Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society最新文献

Five soybean oil-derived fatty acid alkyl ester estolide plasticizers were synthesized with methyl, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol ester head groups. The required fatty acid alkyl ester estolides were synthesized by transesterification of alcohols with soybean oil fatty acid methyl esters followed by epoxidation and subsequent ring opening and acetylation. Experimental plasticizers were compounded with PLA for the evaluation of their thermal, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties compared to those of commercial plasticizer, triethyl citrate (TEC). Experimental plasticizers were divided into low and high molecular weight groups based on similarities in structure and size. High molecular weight plasticizers had poor compatibility with PLA and showed inferior mechanical and water vapor barrier properties. Low molecular weight plasticizers demonstrated good plasticization and depression of glass transition temperature comparable to TEC at low concentrations along with improved water vapor barrier properties at higher concentrations, indicating suitability for more cost-effective applications requiring better water vapor barrier functionality.

The present study aims to fabricate efficient immobilized lipases for medium and long-chain triacylglycerols preparation through acidolysis. Eighteen novel materials, including five mesoporous materials, four organic groups modified SBA-15 samples (R-SBA-15) and nine macroporous resins, were employed as matrices for lipases immobilization. Lipases of TLL, AOL, RML and CALB were evaluated. Results indicated that TLL exhibited better acidolysis performance and decanoic acid content from 30% to 45% could be obtained; while other lipases (CALB, RML, and AOL) showed poor performance. In addition, macroporous resins of DA-201, ADS-17, D3520, and mesoporous silicas of SBA-15, Al-MCM-41, HMS, were suitable for TLL immobilization. TLL@SBA-15 was selected for acidolysis and the reaction conditions were optimized through single factors study and orthogonal design. The optimum conditions for the acidolysis were: lipase amount 6 wt%, decanoic acid: camellia oil molar ratio 14:1, reaction time 12 h and temperature 50°C. Under these conditions, decanoic acid content at 59.87%, oleic acid content 33.99% and sn-2 decanoic acid content 7.41% was obtained (the mentioned fatty acids here were the fatty acids combined to oil molecules, not free fatty acids).

This study highlights the importance of adding value to Raphia sese (raffia) from the Congo Basin, by using a screw press to extract its pulp oil that can be used in agri-food industry. A 2^k factorial experiment was used to study the influence of the intrinsic parameters of the press (rotation speed and diameter of the output die) on the oil extraction efficiency. Screw press extraction efficiency yield was of 43.3 ± 1.7%, representing an extraction rate of 80.8 ± 6.2%. Mechanical extracted raffia oil was chemically characterized measuring acidity and peroxide values; fatty acid (FA), tocopherol, and sterol compositions, and carotenoids content. These results were compared to those obtained from the analysis of a solvent-extracted oil. The screw press extracted raffia oil exhibited good quality (richer in monounsaturated FA and total sterols; similar total contents in unsaturated FA, tocopherols, and carotenoids; lower acidity and peroxide values), surpassing the solvent-extracted one. Raffia oil's composition would offer a promising alternative to palm oil (obtained from the pulp of Elaeis guineensis fruit). Compared to palm oil, the press- and solvent-extracted raffia oils presented a similar content in saturated FA, ~3.3-fold less monosaturated FA, ~3.4-fold more polyunsaturated FA, 3.5-fold more linoleic acid, and between 2.4 and 2.8-fold more linolenic acid. Raffia oil's use in food products as a replacement for palm oil would thus allow to diversify edible oil sources, stimulate the local economy, and promote healthier and more sustainable diets.

Addition of cocoa butter containing phytosterols and antioxidants into food products can provide additional health benefit towards consumers. This work aimed to extract cocoa butter from cocoa beans using supercritical fluid extraction to formulate salad dressing containing blends of soybean oil and cocoa butter and compared it with commercial salad dressing. The most similar (insignificant different) characteristics as the control sample in terms of consistency index, flow index, apparent viscosity and crossover value were 10%–35% cocoa butter salad dressing (CBSD). In contrast, the 30% CBSD shows insignificant difference of emulsion stability compared to commercial salad dressing. The most desirable ratio of cocoa butter to be added into salad dressing was 30%. The findings may benefit the local cocoa and salad dressing producer on product diversification.

The lipid composition and algal oil content in red macroalgae play a crucial role in sustainable biofuel and bioactive compound production. In the present study, various extraction methods including biomass pretreatment through ultrasonication and conventional lipid extraction techniques such as Bligh & Dyer and Soxhlet were employed for lipid extraction from Kappaphycus alvarezii. Among these methods, pretreatment of ultrasonication combined with solvent extraction (PT + SE) resulted in highest extraction yield of 21.5% ± 0.38%, surpassing the yield achieved by the Bligh-Dyer method (PT + BD) and the control method, which yielded 19.42% ± 0.1% and 10.7% ± 0.15%, respectively. PT + SE oil possesses lower values in molecular weight, viscosity, and density when compared to PT + BD oil. The trans-esterified samples of PT + BD (T1) and PT + SE (T2) respectively demonstrated greater efficiency in converting methyl esters, with T2 achieving a conversion rate of 92% ± 0.21%, while T1 achieved 84.15% ± 0.15%. It was observed that T2 had a high scavenging rate of 86.42% ± 0.22% indicating its significant ability to neutralize free radicals. In contrast, T1 exhibited a slightly lower scavenging rate of 69.56% ± 0.1%, when compared to T2. T2 sample demonstrated remarkable proteinase inhibition of 79.16% ± 0.18, comparable to salicylic acid, indicating the presence of potent anti-inflammatory salicylic acid analogues in the algal oil. Both lipid-extracted oil (T1and T2) showcased significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with T2 oil demonstrating superior inhibition of free radicals and proteinase enzymes.

