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Long short-term memory model for predicting groundwater level in Alabama 预测阿拉巴马州地下水位的长短期记忆模型
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13170
Victoria Robinson, Reza Ershadnia, Mohamad Reza Soltanian, Mojdeh Rasoulzadeh, Gregory M. Guthrie

Groundwater serves as a primary source of public-water and agricultural supply in many areas of Alabama, in particular during drought periods. Long-term climatic models for the southeastern United States indicate that the region will be subjected to more intense and more frequent precipitation events, with no overall change in the amount of precipitation, resulting in increased runoff and reduced aquifer recharge. Reliable prediction of groundwater levels would be beneficial to water resources decision makers and stakeholders especially for time-sensitive decisions. This paper uses a compound application of continuous wavelet transform (CWT) analysis and long short-term memory (LSTM) framework to address the major question with regards to groundwater level: “how long does it take for groundwater to respond to major precipitation events and what is the magnitude of the response?” CWT analysis is used to answer the “how long” part in this question, while the LSTM is used to answer the “what is the magnitude” part of the question. The insights from CWT analysis related to the short-term and long-term response in groundwater level were used to set the parameters of the LSTM model. The LSTM model uses daily groundwater levels, precipitation, and maximum/minimum temperatures as input data. The model was able to provide predictions within a 95% confidence interval of actual groundwater levels. The findings of this study suggest a workflow for groundwater level forecasting in the wells of Alabama given a minimum amount of easy-to-measure and widely available data.

在阿拉巴马州的许多地区,地下水是公共用水和农业用水的主要来源,特别是在干旱时期。美国东南部的长期气候模型显示,该地区的降水强度将加大,降水频率将增加,但降水量总体上没有变化,这将导致径流增加,含水层补给减少。对地下水位的可靠预测将有利于水资源决策者和利益相关者,尤其是对具有时间敏感性的决策。本文采用连续小波变换(CWT)分析和长短期记忆(LSTM)框架的复合应用来解决有关地下水位的主要问题:"地下水对重大降水事件的响应需要多长时间,响应的程度如何?CWT 分析用于回答问题中的 "多长时间 "部分,而 LSTM 则用于回答问题中的 "幅度如何 "部分。CWT 分析得出的与地下水位的短期和长期响应有关的结论被用来设置 LSTM 模型的参数。LSTM 模型使用每日地下水位、降水量和最高/最低气温作为输入数据。该模型能够在实际地下水位 95% 的置信区间内进行预测。这项研究的结果为阿拉巴马州水井的地下水位预测提出了一个工作流程,只需少量易于测量且广泛可用的数据。
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引用次数: 0
Sediment and phosphorus contributions from eroding banks in a large intensively managed watershed in western Iowa, United States 美国爱荷华州西部集约化管理的大型流域中侵蚀河岸产生的沉积物和磷含量
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13164
Forrest F. Williams, Peter L. Moore, Jade V. Allen, Thomas Isenhart, John T. Thomas, John L. Kovar, Keith Schilling

In this study, a new remote sensing tool was used in conjunction with sampling of river bank sediments to map channel migration patterns and estimate the net contribution of bank erosion to the sediment and phosphorus (P) budget of the Nishnabotna River in southwestern Iowa. Between the years 2009 and 2018, we found that at least 1.81 ± 0.57 × 107 Mg of sediment and 8.26 ± 2.5 × 103 Mg of P entered the Nishnabotna River due to channel migration. This equates to 0.87 Mg of sediment per meter of channel per year and 0.40 kg of P per meter of channel per year. Barring additional deposition elsewhere in the river corridor, these values represent as much as 77% of annual suspended sediment and 46% of the annual P export from the watershed. Our results also indicate that the contribution of net sediment and P volume loss by stream order increases sharply from third to sixth order, even though the total channel length is much smaller in the higher orders. These results suggest that bank erosion is an important source of sediment and P within the watershed and that future attempts to decrease riparian exports of sediment and P should focus on high-order reaches.

在这项研究中,我们将一种新的遥感工具与河岸沉积物取样相结合,绘制了河道迁移模式图,并估算了河岸侵蚀对爱荷华州西南部尼什纳博特纳河沉积物和磷(P)预算的净贡献。我们发现,在 2009 年至 2018 年期间,由于河道迁移,至少有 1.81 ± 0.57 × 107 兆克的沉积物和 8.26 ± 2.5 × 103 兆克的磷(P)进入尼什纳博特纳河。这相当于每年每米河道沉积 0.87 兆克泥沙和 0.40 千克磷。如果河流走廊的其他地方没有额外的沉积物,这些数值占流域每年悬浮泥沙量的 77% 和每年钾输出量的 46% 之多。我们的研究结果还表明,从三阶到六阶,尽管高阶河道的总长度要小得多,但各阶河道的净沉积物和钾流失量却急剧增加。这些结果表明,河岸侵蚀是流域内沉积物和钾的重要来源,未来减少河岸沉积物和钾输出的尝试应侧重于高阶河段。
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引用次数: 0
A modified CVaR-based interval coordination model for economic benefit and pollutant discharge 修改后的基于 CVaR 的经济效益和污染物排放区间协调模型
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13168
Faqiang Wang, Xiang Fu, Shuangjun Liu

