There is no single defi nition of South Asia, which is also sometimes referred to as the Indian subcontinent. For this paper, we will consider it to include India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The Maldives are usually included in the region, but as they have only 1% forested area, they are not considered in this paper. Similarities among these nations are reinforced by the past tendency of their elites to be educated abroad; and a propensity among the young to seek training in the fi elds of forestry, law enforcement, and other fi elds at larger institutions in India. Diverse and ancient infl uences from major world cultures, including Hinduism, Islam, and Bhuddism still persist. Up to 1947, major portion of South Asia was infl uenced by British commercial penetration and colonial rule. As result, English continues to be widely spoken. In rural areas and the hills, hundreds of locally spoken languages persist. There are many instances of linguistic groups being cut in twain by international borders. Ancient sacred groves, held by institutions grounded in religion, community, and custom represent the longest-running conservation efforts in the world. But replicating such successes across other regions and nations has not been possible. This essay discusses the reasons behind the failure. In analysing forest policies and resource conditions, it is essential to have a realistic view of the implementability of such policies. In situations where institutions are weak, even the best policies cannot succeed. The nations of South Asia certainly illustrate this fact all too vividly. Of the six nations considered here, two have recently emerged from violent civil wars; two maintain large forces that are engaged with various groups of internal militants; one, while generally peaceful, is an unwilling sanctuary for armed groups; and only one seems to be generally placid. Even there, police presence inherited from past traditions remains widespread. As mentioned above, implementability of policy is critical to major national and global concerns. These include:
{"title":"Governance, insecurity, and conservation in South Asian forests","authors":"L. Irland","doi":"10.3233/RED-120091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120091","url":null,"abstract":"There is no single defi nition of South Asia, which is also sometimes referred to as the Indian subcontinent. For this paper, we will consider it to include India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The Maldives are usually included in the region, but as they have only 1% forested area, they are not considered in this paper. Similarities among these nations are reinforced by the past tendency of their elites to be educated abroad; and a propensity among the young to seek training in the fi elds of forestry, law enforcement, and other fi elds at larger institutions in India. Diverse and ancient infl uences from major world cultures, including Hinduism, Islam, and Bhuddism still persist. Up to 1947, major portion of South Asia was infl uenced by British commercial penetration and colonial rule. As result, English continues to be widely spoken. In rural areas and the hills, hundreds of locally spoken languages persist. There are many instances of linguistic groups being cut in twain by international borders. Ancient sacred groves, held by institutions grounded in religion, community, and custom represent the longest-running conservation efforts in the world. But replicating such successes across other regions and nations has not been possible. This essay discusses the reasons behind the failure. In analysing forest policies and resource conditions, it is essential to have a realistic view of the implementability of such policies. In situations where institutions are weak, even the best policies cannot succeed. The nations of South Asia certainly illustrate this fact all too vividly. Of the six nations considered here, two have recently emerged from violent civil wars; two maintain large forces that are engaged with various groups of internal militants; one, while generally peaceful, is an unwilling sanctuary for armed groups; and only one seems to be generally placid. Even there, police presence inherited from past traditions remains widespread. As mentioned above, implementability of policy is critical to major national and global concerns. These include:","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"173-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90503055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Women, gender, and disaster: global issues and initiatives","authors":"S. Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.3233/RED-120082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120082","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"50 1","pages":"59-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84937586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The impacts of climate change are already being felt in developing countries like India, making its people and natural resources extremely vulnerable. In order to tackle such changes, it is important to take adaptive measures. The article does a literature review of the impacts of climate change on India and its forests. It also reviews literature across discipline of sustainable development and social-ecology that argue for the use of resilience framework as a way to tackle climate change for complex systems. Resilience framework is a promising way to manage complex social and ecological systems. Due to the nature and scale of adaptation strategies, institutions like Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) are being projected to increase adaptation at the local level. Joint Forest Management (JFM) as a type of CBNRM has become an obvious choice for the Government of India to increase adaptation at the local level. This article evaluates the potential of JFM in delivering adaptive strategies at the local level. However, JFM in its current state needs modification and unless modified it will be unable to create resilience. Increasing legal rights and ownership over resources along with creating networks enabling knowledge and resource sharing have been identified as the main strategies to increase the effectiveness of JFM.
{"title":"Climate change resilience: can Joint Forest Management help Indian forest and communities?","authors":"A. Saxena","doi":"10.3233/RED-120085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120085","url":null,"abstract":"The impacts of climate change are already being felt in developing countries like India, making its people and natural resources extremely vulnerable. In order to tackle such changes, it is important to take adaptive measures. The article does a literature review of the impacts of climate change on India and its forests. It also reviews literature across discipline of sustainable development and social-ecology that argue for the use of resilience framework as a way to tackle climate change for complex systems. Resilience framework is a promising way to manage complex social and ecological systems. Due to the nature and scale of adaptation strategies, institutions like Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) are being projected to increase adaptation at the local level. Joint Forest Management (JFM) as a type of CBNRM has become an obvious choice for the Government of India to increase adaptation at the local level. This article evaluates the potential of JFM in delivering adaptive strategies at the local level. However, JFM in its current state needs modification and unless modified it will be unable to create resilience. Increasing legal rights and ownership over resources along with creating networks enabling knowledge and resource sharing have been identified as the main strategies to increase the effectiveness of JFM.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"3 1","pages":"75-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78379833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Raina, Surindar Singh Hara, Valerie Hara, L. Irland
This paper is a bit of a departure for a scientifi c journal. It offers two stories of farmers adopting agroforestry in the state of Haryana, where widespread progress in agroforestry has taken place. Each story describes the development of agroforestry at ground level in a very personal manner. The best part is that it is primarily an account of the working of the marketplace, with landowners and wood users responding to market incentives. Even through in India, the practice of planting trees for use has been in vogue since time immemorial, commercial planting of trees in the country began only in 1977, when Switzerland-based WIMCO, a matchbox-making company, planted clonal varieties of poplar in the northern states of Haryana and Punjab. Since then farmers in Haryana— home to Yamuna Nagar, the largest wood market of northern India—have developed vast plantations of poplar and clonal eucalyptus. This paper explains the story of these two plantations.
