Carlington W. Wallace, Heidi L. N. Moltz, Andrea Nagel, Stephanie Nummer, Karin R. Bencala
Water resource planners and managers in the Mid-Atlantic United States typically determine the sufficiency of water supplies to meet demand by comparing (1) water use as reported to the state by individual water users to (2) metrics of water availability calculated from observed water monitoring networks. This paper focuses on determining whether this means of measuring water use is sufficient for proactive and sustainable management of water resources. The Potomac basin study area illustrates the point that, while state-reported water use databases typically cover the largest individual water users, unreported water uses can cumulatively comprise a substantial portion of the overall water use. If left unaccounted for, the system is vulnerable to human demand exceeding supplies, with attendant detrimental effects to aquatic habitats and organisms, especially given the exacerbating effects of climate change on the variability of water supplies. Planners and managers are therefore encouraged to consider the full spectrum of water uses, regardless of state reporting requirements.
{"title":"Evaluation of reported and unreported water uses in various sectors of the Potomac basin for the year 2017","authors":"Carlington W. Wallace, Heidi L. N. Moltz, Andrea Nagel, Stephanie Nummer, Karin R. Bencala","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13223","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water resource planners and managers in the Mid-Atlantic United States typically determine the sufficiency of water supplies to meet demand by comparing (1) water use as reported to the state by individual water users to (2) metrics of water availability calculated from observed water monitoring networks. This paper focuses on determining whether this means of measuring water use is sufficient for proactive and sustainable management of water resources. The Potomac basin study area illustrates the point that, while state-reported water use databases typically cover the largest individual water users, unreported water uses can cumulatively comprise a substantial portion of the overall water use. If left unaccounted for, the system is vulnerable to human demand exceeding supplies, with attendant detrimental effects to aquatic habitats and organisms, especially given the exacerbating effects of climate change on the variability of water supplies. Planners and managers are therefore encouraged to consider the full spectrum of water uses, regardless of state reporting requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"1008-1028"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.13223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaime R. Goode, Robert J. Hawley, Robert H. Lewis, Bethany Mulhall
Monitoring of compensatory stream mitigation projects conventionally relies on spatially discrete geometric data and habitat assessments collected from representative reaches. Project success is evaluated by extrapolating site-scale metrics such as rapid bioassessment protocol (RBP) scores and time-series changes in width-to-depth ratios to adjacent reaches. For example, an excellent RBP score at one location is used to infer excellent habitat in nearby reaches. This paper compares spatially discrete and continuous monitoring data from 38 km of restored stream length on a stream mitigation project in central Kentucky to document how conventional site-level metrics may not represent conditions in adjacent reaches, particularly on projects plagued by post-construction geomorphic instability (e.g., headcut migration, propagation of bank erosion, and chute cutoff formation). Over a 5-year monitoring period, rapid visual assessment walkabouts documented project-scale geomorphic process trajectories that were not captured by conventional site-specific monitoring. Early detection of geomorphic instability from this rapid monitoring approach facilitated cost-effective and tailored adaptive management (e.g., planting of live stakes to arrest bank erosion). Full-census walkabouts can thereby help to improve mitigation credit valuation, enhance long-term habitat protection, and facilitate successful steam restoration outcomes.
