature is the change in relative density of occurrence of the rock pigeon. Delhi's vegetation has a predominance of exotic species, with limited shrub and herb cover. The paper proposes to initiate conservation action to maintain urban biodiversity under three levels-within greenspaces, at the landscape level, and at the policy level.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"19 1","pages":"61-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83329759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since World War II, socio-economic drivers of US urbanization such as population totals and personal income levels have increased substantially. Human land use is the primary force driving changes in forest ecosystem attributes including forest area, which is the focus of this paper. The percentage of the US population residing in urban areas is higher than that in India. In the last few decades, the primary reason behind conversion of large areas of US forests is for urban and development uses. Since 1990, land use changes in the US that have affected forests have been heavily concentrated in the South. Nationwide, more than 60% of US housing units built during the 1990s were constructed on or near areas of wildland vegetation. Between 1982 and 1997, the US population grew by 17%, while the urbanized area rose by 47%. The amount of land area per additional individual dedicated to new housing has almost doubled in the last 20 years. About 18 million hectares of private forest are projected to experience housing density increases by 2030, with the most heavily impacted watersheds occurring in the East. The US population is projected to grow by more than 120 million (40%) by 2050. Deforestation associated with this growth is projected to exceed 20 million hectares (13% of the existing private forest area). Fragmentation of remaining forests is also projected, and is expected to be concentrated in distinct sub-regions, namely, the US South, that include urbanizing areas and areas close to interstate highway corridors.
{"title":"Urbanization in the US: land use trends, impacts on forest area, projections, and policy considerations","authors":"R. Alig","doi":"10.3233/RED-120068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120068","url":null,"abstract":"Since World War II, socio-economic drivers of US urbanization such as population totals and personal income levels have increased substantially. Human land use is the primary force driving changes in forest ecosystem attributes including forest area, which is the focus of this paper. The percentage of the US population residing in urban areas is higher than that in India. In the last few decades, the primary reason behind conversion of large areas of US forests is for urban and development uses. Since 1990, land use changes in the US that have affected forests have been heavily concentrated in the South. Nationwide, more than 60% of US housing units built during the 1990s were constructed on or near areas of wildland vegetation. Between 1982 and 1997, the US population grew by 17%, while the urbanized area rose by 47%. The amount of land area per additional individual dedicated to new housing has almost doubled in the last 20 years. About 18 million hectares of private forest are projected to experience housing density increases by 2030, with the most heavily impacted watersheds occurring in the East. The US population is projected to grow by more than 120 million (40%) by 2050. Deforestation associated with this growth is projected to exceed 20 million hectares (13% of the existing private forest area). Fragmentation of remaining forests is also projected, and is expected to be concentrated in distinct sub-regions, namely, the US South, that include urbanizing areas and areas close to interstate highway corridors.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"107 1","pages":"35-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85577817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditionally, conservation has been mainly addressed in relation to large pristine ecosystems such as forests that deliver a wide variety of ecosystem services. This perception of large green patches providing more services seems to be strongly entrenched in the minds of people. So much so, that even though cities comprise mainly of several small neighbourhood parks and a few large heritage parks, the large parks seem to attract the attention and support of naturalists, ecologists, and citizens. The large parks, undoubtedly, provide a wider range of services as compared to small ones. However, small parks also provide services that benefi t the neighbourhood society, which cannot be undervalued. Apart from recreational services, our field surveys show that these small parks are important pockets for migratory birds and other local biodiversity. This study, through social surveys with park users across the city of Bengaluru, attempts to understand people's perception towards a gradient of green spaces—‘forests, heritage parks, and neighbourhood parks’.