{"title":"Twenty-first century forest plantations: development of agroforestry in Haryana","authors":"R. Raina, Surindar Singh Hara, Valerie Hara, L. Irland","doi":"10.3233/RED-120084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120084","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a bit of a departure for a scientifi c journal. It offers two stories of farmers adopting agroforestry in the state of Haryana, where widespread progress in agroforestry has taken place. Each story describes the development of agroforestry at ground level in a very personal manner. The best part is that it is primarily an account of the working of the marketplace, with landowners and wood users responding to market incentives. Even through in India, the practice of planting trees for use has been in vogue since time immemorial, commercial planting of trees in the country began only in 1977, when Switzerland-based WIMCO, a matchbox-making company, planted clonal varieties of poplar in the northern states of Haryana and Punjab. Since then farmers in Haryana— home to Yamuna Nagar, the largest wood market of northern India—have developed vast plantations of poplar and clonal eucalyptus. This paper explains the story of these two plantations.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"56 1","pages":"67-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91007537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Why urban land use management needs to change in India’s cities","authors":"P. Annez","doi":"10.3233/RED-120081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120081","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"47 1","pages":"49-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84233107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New perceptions and practices for conserving and “developing” human ecosystems: lessons from the high Himalayas","authors":"W. Burch","doi":"10.3233/RED-120086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120086","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"58 1","pages":"89-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80837309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While nation states debate on climate policy at an international scale, at the local level, cities across the globe have engaged in mitigation activities. This study analyses municipal climate measures, urban mitigation performance, Introduction and the role of city-networks in Germany. It also examines the potential Research design of carbon offsets in the form of CDM in north-south city-partnerships. Cities’ mitigation activities All cities covered by the survey have implemented mitigation City cooperations measures, with energy provision and municipal buildings being the Conclusion most popular sectors. Measures in the transport sector are hardly in the Acknowledgements focus of cities, neither are regulative measures. Mitigation performance References of German cities is not far from the German average (including the Wall-fall effect in east German cities). Participation in city-networks did not coincide with better mitigation performance, and carbon offsetting via CDM project development has not been an issue in north-south city-partnerships. Cities might shift some attention to the transport sector and to regulative modes of climate governance. Though debates may arise from such a shift, these two are probably necessary elements in the required transformational shift towards a sustainable urban climate and energy future. CDM project development in city-partnerships requires integration of economic stakeholders, and may benefit from external support (for instance, capacity building).
{"title":"German cities, their climate mitigation activities, and the potential of city-partnerships","authors":"Maike Sippel","doi":"10.3233/RED-120080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120080","url":null,"abstract":"While nation states debate on climate policy at an international scale, at the local level, cities across the globe have engaged in mitigation activities. This study analyses municipal climate measures, urban mitigation performance, Introduction and the role of city-networks in Germany. It also examines the potential Research design of carbon offsets in the form of CDM in north-south city-partnerships. Cities’ mitigation activities All cities covered by the survey have implemented mitigation City cooperations measures, with energy provision and municipal buildings being the Conclusion most popular sectors. Measures in the transport sector are hardly in the Acknowledgements focus of cities, neither are regulative measures. Mitigation performance References of German cities is not far from the German average (including the Wall-fall effect in east German cities). Participation in city-networks did not coincide with better mitigation performance, and carbon offsetting via CDM project development has not been an issue in north-south city-partnerships. Cities might shift some attention to the transport sector and to regulative modes of climate governance. Though debates may arise from such a shift, these two are probably necessary elements in the required transformational shift towards a sustainable urban climate and energy future. CDM project development in city-partnerships requires integration of economic stakeholders, and may benefit from external support (for instance, capacity building).","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"71 1","pages":"37-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81658755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forests and forestry in South Asia: the challenges of sustainable management in a changing society","authors":"C. Nair, Chris G. Brown, P. Durst, J. Broadhead","doi":"10.3233/RED-120088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120088","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"235 1","pages":"113-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85874137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the dynamics of dry forest types in the southern part of India as a function of human interference; while forest fires are seen as the dominant anthropogenic impact. Three case studies from three different states show that locally demanded forest ecosystem services are linked to development stages that are predicted through the local forest management practices.
{"title":"Linking dynamics and locally important ecosystem services of South Indian dry forests: an approach","authors":"J. Schmerbeck","doi":"10.3233/RED-120090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120090","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the dynamics of dry forest types in the southern part of India as a function of human interference; while forest fires are seen as the dominant anthropogenic impact. Three case studies from three different states show that locally demanded forest ecosystem services are linked to development stages that are predicted through the local forest management practices.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"35 1","pages":"149-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77109817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protection of Himalayan Biodiversity: international environmental law and a regional legal framework","authors":"Costanza Rampini","doi":"10.3233/RED-120092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120092","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"51 1","pages":"185-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83285780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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