{"title":"Rapid geomorphic assessment walkabouts as a tool for stream mitigation monitoring","authors":"Jaime R. Goode, Robert J. Hawley, Robert H. Lewis, Bethany Mulhall","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13222","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1752-1688.13222","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Monitoring of compensatory stream mitigation projects conventionally relies on spatially discrete geometric data and habitat assessments collected from representative reaches. Project success is evaluated by extrapolating site-scale metrics such as rapid bioassessment protocol (RBP) scores and time-series changes in width-to-depth ratios to adjacent reaches. For example, an excellent RBP score at one location is used to infer excellent habitat in nearby reaches. This paper compares spatially discrete and continuous monitoring data from 38 km of restored stream length on a stream mitigation project in central Kentucky to document how conventional site-level metrics may not represent conditions in adjacent reaches, particularly on projects plagued by post-construction geomorphic instability (e.g., headcut migration, propagation of bank erosion, and chute cutoff formation). Over a 5-year monitoring period, rapid visual assessment walkabouts documented project-scale geomorphic process trajectories that were not captured by conventional site-specific monitoring. Early detection of geomorphic instability from this rapid monitoring approach facilitated cost-effective and tailored adaptive management (e.g., planting of live stakes to arrest bank erosion). Full-census walkabouts can thereby help to improve mitigation credit valuation, enhance long-term habitat protection, and facilitate successful steam restoration outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"991-1007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.13222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141664007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barry Hibbs, Camila Bautista, Lillian Alwood, Margaret Drummond
The Salton Sea has experienced significant recession over the past two decades due to changes in the diversion of Colorado River water to the Salton Trough for agricultural irrigation. As a result, wetlands have emerged in some exposed playa areas along the Salton Sea, primarily in regions with extensive agricultural return flows and agricultural drainage. One notable wetland system, known as the Bombay Beach Wetlands, has formed on the north shore of the Salton Sea, in an area devoid of agriculture. In many other areas with limited or no agriculture, wetlands have failed to develop, leaving exposed playa surfaces as the Salton Sea recedes. These dry playa surfaces pose a significant threat to the health of local residents due to the presence of toxins contained in windblown dust associated with playa deposits. In this study, stable water isotope data, combined with other hydrological information, led to identification of two potential water sources for the Bombay Beach Wetlands. The first possibility proposes that thermal artesian waters alone contribute to the wetlands' water source, while the second hypothesis involves a combination of drainage from Salton Sea bank storage water mixing with the thermal artesian water. The thermal artesian water discharges into drainage channels that flow towards the Bombay Beach Wetlands, initially devoid of possible groundwater baseflow until reaching the wetlands. Studies were subsequently done along the full reach of the drainage channels receiving thermal artesian water. Dissolved solids content, P and N nutrients, arsenic, and stable water isotopes were tested synoptically along the drainage channels. Channel investigations led to the development of a novel model of salinization, which is linked to channel discharge, channel morphometrics, and channel incision.
由于将科罗拉多河水引入萨尔顿海沟进行农业灌溉的方式发生了变化,萨尔顿海在过去二十年间经历了严重的衰退。因此,萨尔顿海沿岸一些裸露的沙丘地区出现了湿地,主要是在有大量农业回流和农业排水的地区。其中一个著名的湿地系统,即孟买海滩湿地,已在没有农业的萨尔顿海北岸形成。在其他许多农业资源有限或没有农业资源的地区,湿地未能发展起来,随着萨尔顿海的退缩,留下了裸露的泥滩表面。由于风吹尘埃中含有与泥沙沉积物相关的毒素,这些干燥的泥沙表面对当地居民的健康构成了严重威胁。在这项研究中,稳定水同位素数据与其他水文信息相结合,确定了孟买海滩湿地的两个潜在水源。第一种可能是热自流水单独成为湿地的水源,而第二种假设则是萨尔顿海河岸储水的排水与热自流水混合。热自流水排入流向孟买海滩湿地的排水沟,在到达湿地之前,最初可能没有地下水基流。随后,研究人员沿着接受热自流水的整个排水渠道进行了研究。沿排水道对溶解固体含量、P 和 N 营养物质、砷以及稳定的水同位素进行了同步测试。通过渠道调查,建立了一个新的盐碱化模型,该模型与渠道排水量、渠道形态计量学和渠道侵蚀有关。