This paper proposes a modified conditional value-at-risk interval two-stage stochastic programming coordination model (MCITSP) for water allocation and illustrates its advantages in risk aversion and pollution control. We analyze its performance in maintaining the equity of water use in various sectors, which is specifically reflected in the water satisfaction of multiple users. In this paper, the MCITSP model and original ITSP model are applied to the case of the Hanjiang River Basin, and three scenarios of water availability are set up to provide theoretical support for water allocation. Our results show that the MCITSP model with a higher risk coefficient has a stronger ability to avoid risks. The MCITSP model simultaneously controls pollutant discharge and guarantees economic benefits, making it superior to the ITSP model under different scenarios. Water shortages primarily affect the agricultural sector, due to its high water demand and low economic value, and the MCITSP model plays a positive role in maintaining equity and coordinating water conflicts among multiple users. Managers can choose appropriate model parameters according to their preferences to formulate more reasonable decisions.

本文提出了一种用于水资源分配的修正条件风险区间值两阶段随机编程协调模型(MCITSP),并阐述了该模型在规避风险和控制污染方面的优势。我们分析了该模型在保持各部门用水公平性方面的性能,具体体现在多用户的用水满意度上。本文将 MCITSP 模型和原有的 ITSP 模型应用于汉江流域,并设定了三种可用水情景,为水资源配置提供理论支持。结果表明,风险系数较高的 MCITSP 模型具有较强的规避风险能力。MCITSP 模型既能控制污染物排放,又能保证经济效益,在不同情景下均优于 ITSP 模型。缺水主要影响农业部门,因为农业部门需水量大,经济价值低,MCITSP 模型在维护公平、协调多用户之间的用水矛盾方面发挥了积极作用。管理者可以根据自己的偏好选择合适的模型参数,制定更加合理的决策。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial pattern and driving forces of regional water use efficiency: From spatial spillover and heterogeneity perspective 区域用水效率的空间模式和驱动力:从空间溢出和异质性角度看问题
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13169
Yanhu He, Binfen Liu, Zhenjie Gong

Water use efficiency (WUE) is critical for conserving water resources and protecting the environment, yet the lack of quantitative analysis of its spatial spillover effects and the spatial heterogeneity of its influencing factors hinders improving and achieving the spatial equilibrium regulation of regional WUE. In the current study, a way is proposed to explore the spatial pattern and driving forces of regional WUE from spatial spillover and heterogeneity perspective, in which the Improved Super-slack-based Model is firstly applied to estimate the WUE, and then, the spatial Markov chain and the geographically and temporally weighted regression model were, respectively, used to explore the spatial spillover effects of WUE and reveal the spatial heterogeneity of the driving forces behind the WUE. Guangdong Province, a region with rapidly developing economy and significant uneven development in China, was chosen as a case study. Results show that there is a radial pattern of high WUE in the Pearl River Delta and there are significant spatial spillover effects among cities, the city with higher WUE exerted positive effects on its neighboring city's WUE. The key driving factors of WUE include per capita GDP, per capita water consumption, proportion of secondary and tertiary industry water use, foreign direct investment, and R&D input, with spatial heterogeneity in their influences. Policies such as enhancing public awareness of water saving, increasing the reuse of wastewater in industrial parks, and promoting the inter-municipal socioeconomic and technological exchanges are recommended to achieve a more coordinated and balanced regional WUE. The results of this study have scientific and practical implications for coordinating regional water resources exploitation and sustainable development.

水资源利用效率(WUE)对节约水资源和保护环境至关重要,但由于缺乏对其空间溢出效应及其影响因素空间异质性的定量分析,阻碍了区域水资源利用效率空间均衡调控的改善和实现。本研究提出了一种从空间溢出和异质性角度探讨区域 WUE 空间格局和驱动力的方法,即首先应用改进的基于超松弛模型估算 WUE,然后分别利用空间马尔可夫链和时空加权回归模型探讨 WUE 的空间溢出效应,并揭示 WUE 背后驱动力的空间异质性。研究选取了中国经济快速发展、发展极不平衡的广东省作为案例。研究结果表明,珠江三角洲地区的 WUE 呈辐射状分布,城市间存在显著的空间溢出效应,WUE 较高的城市对周边城市的 WUE 产生了积极影响。WUE的主要驱动因素包括人均GDP、人均用水量、二三产业用水比重、外商直接投资、研发投入等,其影响因素存在空间异质性。建议采取提高公众节水意识、增加工业园区废水回用、促进城市间社会经济和技术交流等政策,以实现更加协调和均衡的区域 WUE。研究结果对协调区域水资源开发和可持续发展具有科学和现实意义。
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引用次数: 0
Potential water-related risks to the electric power industry associated with changing surface water conditions 地表水条件变化给电力行业带来的与水有关的潜在风险
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13166
Eric Hersh, Morgan Jackson, John Menninger, Norman Shippee, Jeff Thomas, Nalini Rao

