{"title":"A Planet for Life: Building the Future We Want","authors":"Nitish Arora","doi":"10.3233/RED-120120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120120","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"78-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83389571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy plays a pivotal role in the development of a region. Increasing dependency on fossil fuels has caused serious concerns at the local (energy dependency, pollution, etc.) and global (global warming, GHG emissions, etc.) levels. Harvesting of energy depends on the availability of resources apart from the economic viability and technical feasibility of meeting the demand. The energy requirement of India is mainly supplied by coal and lignite (19378.24 PJ), followed by crude oil and petroleum products (18432.96 PJ) and electricity (7562.24 PJ). However, energy consumption in rural India is largely dependent on non-conventional energy sources due to the availability, possibility of rapid extraction, and appropriate technologies. Globalization and consequent opening up of Indian markets has led to urbanization with the enhanced energy demand in the industrial and infrastructure sectors. The perishing stock of fossil fuel coupled with the growing concerns of climate change has necessitated the exploration of cost effective, environment friendly, and sustainable energy alternatives.
{"title":"Energy Trajectory in India: Challenges and Opportunities for Innovation","authors":"T. Ramachandra, G. Hegde","doi":"10.3233/RED-120115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120115","url":null,"abstract":"Energy plays a pivotal role in the development of a region. Increasing dependency on fossil fuels has caused serious concerns at the local (energy dependency, pollution, etc.) and global (global warming, GHG emissions, etc.) levels. Harvesting of energy depends on the availability of resources apart from the economic viability and technical feasibility of meeting the demand. The energy requirement of India is mainly supplied by coal and lignite (19378.24 PJ), followed by crude oil and petroleum products (18432.96 PJ) and electricity (7562.24 PJ). However, energy consumption in rural India is largely dependent on non-conventional energy sources due to the availability, possibility of rapid extraction, and appropriate technologies. Globalization and consequent opening up of Indian markets has led to urbanization with the enhanced energy demand in the industrial and infrastructure sectors. The perishing stock of fossil fuel coupled with the growing concerns of climate change has necessitated the exploration of cost effective, environment friendly, and sustainable energy alternatives.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87407461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proponents of risk-security risk view that risk is effectively the new security. Risk widens securitization whereby exceptional measures are introduced and made permanent to deal with merely potential, hypothetical, and less than existential dangers. A transformation in the political logic of the security field of this kind is potentially problematic and has not been properly reflected in the primary theory of what security is, namely the Copenhagen School's Theory of Securitization. This article addresses this question by identifying the distinct logic of speech act that turns issues into questions of risk politics. A separate kind of speech act-'riskification'-is identified, based on a re-theorization of what distinguishes risks from threats. Threat-based security deals with direct causes of harm whereas risk-security is oriented towards the conditions of possibility or constitutive causes of harm of second order security politics harping on long term precautionary measures. While separating securitization and 'riskification ’, the analytical precision of the Copenhagen School notion of securitization is maintained. On the basis of this new framework, a critical understanding of literature has been suggested such that climate change has been securitized.
{"title":"Security, Risk, and Securitization of Climate Change","authors":"N. Gaan","doi":"10.3233/RED-120118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120118","url":null,"abstract":"The proponents of risk-security risk view that risk is effectively the new security. Risk widens securitization whereby exceptional measures are introduced and made permanent to deal with merely potential, hypothetical, and less than existential dangers. A transformation in the political logic of the security field of this kind is potentially problematic and has not been properly reflected in the primary theory of what security is, namely the Copenhagen School's Theory of Securitization. This article addresses this question by identifying the distinct logic of speech act that turns issues into questions of risk politics. A separate kind of speech act-'riskification'-is identified, based on a re-theorization of what distinguishes risks from threats. Threat-based security deals with direct causes of harm whereas risk-security is oriented towards the conditions of possibility or constitutive causes of harm of second order security politics harping on long term precautionary measures. While separating securitization and 'riskification ’, the analytical precision of the Copenhagen School notion of securitization is maintained. On the basis of this new framework, a critical understanding of literature has been suggested such that climate change has been securitized.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"51-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89376237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forests play a very important role in the lives of communities living in and around forests and hence have evolved mechanisms for its sustainable use. But the species composition of forests is not uniform leading to differential NTFP outflow. In an action situation on sustainable forest use by the communities of three different forest types of Madhya Pradesh, the actors identified-households, women, graziers, informal and formal leaderships, plantation watchers, settlers, forest department officials, first purchaser of NTFPs, agents of Bidi industry, wood cutters or poachers, Gram Panchayat functionaries, etc.- are internal or external, individual or composite. Although the study does not show much of variation in actors across the three forest types of the State but the power wielded by these actors vary from village to village. Their roles, as individual or composite actors, also change depending upon the situation.
