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Flood mitigation: Regulatory and hydrologic effectiveness of multicomponent runoff detention at a Southwest Florida site 洪水缓解:佛罗里达州西南部一个地点的多组分径流滞留的监管和水文效果
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13157
L. Donald Duke, Madison N. Mullen, Kallie E. Unger, Rachel Rotz, Serge Thomas

This research investigates the capability of hydrological site design to mitigate inland flooding. Empirical data for a target watershed characterize interaction among three hydrologic components: stormwater detention ponds; seasonal wetlands; and soils/groundwater. Findings are (a) stormwater ponds' elevation change in response to precipitation events of a given magnitude varies sharply among storms, such that ponds' pre-event elevation and forecast precipitation are not reliable to predict ponds' ability to detain runoff sufficiently to avoid downstream flooding; (b) water table elevation is governed partly by long-term seasonal variation but also responds quickly to specific events, and powerfully affects the system's capacity to detain runoff; (c) water table elevation during wet weather periods common to Southwest Florida can be high enough to breach the soil surface for extended periods, severely reducing the capacity of the system to detain runoff; (d) in the target watershed of the Florida Gulf Coast University campus, depressed surface storage in seasonal wetlands compensates for reduced wet season capacity of ponds and soil storage. That mechanism explains why the campus has successfully mitigated flooding including from high-precipitation events most prone to produce flooding (intense rate, late wet season events), while some downstream communities with components designed to meet the regulatory minimum have experienced inundation.

这项研究调查了水文场地设计缓解内陆洪水的能力。目标流域的经验数据描述了三个水文组成部分之间的相互作用:雨水滞留池、季节性湿地和土壤/地下水。研究结果是:(a) 雨水滞留池对给定量级的降水事件的高程变化在不同的暴雨中变化很大,因此雨水滞留池的事前高程和预测降水量并不能可靠地预测雨水滞留池是否有能力充分滞留径流以避免下游洪水泛滥;(b) 地下水位高程部分受长期季节变化的影响,但也对特定事件做出快速反应,并对系统滞留径流的能力产生强大影响;(d) 在佛罗里达海湾沿岸大学校园的目标流域,季节性湿地的地表蓄水量减少,弥补了池塘和土壤蓄水量在雨季的减少。这一机制解释了为什么该大学校园成功地缓解了洪涝灾害,包括最容易产生洪涝灾害的高降水量事件(高降水量、雨季晚期事件),而一些下游社区,其设计组件符合最低监管要求,却遭遇了洪水泛滥。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial and temporal variability in stream thermal regime drivers for three river networks during the summer growing season 夏季生长季节三个河网的溪流热制度驱动因素的时空变异性
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-24 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13158
Matthew R. Fuller, Naomi E. Detenbeck, Peter Leinenbach, Rochelle Labiosa, Daniel Isaak

Many cold water-dependent aquatic organisms are experiencing habitat and population declines from increasing water temperatures. Identifying mechanisms which drive local and regional stream thermal regimes facilitates restoration at ecologically relevant scales. Stream temperatures vary spatially and temporally both within and among river basins. We developed a modeling process to identify statistical relationships between drivers of stream temperature and covariates representing landscape, climate, and management-related processes. The modeling process was tested in three study areas of the Pacific Northwest United States during the growing season (May [start], August [warmest], September [end]). Across all months and study systems, covariates with the highest relative importance represented the physical landscape (elevation [1st], catchment area [3rd], main channel slope [5th]) and climate covariates (mean monthly air temperature [2nd] and discharge [4th]). Two management covariates (groundwater use [6th] and riparian shade [7th]) also had high relative importance. Across the growing season (for all basins), local reach slope had high relative importance in May, but transitioned to a regional main channel slope covariate in August and September. This modeling process identified regionally similar and locally unique relationships among drivers of stream temperature. High relative importance of management-related covariates suggested potential restoration actions for each system.