{"title":"Hydrogeologic and hydrochemical inputs to emerging wetlands on the shores of the receding Salton Sea, California","authors":"Barry Hibbs, Camila Bautista, Lillian Alwood, Margaret Drummond","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13220","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1752-1688.13220","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Salton Sea has experienced significant recession over the past two decades due to changes in the diversion of Colorado River water to the Salton Trough for agricultural irrigation. As a result, wetlands have emerged in some exposed playa areas along the Salton Sea, primarily in regions with extensive agricultural return flows and agricultural drainage. One notable wetland system, known as the Bombay Beach Wetlands, has formed on the north shore of the Salton Sea, in an area devoid of agriculture. In many other areas with limited or no agriculture, wetlands have failed to develop, leaving exposed playa surfaces as the Salton Sea recedes. These dry playa surfaces pose a significant threat to the health of local residents due to the presence of toxins contained in windblown dust associated with playa deposits. In this study, stable water isotope data, combined with other hydrological information, led to identification of two potential water sources for the Bombay Beach Wetlands. The first possibility proposes that thermal artesian waters alone contribute to the wetlands' water source, while the second hypothesis involves a combination of drainage from Salton Sea bank storage water mixing with the thermal artesian water. The thermal artesian water discharges into drainage channels that flow towards the Bombay Beach Wetlands, initially devoid of possible groundwater baseflow until reaching the wetlands. Studies were subsequently done along the full reach of the drainage channels receiving thermal artesian water. Dissolved solids content, P and N nutrients, arsenic, and stable water isotopes were tested synoptically along the drainage channels. Channel investigations led to the development of a novel model of salinization, which is linked to channel discharge, channel morphometrics, and channel incision.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"953-971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1752-1688.13220","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141837978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elijah N. Boardman, Carl E. Renshaw, Robert K. Shriver, Reggie Walters, Bruce McGurk, Thomas H. Painter, Jeffrey S. Deems, Kat J. Bormann, Gabriel M. Lewis, Evan N. Dethier, Adrian A. Harpold
Uncertainty attribution in water supply forecasting is crucial to improve forecast skill and increase confidence in seasonal water management planning. We develop a framework to quantify fractional forecast uncertainty and partition it between (1) snowpack quantification methods, (2) variability in post-forecast precipitation, and (3) runoff model errors. We demonstrate the uncertainty framework with statistical runoff models in the upper Tuolumne and Merced River basins (California, USA) using snow observations at two endmember spatial resolutions: a simple snow pillow index and full-catchment snow water equivalent (SWE) maps at 50 m resolution from the Airborne Snow Observatories. Bayesian forecast simulations demonstrate a nonlinear decrease in the skill of statistical water supply forecasts during warm snow droughts, when a low fraction of winter precipitation remains as SWE. Forecast skill similarly decreases during dry snow droughts, when winter precipitation is low. During a shift away from snow-dominance, the uncertainty of forecasts using snow pillow data increases about 1.9 times faster than analogous forecasts using full-catchment SWE maps in the study area. Replacing the snow pillow index with full-catchment SWE data reduces statistical forecast uncertainty by 39% on average across all tested climate conditions. Attributing water supply forecast uncertainty to reducible error sources reveals opportunities to improve forecast reliability in a warmer future climate.