Lipid-based nanodelivery systems are now widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries to enhance the delivery of bioactive compounds by leveraging the properties of lipids. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), as one of the lipid-based nano-delivery systems, employs a blend of solid and liquid lipids, which improves the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of bioactive substances. This study aimed to optimize the NLC containing thymoquinone-rich oil (NLC-TQO) formulation using the Box–Behnken design; assess its antioxidant activity and oxidative stability by measuring 2,2-diphenyl−1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, thymoquinone (TQ), and tocopherol contents over 28-day storage; and evaluate the impact of incorporating beta-carotene as singlet oxygen quencher on the oxidative stability of the NLC-TQO. The optimized formulation involved 4.16% lipids (glyceryl monostearate and TQO), 5.85% Tween 80 as the surfactant, and 8.20 min of ultrasonication. NLC formulations demonstrated better DPPH activity retention than the emulsions, with cold and dark storage conditions being the most effective for preserving antioxidant activity. TQ stability in the NLC was observed at elevated temperatures without light, with around 50% remaining intact. However, TQ degraded rapidly under light, almost entirely by day 7. Gamma-tocopherol exhibited better stability than alpha-tocopherol, especially under light. The addition of beta-carotene enhanced NLC-TQO's oxidative stability. These findings revealed the potential of the NLC formulation as an effective delivery system for TQ with better oxidative protection compared to emulsions, making it a promising option for pharmaceutical and food industry applications.

Germination is a promising technique for enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of seeds. Among the nuts, peanuts are composed of approximately 50% oil, which is abundant in unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols. This study investigated the changes in phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stability of oil from germinated peanuts. Peanuts were germinated over 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. The oil from germinated peanuts exhibited increased levels of α-tocopherol, phytosterols, and carotenoids, while the γ-tocopherol, oleic acid, and linoleic acid levels were reduced. Notably, the oil from germinated peanuts at Day 8 exhibited substantially improved antioxidant activity and oxidative stability compared with oil from ungerminated peanuts. These enhancements were attributed to the elevated phytochemical content of the peanut oil resulting from germination. These results highlight that germination of peanut seeds is an effective strategy for enhancing peanut oil's phytochemical content and oxidative stability, thereby presenting potential benefits for health-conscious consumers.

Guerbet alcohol (GA) is β-branched primary alcohol having excellent physiochemical properties like lower pour point (PP) and higher kinematic viscosity (KV) in comparison to linear alcohol. Although synthesis of GA has been extensively studied to evaluate the role of various catalysts and effect of reaction conditions, statistical modeling and optimization of the synthesis process has not been reported. In the present work, the optimization of the synthesis of GA using a mixture of lauryl and myristyl alcohol was carried out with the aid of response surface methodology (RSM) considering the conversion of the reaction, PP and KV at 40 and 100°C as dependent variables. The optimal reaction conditions were temperature, pressure, and time of 220°C, 300 mbar, and 10 hours respectively. The optimum conversion was 99.14%, including dimer yield of 81.76%, PP of −3°C, KV at 40 and 100°C of 34.12 and 7.22 cSt, respectively. The results obtained by the RSM were then authenticated, applying artificial neural networks (ANN) generated with the help of MATLAB. The ability of the generated model to predict the response variables was validated by less than 5% error for almost all the models, confirming their statistical significance. Also, the tribological potential for linear Ginol-12,14 (FA) and synthesized branched GA as lubricant additive was evaluated by determining its physiochemical, thermal and tribological properties.

Soybean oil accounts for approximately 29% of global oil consumption. The polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acids comprise more than 60% of commodity soybean oil, while oleic acid makes up 20%. To make a healthier soybean oil with improved stability for food uses, genetic approaches in soybean composition breeding target reducing levels of linoleic and linolenic acids while simultaneously increasing the oleic acid fraction. Quadruple mutants were constructed to evaluate the combinations of fatty acid desaturase2 (fad2) and fatty acid desaturase3 (fad3) mutant alleles to achieve a high oleic, low linolenic soybean oil profile. Over three growing seasons we observed that all four combinations resulted in oleic acid levels from 75% to 82%, and linolenic acid levels from 1.9% to 2.7%. No significant differences in seed total protein or oil levels were observed in the quadruple mutants, suggesting that these combinations will be useful for breeding soybean with improved oil profiles.

In view of the nutritional disadvantages of partial hydrogenation (production of unhealthy trans fats) interesterification (IE) has emerged to produce suitable fats for trans-free formulations that have improved physicochemical properties. In this context, both chemical (CIE) and enzymatic (EIE) interesterification techniques can be used. However, it has been found that CIE technology may produce process-related by-products known as dialkyl-ketones (DAK). The current study aims at investigating the formation of DAK during IE. Therefore, five edible oils and fats were selected based on their potential use in IE: Elaeis Guineensis palm stearin (POSt), high oleic palm stearin (HOPSt), palm kernel stearin (PKSt), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and high oleic palm oil (HOPO). The investigated blends were divided into HOPO-based blends (POSt:HOPO 50:50, PKSt:HOPO 50:50, HOPSt:HOPO 50:50 and 30:70 wt:wt%) and HOSO-based blends (POSt:HOSO 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30 wt:wt%). They were all subjected to both CIE (using sodium methoxide) and EIE (using TLIM lipase as catalyst); analyses of physical properties and determination of DAK content were performed before and after IE. This study demonstrates that DAK were not formed during the EIE process regardless of the investigated matrix, whereas they were produced during CIE, and that they require sufficient rearrangement of triglycerides (TAG) to be formed. It has also been shown that unsaturated fatty acids are more prone to form DAK regardless of the fat matrix. However, there is no linear relationship between the amount of DAK and the amount of unsaturated fat in the matrix.