由于水温不断升高,许多依赖冷水的水生生物正经历着栖息地和种群数量的减少。确定驱动当地和区域溪流热系统的机制有助于在生态相关尺度上进行恢复。溪流温度在流域内和流域间都存在时空差异。我们开发了一个建模过程,以确定溪流温度驱动因素与代表景观、气候和管理相关过程的协变量之间的统计关系。建模过程在美国西北太平洋地区的三个研究区域的生长季节(5 月[开始]、8 月[最热]、9 月[结束])进行了测试。在所有月份和研究系统中,相对重要性最高的协变量是自然景观(海拔[第 1 位]、流域面积[第 3 位]、主河道坡度[第 5 位])和气候协变量(月平均气温[第 2 位]和排水量[第 4 位])。两个管理协变量(地下水利用[第 6 位]和河岸遮荫[第 7 位])也具有较高的相对重要性。在整个生长季节(所有流域),当地河段坡度在 5 月具有较高的相对重要性,但在 8 月和 9 月则过渡到区域主河道坡度协变量。这一建模过程确定了溪流温度驱动因素之间的区域相似关系和地方独特关系。与管理相关的协变量的相对重要性较高,表明每个系统都有可能采取恢复行动。
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引用次数: 0
Drivers of enhanced evaporative demand in U.S. croplands: Determining relative contribution using constrained input scenarios 美国耕地蒸发需求增加的驱动因素:利用受限输入情景确定相对贡献
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-14 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13156
M. S. Kukal, S. Kukal, S. Irmak, G. Vellidis

Altered evaporative demand is a global phenomenon observed over recent decades, however, such change has not been attributed explicitly to specific meteorological drivers, hampering consensus on what has caused such change. Here we investigate exactly how much individual drivers have contributed to long-term grass-reference evapotranspiration (ETo) change within conterminous United States (CONUS), with an emphasis on agricultural croplands. Using scenarios that constrain individual drivers i.e., air temperatures (T), relative humidity (RH), solar radiation (Rs), and wind speeds (U2) to their climatologies, we determined their relative contribution toward ETo change at monthly and annual scales. Annual ETo increased by 111 mm, or >2 standard deviations (SD) relative to the 1981–2000 baseline, accompanied by strong increase in Rs (2.7 SD), U2 (2.5 SD), T (1.1 SD), and decreased RH (2.3 SD) in regions that account for one-third of calories produced in the U.S. Annual ETo increase was attributed primarily to T (relative contribution of 36%), followed by Rs (29%), U2 (18%), and RH (17%) with significant spatial and seasonal variability. During agriculturally critical summer months, Rs was the dominant driver with a 40%–50% relative contribution, and other three drivers were roughly equally important. These findings address demand-side of agricultural water use and imply long-term change in crop functions and performance, water security, and planning across aridity gradients.

蒸发需求的变化是近几十年来观察到的一种全球现象,然而,这种变化并没有明确归因于特定的气象驱动因素,这就妨碍了人们就这种变化的原因达成共识。在此,我们研究了个别驱动因素对美国大陆(CONUS)长期草地参考蒸散量(ETo)变化的确切贡献,重点是农业耕地。利用将单个驱动因素(即气温(T)、相对湿度(RH)、太阳辐射(Rs)和风速(U2))限制在其气候学范围内的情景,我们确定了它们在月度和年度尺度上对蒸散发变化的相对贡献。与 1981-2000 年基线相比,年蒸散发增加了 111 毫米,即 2 个标准差(SD),同时 Rs(2.7 个标准差)、U2(2.5 个标准差)、T(1.1 个标准差)显著增加,而相对湿度(2.3 个标准差)下降。年 ETo 的增加主要归因于 T(相对贡献率为 36%),其次是 Rs(29%)、U2(18%)和 RH(17%),具有显著的空间和季节变异性。在对农业至关重要的夏季,Rs 是最主要的驱动因素,相对贡献率为 40%-50%,其他三个驱动因素的重要性大致相当。这些发现涉及农业用水的需求侧,意味着作物功能和表现、水安全和跨干旱梯度规划的长期变化。
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引用次数: 0
Building resilience to extreme weather and climate events in the rural water and wastewater sectors 提高农村供水和污水处理部门应对极端天气和气候事件的能力
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-14 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13151
Nathan P. Kettle, Sarah F. Trainor, Renee Edwards, Donald Antrobus, Curt Baranowski, Tina Buxbaum, Kevin Berry, Michael Brubaker, Kristine L. De Long, Steve Fries, Davin Holen, Barry Keim, Danielle Meeker, Harry Penn, Cheryl Rosa, Rick Thoman, John Walsh, Jian Zhang

Extreme weather and climate events pose significant risks to rural water and wastewater systems. We examine the vulnerability of the water sector to weather and climate extremes in rural, predominantly Indigenous and underserved coastal areas and analyze how networks support resilience. Drawing on the analysis of 39 web-based questionnaire responses and 19 interviews with rural water and wastewater managers and service providers in southern Louisiana and western Alaska, this article reports a range of interrelated historical, environmental, and social factors that influence vulnerability to extreme weather events. Formal and informal social networks serve multiple roles in building resilience. These roles include building technical and financial capacities, supporting emergency response and operational- to long-term planning, fostering data collection and monitoring, supporting information sharing and innovative research, and providing institutional support. Results from this research enrich our understanding of the social, relational, and networking processes that condition community resilience to extreme weather events.