{"title":"Village Level Actors in Sustainable Forest Management: a Study in Madhya Pradesh","authors":"Prasanth Kumar","doi":"10.3233/RED-120109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120109","url":null,"abstract":"Forests play a very important role in the lives of communities living in and around forests and hence have evolved mechanisms for its sustainable use. But the species composition of forests is not uniform leading to differential NTFP outflow. In an action situation on sustainable forest use by the communities of three different forest types of Madhya Pradesh, the actors identified-households, women, graziers, informal and formal leaderships, plantation watchers, settlers, forest department officials, first purchaser of NTFPs, agents of Bidi industry, wood cutters or poachers, Gram Panchayat functionaries, etc.- are internal or external, individual or composite. Although the study does not show much of variation in actors across the three forest types of the State but the power wielded by these actors vary from village to village. Their roles, as individual or composite actors, also change depending upon the situation.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88925851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More than 300 million people the world over, especially the poor and marginalized, depend substantially on forest resources for their daily subsistence and survival. Several studies have confirmed that common property forest resources serve as an important life support system to the rural poor, a source of income for the marginalized and low income households and considerably impact household income distribution. With this background, the current piece of work has been conducted in the forest rich state of Odisha in India; where the forest covers 37.34 per cent of the state's geographical area and more than 57 per cent of the villages are located in forest fringe areas. The study has a threefold objective; firstly, it attempts to estimate the extent and nature of dependency of the rural households on common property forest resources. Secondly, it assesses the impact of forest income on household level income inequality, and thirdly, it examines the impact of different forest income sources on the overall income inequality. The research work is based on primary data collected through a micro-level sample survey conducted in 210 households in six villages of three blocks in the three districts of Odisha. The study has used the Gini-coefficient of inequality and its source-wise decomposition technique (Stuart [1954], Pyatt, Chen and Fei [1980], and Lerman and Yitzhaki [1985]) for investigation. The field survey results reveal that forest income sources contribute 30.97 per cent to the total household income. Further inclusion of forest income, in the total household income, brings down the Ginicoefficient of inequality by 26.638 per cent and hence, contributes substantially towards inequality reduction. The Gini decomposition analysis suggests that forest incomes, irrespective of their sources, serve as income equalizers (help reducing income inequality). Therefore, inequality in household level income distribution could be reduced considerably through appropriate policy interventions that would enhance household incomes from forest sources, while balancing the forest ecology.