{"title":"Forests, heritage green spaces, and neighbourhood parks: citizen's attitude and perception towards ecosystem services in Bengaluru","authors":"Savitha Swamy, S. Devy","doi":"10.3233/RED-120072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120072","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, conservation has been mainly addressed in relation to large pristine ecosystems such as forests that deliver a wide variety of ecosystem services. This perception of large green patches providing more services seems to be strongly entrenched in the minds of people. So much so, that even though cities comprise mainly of several small neighbourhood parks and a few large heritage parks, the large parks seem to attract the attention and support of naturalists, ecologists, and citizens. The large parks, undoubtedly, provide a wider range of services as compared to small ones. However, small parks also provide services that benefi t the neighbourhood society, which cannot be undervalued. Apart from recreational services, our field surveys show that these small parks are important pockets for migratory birds and other local biodiversity. This study, through social surveys with park users across the city of Bengaluru, attempts to understand people's perception towards a gradient of green spaces—‘forests, heritage parks, and neighbourhood parks’.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"4 1","pages":"117-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89914660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. O. Akinwumi, I. Obioh, A. S. Momodu, J. Akinbami
Globally, energy consumption is projected to grow, with the major increase expected in developing countries, including Nigeria. Bio-energy sources accounted for 60% of the total final energy consumption in Nigeria, of which 85% was utilized by the household sector, in 2000. The effect of technology intervention on household energy mix in Nigeria was examined for a 30-year period by using four different economic development scenarios. These consist of the baseline scenario, NEEDS (National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy) Baseline, or N_BS, and three technology intervention scenarios, namely, NEEDS Trend Scenario, or N_TS, NEEDS Action Scenario, or N_AOS, and Non-NEEDS Scenario, or N-NS. The study was carried out for different ecological zones, namely, forest and savanna. Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning, or LEAP, system, an energy simulation model, was employed for the analysis of the study. Lower and upper limits of the cost of technology intervention are $17.40 billion and $39.20 billion for N_BS and N-NS, respectively. The final energy demand dropped by about 47%, 55%, and 64% for the three intervention scenarios, namely, N_TS, N_AOS, and N-NS, respectively. Environmental implications, in terms of GHG (greenhouse gas) savings, are savings of 1.5 billion kg of C equivalent, and the avoided cost is about −$0.11 million/tonne of C equivalent, which actually represents benefit. Cumulative GHG emission per capita at about 690 kg CO2 equivalent was highest for N_BS in 2030, with the least emission occurring for N-NS for the same time period, at 550 kg CO2 equivalent. The final energy intensity for the country's household sector was estimated to be 50.96 GJ/annum. With a technology intervention that is more efficient than the current trend and provides better alternatives for cooking energy, this figure is expected to drop appreciably over the 30-year time frame of the analysis. However, the immediate contending issues for household energy use in Nigeria are ensuring accessibility to energy sources in terms of availability and affordability, and enabling the rural populace and urban poor to achieve a sustainable path for national economic growth and development.
在全球范围内，能源消费预计将增长，预计主要增长将出现在发展中国家，包括尼日利亚。2000年，生物能源占尼日利亚最终能源消费总量的60%，其中85%被家庭部门利用。通过使用四种不同的经济发展情景，研究了技术干预对尼日利亚家庭能源结构的影响，为期30年。这些包括基线情景，需求(国家经济赋权和发展战略)基线，或N_BS，以及三个技术干预情景，即需求趋势情景，或N_TS，需求行动情景，或N_AOS，和非需求情景，或N-NS。本研究针对不同的生态区，即森林和稀树草原进行。采用能源仿真模型LEAP (long - term Energy Alternatives Planning)系统进行分析。N_BS和N-NS的技术干预成本下限和上限分别为174亿美元和392亿美元。在N_TS、N_AOS和N-NS三种干预方案下，最终能源需求分别下降了47%、55%和64%左右。就温室气体节省而言，对环境的影响是节省15亿公斤碳当量，避免的成本约为每吨碳当量- 11万美元，这实际上是一种效益。2030年，N_BS的人均累积温室气体排放量最高，约为690千克二氧化碳当量，同一时期N-NS的人均累积温室气体排放量最少，为550千克二氧化碳当量。该国家庭部门的最终能源强度估计为50.96吉焦/年。随着技术干预比目前的趋势更有效，并提供更好的烹饪能源替代品，预计这一数字将在分析的30年时间框架内明显下降。然而，尼日利亚家庭能源使用的直接竞争问题是确保在可得性和可负担性方面获得能源，并使农村人口和城市穷人能够实现国家经济增长和发展的可持续道路。
{"title":"An evaluation of alternatives for cooking energy in Nigeria's household energy mix","authors":"I. O. Akinwumi, I. Obioh, A. S. Momodu, J. Akinbami","doi":"10.3233/RED-120057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120057","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, energy consumption is projected to grow, with the major increase expected in developing countries, including Nigeria. Bio-energy sources accounted for 60% of the total final energy consumption in Nigeria, of which 85% was utilized by the household sector, in 2000. The effect of technology intervention on household energy mix in Nigeria was examined for a 30-year period by using four different economic development scenarios. These consist of the baseline scenario, NEEDS (National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy) Baseline, or N_BS, and three technology intervention scenarios, namely, NEEDS Trend Scenario, or N_TS, NEEDS Action Scenario, or N_AOS, and Non-NEEDS Scenario, or N-NS. The study was carried out for different ecological zones, namely, forest and savanna. Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning, or LEAP, system, an energy simulation model, was employed for the analysis of the study. Lower and upper limits of the cost of technology intervention are $17.40 billion and $39.20 billion for N_BS and N-NS, respectively. The final energy demand dropped by about 47%, 55%, and 64% for the three intervention scenarios, namely, N_TS, N_AOS, and N-NS, respectively. Environmental implications, in terms of GHG (greenhouse gas) savings, are savings of 1.5 billion kg of C equivalent, and the avoided cost is about −$0.11 million/tonne of C equivalent, which actually represents benefit. Cumulative GHG emission per capita at about 690 kg CO2 equivalent was highest for N_BS in 2030, with the least emission occurring for N-NS for the same time period, at 550 kg CO2 equivalent. The final energy intensity for the country's household sector was estimated to be 50.96 GJ/annum. With a technology intervention that is more efficient than the current trend and provides better alternatives for cooking energy, this figure is expected to drop appreciably over the 30-year time frame of the analysis. However, the immediate contending issues for household energy use in Nigeria are ensuring accessibility to energy sources in terms of availability and affordability, and enabling the rural populace and urban poor to achieve a sustainable path for national economic growth and development.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"96 1","pages":"23-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83044770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Kyoto Protocol (KP) is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), and primary tool aimed at combating global warming and climate change. The KP does not cover emissions from international bunkers and in its paragraph 2.2 directs Annex I countries to pursue reduction of GHG emissions from marine and aviation bunker fuels by ‘working through’ IMO (International Maritime Organization) and ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) respectively. Getting the mandate from UNFCCC, IMO and ICAO have been leading the discussions on formulating a regime to address the GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions from shipping and aviation respectively. However, there are differences on the issue of coverage of emissions from international bunkers (aviation and shipping) and especially the scope of the application of market based measures. Some of the nations want the global application of measures based on the ‘no more favourable treatment principle‘ (which was adopted in 1982 in the Paris memorandum of understanding on port state control and proposes ‘flag neutrality’) in the case of shipping and Chicago Convention in the case of aviation. On the other hand, other nations want the adoption of CBDR (common but differentiated responsibility) principles in any proceeding on the matter. The debate has entered into a deadlock. The paper discusses this issue of the coverage of GHG emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers and brings to light the various discussions that have happened on the same. An attempt has been made to identify the problem associated with the issue and finally some recommendations have been made.
{"title":"Negotiations on GHG emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers: Issues and concerns","authors":"A. Garg","doi":"10.3233/RED-120061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120061","url":null,"abstract":"The Kyoto Protocol (KP) is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), and primary tool aimed at combating global warming and climate change. The KP does not cover emissions from international bunkers and in its paragraph 2.2 directs Annex I countries to pursue reduction of GHG emissions from marine and aviation bunker fuels by ‘working through’ IMO (International Maritime Organization) and ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) respectively. Getting the mandate from UNFCCC, IMO and ICAO have been leading the discussions on formulating a regime to address the GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions from shipping and aviation respectively. However, there are differences on the issue of coverage of emissions from international bunkers (aviation and shipping) and especially the scope of the application of market based measures. Some of the nations want the global application of measures based on the ‘no more favourable treatment principle‘ (which was adopted in 1982 in the Paris memorandum of understanding on port state control and proposes ‘flag neutrality’) in the case of shipping and Chicago Convention in the case of aviation. On the other hand, other nations want the adoption of CBDR (common but differentiated responsibility) principles in any proceeding on the matter. The debate has entered into a deadlock. The paper discusses this issue of the coverage of GHG emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers and brings to light the various discussions that have happened on the same. An attempt has been made to identify the problem associated with the issue and finally some recommendations have been made.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"6 1","pages":"81-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85590366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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