极端天气和气候事件给农村供水和污水处理系统带来了巨大风险。我们研究了在农村地区、主要是土著地区和服务不足的沿海地区,供水部门面对极端天气和气候的脆弱性,并分析了网络如何支持复原力。本文通过对路易斯安那州南部和阿拉斯加州西部的 39 份网络问卷答复和 19 次与农村水和废水管理者及服务提供者的访谈进行分析,报告了一系列影响极端天气事件脆弱性的相互关联的历史、环境和社会因素。正式和非正式的社会网络在建设抗灾能力方面发挥着多重作用。这些作用包括建设技术和财政能力、支持应急响应和从业务到长期的规划、促进数据收集和监测、支持信息共享和创新研究,以及提供机构支持。这项研究的结果丰富了我们对社会、关系和网络过程的理解,这些过程是社区抵御极端天气事件的条件。
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引用次数: 0
A survey of non-USGS continuous streamflow gaging networks in the Pacific Northwest 西北太平洋地区非美国地质调查局连续溪流测量网络调查
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13149
Kendra E. Kaiser, Kyle Blasch, Mcallister Hall

Extensive streamflow data sources exist beyond the largest streamflow data provider in the United States, the U.S. Geological Survey. We developed and distributed a survey to about 300 individuals and organizations that collect streamflow data across the Pacific Northwest (Idaho, Oregon, Washington). We received 100 responses with 56% of those sufficiently complete to include in the analysis. From these responses, there are about 2000 streamflow monitoring locations in the region beyond the USGS monitoring network. The duration of record for gages is related to the size of the streamflow gaging network, with small and large networks generally operating monitoring locations for less than 5 years and more than 10 years, respectively. Quality assurance and quality control are variable across organizations, with 41% of respondents having at least two review steps and 13% that audit their data for long-term consistency. Results of this survey begin to establish the differing capabilities of large and small stream gaging networks and highlight how supporting the overall quality streamflow data collection and management within the water resources community will improve our ability to harmonize these datasets in the future.