This study identifies and summarizes potential risks to operations, regulatory compliance, supply chains, and infrastructure of the electric power industry from changing surface water conditions resulting from global climate change. The results help inform companies/utilities seeking to incorporate climate change risk in their planning and decision-making processes by ranking risk severity and likelihood of occurrence on both a regional basis and by risk receptor. The assessment includes identification of potential risks to: (1) thermal generating, (2) hydroelectric, (3) land-based renewable generating, and (4) transmission and distribution assets. These risks may result from such projected changes as reduced water availability (e.g., for hydroelectric or once-through cooling), increased water temperatures (e.g., decrease in cooling efficiency, inability to meet discharge permit conditions), increased flood severity (e.g., increased streambank erosion and/or damage to river-adjacent infrastructure), and decreased water quality (e.g., from increased transport of sediment and dissolved solids). The potential risks identified from this qualitative risk-assessment are documented in a graphical format depicting both severity and likelihood. This approach allows for comparison of risks across a portfolio and for future prioritization of adaptation strategies. A total of 32 risks were identified in the study, including nine risks to infrastructure, six risks to operations, four risks to supply chain, and 13 environmental/regulatory risks.

本研究确定并总结了全球气候变化导致的地表水条件变化对电力行业的运营、监管合规性、供应链和基础设施造成的潜在风险。通过按地区和风险受体对风险严重性和发生可能性进行排序,评估结果有助于公司/电力公司将气候变化风险纳入其规划和决策过程。评估包括识别以下方面的潜在风险:(1) 火力发电;(2) 水力发电;(3) 陆地可再生能源发电;(4) 输电和配电资产。这些风险可能源于以下预测变化:可用水量减少(例如,用于水力发电或一次性冷却)、水温升高(例如,冷却效率降低、无法满足排放许可条件)、洪水严重程度增加(例如,河岸侵蚀加剧和/或对河流附近基础设施的破坏)以及水质下降(例如,沉积物和溶解固体迁移增加)。通过定性风险评估确定的潜在风险将以图表形式记录下来,同时描述严重性和可能性。通过这种方法,可对整个组合的风险进行比较,并确定未来适应战略的优先次序。该研究共确定了 32 项风险,包括 9 项基础设施风险、6 项运营风险、4 项供应链风险和 13 项环境/监管风险。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling compound hydrologic disturbances in the Rio Grande Headwaters 格兰德河源头复合水文干扰建模
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13162
Katie E. Schneider, Ashley Rust, Terri Hogue

In recent decades, the western United States (U.S.) has experienced increasing magnitudes and frequencies of natural land cover disturbances that impact water budget partitioning. Post-disturbance hydrologic response is often variable at the stream outlet and is difficult to detect and quantify with traditional before–after control–impact studies. This study uses a modified version of the U.S. Geological Survey's Monthly Water Balance Model (MWBM) to simulate and separate the hydrologic response to several forest disturbances, including (1) wildfire, (2) forest conversion (subalpine to mid-elevation forest) and (3) a climate that is hotter and drier than present in the Rio Grande Headwaters (RGH) in Colorado, U.S. (this climate scenario was derived from an ensemble of climate scenarios from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phases 3 and 5, which were selected based on water stress potential in the state of Colorado). We leverage historic post-disturbance vegetation data in the RGH to add quantitative vegetation representation to the MWBM, then modeled synthetic future (2021–2050) streamflow scenarios as both single and compound disturbances. Relative to a baseline scenario, modeled scenarios predict several changes to average annual water trends over the final simulation decade (2041–2050); (1) decreases in average annual water yield under a hot and dry climate (−14%), except during the rising limb of annual snowmelt; (2) increases in average annual water yield (+32%) and peak runoff under a fire simulation; and (3) increases in average annual water yield (+24%) along with earlier and higher peak runoff under compound (fire + hot/dry) conditions. These findings show the strengths of hydrologic models in separating compound disturbance signals at the stream outlet and a need for quantitative vegetation representation within models to adequately represent dynamic disturbance conditions.