{"title":"Impact of Common Property Forest Incomes on Rural Income Inequality: A Gini Decomposition Analysis","authors":"A. K. Pradhan","doi":"10.3233/RED-120110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120110","url":null,"abstract":"More than 300 million people the world over, especially the poor and marginalized, depend substantially on forest resources for their daily subsistence and survival. Several studies have confirmed that common property forest resources serve as an important life support system to the rural poor, a source of income for the marginalized and low income households and considerably impact household income distribution. With this background, the current piece of work has been conducted in the forest rich state of Odisha in India; where the forest covers 37.34 per cent of the state's geographical area and more than 57 per cent of the villages are located in forest fringe areas. The study has a threefold objective; firstly, it attempts to estimate the extent and nature of dependency of the rural households on common property forest resources. Secondly, it assesses the impact of forest income on household level income inequality, and thirdly, it examines the impact of different forest income sources on the overall income inequality. The research work is based on primary data collected through a micro-level sample survey conducted in 210 households in six villages of three blocks in the three districts of Odisha. The study has used the Gini-coefficient of inequality and its source-wise decomposition technique (Stuart [1954], Pyatt, Chen and Fei [1980], and Lerman and Yitzhaki [1985]) for investigation. The field survey results reveal that forest income sources contribute 30.97 per cent to the total household income. Further inclusion of forest income, in the total household income, brings down the Ginicoefficient of inequality by 26.638 per cent and hence, contributes substantially towards inequality reduction. The Gini decomposition analysis suggests that forest incomes, irrespective of their sources, serve as income equalizers (help reducing income inequality). Therefore, inequality in household level income distribution could be reduced considerably through appropriate policy interventions that would enhance household incomes from forest sources, while balancing the forest ecology.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"78 1","pages":"25-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84065971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Researchers on global water scarcity analysis concluded that a large share of the world population—nearly two-thirds—will be affected by water scarcity over the next several decades (Shiklomanov 1991; Raskin et al. 1997; Alcamo et al. 1997; Seckler et al. 2003 ; Vorosmarty et al. 2000; Wallace 2000; Wallace and Gregory 2002). The most obvious conclusion from these analyses is that water will be scarce in areas with low rainfall and relatively high population density. Many countries in the arid areas of the world, particularly Central and West Asia and North Africa, are already close to, or below the 1,000 m/capita/year threshold and therefore, this is the part of the world that is most definitely water scarce. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC [2007]) points out that water impacts due to climate change are key for all sectors and regions, resulting in decreasing water availability and increased drought in midand low-latitudes exposing hundreds and millions of people to increased water stress. As the human demand for water stress increases and competition among water-utilizing sectors intensifies, water scarcity becomes apparent in many forms. The Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC points out that freshwater availability in Asia is projected to decrease due to climate change. By the middle of the 21st century, annual average river runoff and water availability projected to decrease by 10–30 per cent, relative to 1900–70 over some dry regions in the mid-latitudes and dry tropics. Further, water availability is projected to be lower for regions supplied by water from glaciers and snow (IPCC 2007).
全球水资源短缺分析的研究人员得出结论，在未来几十年里，世界人口的很大一部分——近三分之二——将受到水资源短缺的影响(Shiklomanov 1991;Raskin et al. 1997;Alcamo等人，1997;Seckler et al. 2003;Vorosmarty等人，2000;华莱士2000年;华莱士和格雷戈里2002)。从这些分析中得出的最明显的结论是，在降雨量少、人口密度相对较高的地区，水将会短缺。世界上许多干旱地区的国家，特别是中亚、西亚和北非，已经接近或低于人均1 000米/年的门槛，因此，这是世界上最明显缺水的地区。政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC[2007])指出，气候变化对水的影响是所有部门和地区的关键，导致中低纬度地区可用水资源减少，干旱加剧，使数亿人面临更大的水资源压力。随着人类对水压力的需求增加和用水部门之间的竞争加剧，水的短缺在许多方面变得明显。IPCC第四次评估报告指出，由于气候变化，预计亚洲的淡水供应将减少。到21世纪中叶，中纬度和干燥热带地区的一些干旱地区的年平均河流径流量和可用水量预计将比1900年至1970年减少10 - 30%。此外，预计由冰川和雪水供应的地区的可用水量将较低(IPCC 2007)。
{"title":"Vulnerability Mapping for Water Stress in Kerala","authors":"P. Indira Devi, K. Sunil, S. Solomon, P. Seenath","doi":"10.3233/RED-120111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120111","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers on global water scarcity analysis concluded that a large share of the world population—nearly two-thirds—will be affected by water scarcity over the next several decades (Shiklomanov 1991; Raskin et al. 1997; Alcamo et al. 1997; Seckler et al. 2003 ; Vorosmarty et al. 2000; Wallace 2000; Wallace and Gregory 2002). The most obvious conclusion from these analyses is that water will be scarce in areas with low rainfall and relatively high population density. Many countries in the arid areas of the world, particularly Central and West Asia and North Africa, are already close to, or below the 1,000 m/capita/year threshold and therefore, this is the part of the world that is most definitely water scarce. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC [2007]) points out that water impacts due to climate change are key for all sectors and regions, resulting in decreasing water availability and increased drought in midand low-latitudes exposing hundreds and millions of people to increased water stress. As the human demand for water stress increases and competition among water-utilizing sectors intensifies, water scarcity becomes apparent in many forms. The Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC points out that freshwater availability in Asia is projected to decrease due to climate change. By the middle of the 21st century, annual average river runoff and water availability projected to decrease by 10–30 per cent, relative to 1900–70 over some dry regions in the mid-latitudes and dry tropics. Further, water availability is projected to be lower for regions supplied by water from glaciers and snow (IPCC 2007).","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"94 1","pages":"41-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73566059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, a strong interest in renewable energy and supporting policies have burgeoned. The most popular of these are Renewable Portfolio Standards and Feed-in-Tariff systems. A policy of choice may be implemented by an entire country such as Feed-in-Tariffs in Germany and Japan and/or could be state-specific within a country. This article studies the existing literature to understand the theoretical and normative workings of both policies and argues that while both policies together and/or separately have proven pros and cons, the future of renewables must depend on case-specific factors. One size usually does not fit all, certainly not when determining a renewables future. While a basic policy may be determined, the nuances have to be localized depending on a country and state's tax structure, renewable energy availability and other such factors.
{"title":"The Future of Renewables: an Appraisal of Feed-in-Tariffs and Renewable Portfolio Standards","authors":"Ipshita Chaturvedi","doi":"10.3233/RED-120112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120112","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, a strong interest in renewable energy and supporting policies have burgeoned. The most popular of these are Renewable Portfolio Standards and Feed-in-Tariff systems. A policy of choice may be implemented by an entire country such as Feed-in-Tariffs in Germany and Japan and/or could be state-specific within a country. This article studies the existing literature to understand the theoretical and normative workings of both policies and argues that while both policies together and/or separately have proven pros and cons, the future of renewables must depend on case-specific factors. One size usually does not fit all, certainly not when determining a renewables future. While a basic policy may be determined, the nuances have to be localized depending on a country and state's tax structure, renewable energy availability and other such factors.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"4 1","pages":"55-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74131952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Powerless: India's Energy Shortage and Its Impact","authors":"Eshita Gupta","doi":"10.3233/red-120113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/red-120113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"25 1","pages":"65-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84210916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy insecurity poses a major problem in Africa, more so than anywhere else in the world. One critical concern is the availability, reliability, affordability, and sustainability of electric power supply in many African countries. Policy leaders in Nigeria have therefore identified that renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic solar power generation, wind energy, biomass, and geothermal power could play critical roles in addressing the energy deficits in the country and reducing aggregate levels of green house gas emission by the country. Despite the enormous potentials for renewable energy production in Nigeria, progress has been slow. A number of legal, institutional, and policy constraints continue to impede the development of renewable energy investments in the country. This paper illustrates the various challenges related to renewable energy production in Nigeria.
{"title":"Power Generation through Renewable Energy Sources: An Analysis of the Legal Barriers and Potentials in Nigeria","authors":"D. Olawuyi","doi":"10.3233/RED-120106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120106","url":null,"abstract":"Energy insecurity poses a major problem in Africa, more so than anywhere else in the world. One critical concern is the availability, reliability, affordability, and sustainability of electric power supply in many African countries. Policy leaders in Nigeria have therefore identified that renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic solar power generation, wind energy, biomass, and geothermal power could play critical roles in addressing the energy deficits in the country and reducing aggregate levels of green house gas emission by the country. Despite the enormous potentials for renewable energy production in Nigeria, progress has been slow. A number of legal, institutional, and policy constraints continue to impede the development of renewable energy investments in the country. This paper illustrates the various challenges related to renewable energy production in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"42 1","pages":"105-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77370418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Urbanizing Citizenship: Contested Spaces in Indian Cities","authors":"S. Ray","doi":"10.3233/RED-120103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/RED-120103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Resources, Energy, and Development","volume":"32 7 1","pages":"51-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82824701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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