除了美国最大的溪流数据提供商--美国地质调查局之外,还有其他广泛的溪流数据来源。我们制定并向西北太平洋地区(爱达荷州、俄勒冈州、华盛顿州)约 300 个收集溪流数据的个人和组织发放了调查问卷。我们收到了 100 份回复,其中 56% 的回复内容完整,可以纳入分析。从这些回复中可以看出,除美国地质调查局的监测网络外,该地区还有约 2000 个溪流监测点。测站记录的持续时间与溪流测站网络的规模有关,小型和大型网络的监测点一般运行时间分别少于 5 年和超过 10 年。各机构的质量保证和质量控制不尽相同,41% 的受访者至少有两个审查步骤,13% 的受访者对数据的长期一致性进行审核。这项调查的结果开始确定了大型和小型溪流测量网络的不同能力,并强调了在水资源界支持整体质量的溪流数据收集和管理将如何提高我们未来协调这些数据集的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Water Quality using Water Quality Index in Jhapjhapia River, Khulna, Bangladesh 利用水质指数评价孟加拉国库尔纳Jhapjhapia河的水质
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-11-3-4
Sadia Islam Mou, Md. Tamjidul Ridwan, Sadhon Chandra Swarnokar, Khandoker Faiaz Ishtiak
In southwest coastal Bangladesh, surface water is a crucial basis both for domestic and irrigation purposes. This study investigated the water quality of the Jhapjhapia River, Khulna, Bangladesh using the Water Quality Index (WQI). For many purposes like agriculture, fish farming, and household and industrial activities, surrounding people depend on these water sources. Hence, this study examined the physico-chemical attributes and Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) of three (03) different stations, collected during the monsoon and winter seasons. Among the investigated parameters, ten (10) crucial parameters were considered for the evaluation of water quality. Throughout the research period, the pH value ranges from 7.65 to 7.79. From Station-1 to Station-3, the concentration of EC, TDS, and DO was steadily reduced (Station-1>Station-2>Station-3). The analytical results found that the water transparency ranged from 5 to 10 cm while BOD ranged from 1.85 to 2.71 mg/l and 1.79 to 2.75 mg/l in the monsoon and winter seasons respectively. The levels of total hardness varied from 95 mg/l to 160 mg/l and 130 mg/l to 225 mg/l whereas total alkalinity ranged from 108 to 140 mg/l throughout the monsoon and winter season. Similarly, Ca 2+ value ranged from 24.71 to 28.05 mg/l and 34.74 mg/l to 42.01 mg/l and Mg 2+ ranged from 10.93 to 6.07 mg/l and from 5.93 mg/l to 8.56 mg/l correspondingly. The overall WQI value is found between 51 to 75, demonstrating the status of water quality is poor (Grade-C), unhealthy for drinking without proper treatment though can be used for irrigation and industrial purposes till now. Therefore, this study seeks appropriate strategic initiatives and conservation measures with proper monitoring to stop the deterioration of the water quality for sustaining the health and livelihood of many people who depend on it.
在孟加拉国西南沿海地区,地表水是家庭和灌溉的重要基础。本研究利用水质指数(WQI)对孟加拉国库尔纳Jhapjhapia河的水质进行了调查。农业、养鱼、家庭和工业活动等许多目的都依赖于这些水源。因此,本研究对三个(03)不同站点在季风和冬季收集的理化属性和加权算术水质指数(WAWQI)进行了研究。在调查的参数中,考虑了10个关键参数来评价水质。在整个研究期间,pH值在7.65 ~ 7.79之间。从Station-1到Station-3, EC、TDS和DO的浓度稳步降低(Station-1>Station-2>Station-3)。分析结果表明,季风和冬季水体透明度为5 ~ 10 cm, BOD分别为1.85 ~ 2.71 mg/l和1.79 ~ 2.75 mg/l。在整个季风季节和冬季,总硬度从95 mg/l到160 mg/l和130 mg/l到225 mg/l不等,而总碱度从108 mg/l到140 mg/l不等。ca2 +的取值范围分别为24.71 ~ 28.05 mg/l和34.74 ~ 42.01 mg/l, ca2 +的取值范围分别为10.93 ~ 6.07 mg/l和5.93 ~ 8.56 mg/l。总体WQI值在51 ~ 75之间,水质状况较差(c级),虽然目前还可以用于灌溉和工业用途,但未经适当处理,不适合饮用。因此,这项研究寻求适当的战略举措和保护措施,并进行适当的监测,以阻止水质恶化,维持许多依赖它的人的健康和生计。
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引用次数: 1
Calibration and validation of hillslope runoff and soil loss outputs from the Water Erosion Prediction Project model in Minnesota agricultural watersheds 校准和验证明尼苏达农业流域水侵蚀预测项目模型的山坡径流和土壤流失输出结果
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13148
Garner J. Kohrell, David J. Mulla, Brian Gelder

There is growing interest in studying the impact of alternative agricultural management practices on runoff and soil loss under future climate change scenarios. In order to address this interest, it is important to demonstrate that runoff and soil loss can be accurately simulated under existing climates based on comparisons between modeled and experimental results. This study calibrates and validates the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to quantify the accuracy of predicting growing season runoff and soil erosion in agricultural hillslopes based on comparisons with experimental data from five Minnesota hydrologic unit code 12 watersheds. In order to accurately predict runoff and soil erosion in each watershed, the baseline effective hydraulic conductivity (Kbe), interrill and rill erodibility (EIR and ER), and monthly precipitation standard deviations (Pstdev) were calibrated in WEPP using observed runoff and total suspended solids data from five Minnesota Discovery Farms field sites. Before calibration, Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) and percent bias (PBIAS) values for predicted versus measured monthly average total runoff (Ravg-T), runoff ratios (RRT), and total soil loss were generally not in acceptable ranges. After calibration, the NSE values showed very good fits between measured and predicted monthly Ravg-T (0.64–0.98), RRT (0.66–0.93), and soil loss (0.58–0.80). PBIAS values were also within acceptable ranges for Ravg-T and RRT (±25%) and soil loss (±55%), except for RRT at site BE1. NSE and PBIAS values during validation were within acceptable ranges, except for RRT at site BE1. These findings suggest that the WEPP hillslopes calibrated in this study are sufficiently robust to accurately predict monthly runoff and soil erosion in Minnesota agricultural fields during the growing season.