供水预测中的不确定性归因对于提高预测技能和增强季节性水资源管理规划的信心至关重要。我们建立了一个框架来量化部分预报不确定性,并将其划分为:(1)积雪量量化方法;(2)预报后降水量的变化;(3)径流模型误差。我们利用两个末端成员空间分辨率的积雪观测数据,即简单的雪枕指数和机载积雪观测站提供的 50 米分辨率全流域雪水当量 (SWE) 地图,在图鲁姆河和默塞德河流域(美国加利福尼亚州)利用统计径流模型演示了不确定性框架。贝叶斯预测模拟表明,在暖雪干旱期间,当冬季降水中仍有较低比例的雪水当量时,统计供水预测的技能会出现非线性下降。在冬季降水量较低的干雪干旱期间,预测能力也会出现类似的下降。在研究区域,在雪主导地位逐渐消失的过程中,使用雪枕数据进行预测的不确定性增加速度是使用全流域 SWE 地图进行类似预测的 1.9 倍。在所有测试的气候条件下,用全流域 SWE 数据取代雪枕指数可将统计预测的不确定性平均降低 39%。将供水预测的不确定性归因于可减少的误差源,揭示了在未来气候变暖的情况下提高预测可靠性的机会。
{"title":"Sources of seasonal water supply forecast uncertainty during snow drought in the Sierra Nevada","authors":"Elijah N. Boardman, Carl E. Renshaw, Robert K. Shriver, Reggie Walters, Bruce McGurk, Thomas H. Painter, Jeffrey S. Deems, Kat J. Bormann, Gabriel M. Lewis, Evan N. Dethier, Adrian A. Harpold","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13221","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1752-1688.13221","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Uncertainty attribution in water supply forecasting is crucial to improve forecast skill and increase confidence in seasonal water management planning. We develop a framework to quantify fractional forecast uncertainty and partition it between (1) snowpack quantification methods, (2) variability in post-forecast precipitation, and (3) runoff model errors. We demonstrate the uncertainty framework with statistical runoff models in the upper Tuolumne and Merced River basins (California, USA) using snow observations at two endmember spatial resolutions: a simple snow pillow index and full-catchment snow water equivalent (SWE) maps at 50 m resolution from the Airborne Snow Observatories. Bayesian forecast simulations demonstrate a nonlinear decrease in the skill of statistical water supply forecasts during warm snow droughts, when a low fraction of winter precipitation remains as SWE. Forecast skill similarly decreases during dry snow droughts, when winter precipitation is low. During a shift away from snow-dominance, the uncertainty of forecasts using snow pillow data increases about 1.9 times faster than analogous forecasts using full-catchment SWE maps in the study area. Replacing the snow pillow index with full-catchment SWE data reduces statistical forecast uncertainty by 39% on average across all tested climate conditions. Attributing water supply forecast uncertainty to reducible error sources reveals opportunities to improve forecast reliability in a warmer future climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"972-990"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141682918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth Keppeler, Joseph Wagenbrenner, Salli Dymond, David Dralle
A 60-year precipitation and streamflow record from the Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds in northern California was used to explore the propagation of meteorological drought to hydrological drought. Standardized precipitation and runoff indices were calculated for the two forested catchments using integration periods of 12, 24, and 36 months. The resulting time series were used to define three severe drought events (1976–1977, 2013–2014, and 2020–2022). The earliest drought followed the 1971–1973 harvest of the 417 ha South Fork (SF) watershed, a second followed the 1989–1992 harvest of the 479 ha North Fork watershed, and a third followed the 2017–2019 reentry harvest of the SF. From these time series, we calculated drought metrics and anomalies to model differences in catchment responses in the context of climate and management. The meteorological drought in the 1977 event was more severe and extreme than the streamflow response. Both of the 21st Century droughts were hydrologically more severe than the 1977 drought. Timber harvest initially shortened and reduced streamflow drought (1977 and 2021) but prolonged and intensified the 2014 streamflow drought. Declining fall precipitation has reduced streamflows, thereby impeding salmonid migration and exacerbating impacts on native fish. Our results provide new insights into the role of climate variation, particularly long-term and seasonal drought dynamics, in managed forests along the North American Pacific coast.