人们对研究未来气候变化情景下替代农业管理方法对径流和土壤流失的影响越来越感兴趣。为了解决这一问题,必须根据模型和实验结果之间的比较,证明在现有气候条件下可以准确模拟径流和土壤流失。本研究校准并验证了水侵蚀预测项目(WEPP)模型,根据与来自明尼苏达州五个水文单元代码 12 流域的实验数据的比较,量化了预测农业山坡生长季径流和土壤侵蚀的准确性。为了准确预测每个流域的径流和土壤侵蚀情况,利用明尼苏达州发现农场五个实地观测点的径流和总悬浮固体数据,在 WEPP 中校准了基线有效水力传导率 (Kbe)、山丘间和山丘侵蚀率 (EIR 和 ER) 以及月降水量标准偏差 (Pstdev)。校准前,纳什-萨特克利夫模型效率 (NSE) 和偏差百分比 (PBIAS) 值(预测值与实测月平均总径流量 (Ravg-T)、径流比 (RRT) 和土壤总流失量)通常不在可接受的范围内。校准后,NSE 值显示测量值与预测值之间的拟合效果非常好,月平均总径流量 (0.64-0.98)、径流比 (0.66-0.93) 和土壤流失量 (0.58-0.80)。PBIAS 值也在 Ravg-T 和 RRT(±25%)以及土壤流失(±55%)的可接受范围内,但 BE1 站点的 RRT 除外。验证期间的 NSE 值和 PBIAS 值均在可接受范围内,但 BE1 站点的 RRT 值除外。这些结果表明,本研究中校准的 WEPP 山坡地具有足够的稳健性,可以准确预测明尼苏达州农田生长季节的月径流和土壤侵蚀情况。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Climate Change on the Water Resources, Lake Powell, United States 气候变化对水资源的影响,鲍威尔湖,美国
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.12691/ajwr-11-3-3
Michael Osezua, Shree om Bade, E. Gyimah, Olusegun Stanley Tomomewo
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引用次数: 0
Measuring geomorphology in river assessment procedures 2: Recommendations for supporting river management goals 河流评估程序中的地貌测量 2:支持河流管理目标的建议
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13145
Elli Papangelakis, Marwan A. Hassan, David Luzi, Leif M. Burge, Sarah Peirce

Fluvial geomorphology, which describes the form and processes of rivers, is increasingly being incorporated into river assessment procedures. However, the complexity of geomorphic processes makes a single universal and standardized assessment protocol a challenging and possibly impractical task. In this paper, we present a set of recommendations for choosing appropriate river assessment procedures and measuring geomorphic indicators to effectively capture important geomorphic processes required to support river management goals. We outline steps for building a river assessment procedure based on an adaptive approach rather than a one-size-fits-all approach, where the geomorphic indicators, spatial and temporal scale, and methodologies used are carefully chosen based on the goals of the management project; the assessment aims to support. Guidance for choosing the appropriate geomorphic indicators is based on their significance (usefulness in characterizing the system), ease of measurement, and temporal scale needs. We also present recommendations on measurement techniques for each indicator while highlighting recent technological and methodological advancements that help overcome resource challenges often faced in river assessment. Given the wealth of scientific and technological developments in the field of geomorphology, it is possible to improve how geomorphic form and function are measured and incorporated into river assessments that support watershed management goals.

冲积地貌学描述了河流的形态和过程,越来越多地被纳入河流评估程序。然而,由于地貌过程的复杂性,制定单一的通用标准化评估规程是一项具有挑战性的任务,而且可能不切实际。在本文中,我们提出了一系列建议,用于选择合适的河流评估程序和测量地貌指标,以有效捕捉支持河流管理目标所需的重要地貌过程。我们概述了基于适应性方法而非一刀切方法建立河流评估程序的步骤,其中地貌指标、空间和时间尺度以及所使用的方法都是根据管理项目的目标精心选择的;评估旨在支持这些目标。我们将根据地貌指标的重要性(对描述系统特征的有用性)、测量的难易程度以及时间尺度需求,为选择合适的地貌指标提供指导。我们还就每种指标的测量技术提出了建议,同时强调了近期在技术和方法上的进步,这些进步有助于克服河流评估中经常面临的资源挑战。考虑到地貌学领域的大量科学和技术发展成果,我们有可能改进地貌形态和功能的测量方法,并将其纳入支持流域管理目标的河流评估中。
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引用次数: 1
Comparison of surface resistance-based models for estimating maize evapotranspiration in a humid region of China 基于表面电阻的模型在中国湿润地区估算玉米蒸散量的比较
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13155
Chunwei Liu, Rangjian Qiu, Ningbo Cui, Baozhong Zhang, Ranghui Wang, Zhenchang Wang, Weihua Guo

Accurate simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential to enhance efficient irrigation management in the maize field. Here, we evaluated the performance of four mathematical models for estimating the ET of maize. The four models based on surface resistance calculate ET from different vapor sources, which are Penman-Monteith (PM) through the “big leaf” model, the Shuttleworth-Wallace (SW) model for distinguishing between soil and canopy, the clumping (C) model for distinguishing between canopy, soils under the canopy and bare soil, and the seasonal clumping (Cj) model for dividing ET into transpiration of sunlit leaves and shaded leaves, evaporation of bare soil surface, sunlit soil surface of canopy gap fraction, and canopy shaded soil surfaces. The models were calibrated by ET measured from a weighing lysimeter, transpiration by the sap flux method, and soil evaporation by micro-lysimeters in 2014, 2015, and 2017. Results showed that the measured daily transpiration was 3.32 mm/day during the full-grown stage of maize, and the mean measured daily soil evaporation was 1.46 mm/day. The performance of the sap flow for transpiration plus micro-lysimeter for soil evaporation method was consistent with the large-weighted lysimeter method in measuring daily ET. For simulating versus measuring hourly transpiration, the Cj model performed better than the C model with a slope of 0.94, determination coefficient (R2) of 0.85, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.08 mm/h, and modified agreement index (d) of 0.81. In simulating daily soil evaporation, the Cj model also had a higher slope and less MAE than the C and SW models. Nevertheless, the Cj model yielded increased slope and d and decreased MAE between simulated and measured daily ET. The most sensitive environmental factor in the Cj model is temperature. With a 50% increase in temperature, ET, transpiration, and evaporation increase by 45%, 36%, and 69%, respectively. In summary, the Cj model improved the accuracy for hourly and daily ET of maize and helped separate plant transpiration and soil evaporation, thus giving an available approach for precision irrigation in water management of maize planting systems.

准确模拟蒸散量(ET)对提高玉米田的灌溉管理效率至关重要。在此,我们评估了四种估算玉米蒸散发的数学模型的性能。这四个基于表面电阻的模型计算的蒸散发来自不同的水汽源,分别是通过 "大叶 "模型计算的彭曼-蒙蒂斯(PM)模型、区分土壤和冠层的沙特尔沃斯-华莱士(SW)模型、区分冠层和冠层下土壤以及裸露土壤的结块(C)模型、季节结块 (Cj) 模型将蒸散发分为阳光照射叶片和遮荫叶片的蒸腾、裸露土壤表面的蒸发、冠层间隙部分的阳光照射土壤表面以及冠层遮荫土壤表面的蒸散发。在 2014、2015 和 2017 年,通过称重式蒸渗仪测量的蒸散发、汁液通量法蒸腾以及微量水分测定仪测量的土壤蒸发对模型进行了校准。结果表明,在玉米完全生长阶段,测得的日蒸腾量为 3.32 毫米/天,测得的平均日土壤蒸发量为 1.46 毫米/天。蒸腾用液流法和土壤蒸发用微量蒸发仪法在测量日蒸散量方面的表现与大加权蒸发仪法一致。在模拟每小时蒸腾量与测量每小时蒸腾量的对比中,Cj 模型的斜率为 0.94,判定系数(R2)为 0.85,平均绝对误差(MAE)为 0.08 毫米/小时,修正一致指数(d)为 0.81,表现优于 C 模型。在模拟土壤日蒸发量时,Cj 模型的斜率也比 C 和 SW 模型高,平均绝对误差也比它们小。不过,Cj 模型模拟的日蒸散发与实测的日蒸散发之间的斜率和 d 均有所增大,而 MAE 则有所减小。Cj 模型中最敏感的环境因素是温度。温度上升 50%,蒸散发、蒸腾和蒸发分别增加 45%、36% 和 69%。总之,Cj 模型提高了玉米每小时和每天蒸散发的精确度,并有助于分离植物蒸腾和土壤蒸发,从而为玉米种植系统水分管理中的精确灌溉提供了一种可用的方法。
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Journal of The American Water Resources Association
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