{"title":"Streamflow response to drought in a managed coast redwood catchment","authors":"Elizabeth Keppeler, Joseph Wagenbrenner, Salli Dymond, David Dralle","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13211","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 60-year precipitation and streamflow record from the Caspar Creek Experimental Watersheds in northern California was used to explore the propagation of meteorological drought to hydrological drought. Standardized precipitation and runoff indices were calculated for the two forested catchments using integration periods of 12, 24, and 36 months. The resulting time series were used to define three severe drought events (1976–1977, 2013–2014, and 2020–2022). The earliest drought followed the 1971–1973 harvest of the 417 ha South Fork (SF) watershed, a second followed the 1989–1992 harvest of the 479 ha North Fork watershed, and a third followed the 2017–2019 reentry harvest of the SF. From these time series, we calculated drought metrics and anomalies to model differences in catchment responses in the context of climate and management. The meteorological drought in the 1977 event was more severe and extreme than the streamflow response. Both of the 21st Century droughts were hydrologically more severe than the 1977 drought. Timber harvest initially shortened and reduced streamflow drought (1977 and 2021) but prolonged and intensified the 2014 streamflow drought. Declining fall precipitation has reduced streamflows, thereby impeding salmonid migration and exacerbating impacts on native fish. Our results provide new insights into the role of climate variation, particularly long-term and seasonal drought dynamics, in managed forests along the North American Pacific coast.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"928-952"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anish Mahat, Joan Q. Wu, Anand D. Jayakaran, M. Samrat Dahal, Robert P. Ewing
The Puget Sound Basin, US Pacific Northwest, is experiencing rapid population and urban growth. This growth adversely impacts local ecosystems, especially the spawning and rearing habitat for several salmonid species. Sustainable urban design strategies such as green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) are required in the region to manage stormwater onsite when new development occurs. However, the effectiveness of any GSI depends on its location relative to where stormwater is produced. This study aimed to develop a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based framework for the optimal placement of GSI, specifically bioretention systems. We computed the Hydrologic Sensitivity Index (λHSI, indicating runoff generation potential at a landscape location) for the lower Puyallup River Watershed study area. The index and federal and state feasibility criteria were used to identify suitable sites for bioretention systems. The suitability of identified sites was verified through ground-truthing, including soil sampling and infiltration testing. We found that 2.5% of the watershed area was suitable for bioretention, concentrated in the center and north of the study watershed. The method described in this study can be readily applied to watersheds for which spatial data (topography, soil, and land use) are available. We recommend choosing locations with high λHSI when resources are limited since these locations contribute most to runoff generation and urban flooding.
{"title":"Optimizing placement of bioretention systems in the US Puget Sound region","authors":"Anish Mahat, Joan Q. Wu, Anand D. Jayakaran, M. Samrat Dahal, Robert P. Ewing","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.13219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13219","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Puget Sound Basin, US Pacific Northwest, is experiencing rapid population and urban growth. This growth adversely impacts local ecosystems, especially the spawning and rearing habitat for several salmonid species. Sustainable urban design strategies such as green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) are required in the region to manage stormwater onsite when new development occurs. However, the effectiveness of any GSI depends on its location relative to where stormwater is produced. This study aimed to develop a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based framework for the optimal placement of GSI, specifically bioretention systems. We computed the Hydrologic Sensitivity Index (<i>λ</i><sub>HSI</sub>, indicating runoff generation potential at a landscape location) for the lower Puyallup River Watershed study area. The index and federal and state feasibility criteria were used to identify suitable sites for bioretention systems. The suitability of identified sites was verified through ground-truthing, including soil sampling and infiltration testing. We found that 2.5% of the watershed area was suitable for bioretention, concentrated in the center and north of the study watershed. The method described in this study can be readily applied to watersheds for which spatial data (topography, soil, and land use) are available. We recommend choosing locations with high <i>λ</i><sub>HSI</sub> when resources are limited since these locations contribute most to runoff generation and urban flooding.</p>","PeriodicalId":17234,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The American Water Resources Association","volume":"60 5","pages":"913-927"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Johnny Boggs, Ge Sun, Jean-Christophe Domec, Steve McNulty
Measuring water use in co-occurring loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) enhances our understanding of their competitive water use and aids in refining watershed water budget model parameters. This study was conducted in a 12-ha forested headwater catchment in the Piedmont of North Carolina, southeastern U.S., from 2018 to 2019 (pre-thinning) to 2020 (post-thinning). Sap flux density (J