近几十年来,美国西部经历了越来越多、越来越频繁的自然土地植被扰动,这些扰动对水预算分区产生了影响。扰动后的水文响应在溪流出口处通常是多变的,很难通过传统的控制影响前后研究进行检测和量化。本研究使用美国地质调查局月度水平衡模型 (MWBM) 的改进版来模拟和分离几种森林扰动的水文响应,包括 (1) 野火、(2) 森林转换(亚高山森林到中高山森林)和 (3) 比美国科罗拉多州格兰德河源头 (RGH) 目前的气候更炎热、更干燥(这种气候情景是在美国科罗拉多州格兰德河源头 (RGH) 的气候条件下产生的)。这种气候情景来自耦合模式相互比较项目第 3 和第 5 阶段的气候情景组合,是根据科罗拉多州的潜在水压力选择的)。我们利用 RGH 中受干扰后的历史植被数据,为 MWBM 添加了定量植被表征,然后将合成的未来(2021-2050 年)溪流情景模拟为单一干扰和复合干扰。与基线情景相比,模拟情景预测了最后一个模拟十年(2041-2050 年)的年均水量趋势的几种变化:(1) 在炎热干燥的气候条件下,年均水量减少(-14%),年融雪上升期除外;(2) 在火灾模拟条件下,年均水量增加(+32%),峰值径流量增加;(3) 在复合(火灾 + 炎热/干燥)条件下,年均水量增加(+24%),峰值径流量提前且增加。这些发现表明了水文模型在分离溪流出口复合干扰信号方面的优势,以及在模型中对植被进行定量表示以充分反映动态干扰条件的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
The patchwork governance of ecologically available water: A case study in the Upper Missouri Headwaters, Montana, United States 生态可用水资源的拼凑治理:美国蒙大拿密苏里上游水源地案例研究
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13167
Amanda E. Cravens, Julia B. Goolsby, Theresa Jedd, Deborah J. Bathke, Shelley Crausbay, Ashley E. Cooper, Jason Dunham, Tonya Haigh, Kimberly R. Hall, Michael J. Hayes, Jamie McEvoy, Rebecca L. Nelson, Markéta Poděbradská, Aaron Ramirez, Elliot Wickham, Dionne Zoanni

Institutional authority and responsibility for allocating water to ecosystems (“ecologically available water” [EAW]) is spread across local, state, and federal agencies, which operate under a range of statutes, mandates, and planning processes. We use a case study of the Upper Missouri Headwaters Basin in southwestern Montana, United States, to illustrate this fragmented institutional landscape. Our goals are to (a) describe the patchwork of agencies and institutional actors whose intersecting authorities and actions influence the EAW in the study basin; (b) describe the range of governance mechanisms these agencies use, including laws, policies, administrative programs, and planning processes; and (c) assess the extent to which the collective governance regime creates gaps in responsibility. We find the water governance regime includes a range of nested mechanisms that in various ways facilitate or hinder the governance of EAW. We conclude the current multilevel governance regime leaves certain aspects of EAW unaddressed and does not adequately account for the interconnections between water in different parts of the ecosystem, creating integrative gaps. We suggest that more intentional and robust coordination could provide a means to address these gaps.

为生态系统分配水资源("生态可用水量"[EAW])的机构权力和责任分散在地方、州和联邦机构中,这些机构根据一系列法规、任务和规划流程开展工作。我们通过对美国蒙大拿州西南部密苏里上游流域的案例研究来说明这种分散的机构格局。我们的目标是:(a) 描述研究流域中机构和机构参与者的拼凑情况,他们相互交叉的权力和行动影响着环境影响评估;(b) 描述这些机构使用的一系列治理机制,包括法律、政策、行政计划和规划流程;(c) 评估集体治理制度在多大程度上造成了责任差距。我们发现水治理制度包括一系列嵌套机制,这些机制以不同方式促进或阻碍了对环境危害评估的治理。我们的结论是,当前的多层次治理机制没有解决环境危害评估的某些方面问题,也没有充分考虑到生态系统不同部分的水之间的相互联系,从而造成了综合差距。我们建议,更有意识和更有力的协调可提供一种解决这些差距的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Preparing municipal water system planning for a changing climate: Integrating climate-sensitive demand estimates 为不断变化的气候制定市政供水系统规划:整合对气候敏感的需求估算
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13165
Ryan C. Johnson, Steven J. Burian, James Halgren, Trevor Irons, Emily Baur, Danyal Aziz, Daniyal Hassan, Jiada Li, Tracie Kirkham, Jessie Stewart, Laura Briefer

Seasonality and a changing climate exert strong influences on supply and demand in the western United States, challenging municipal water system (MWS) management. Although supply and demand exhibit characteristics of nonstationarity, the commonly used econometric-based models to estimate demands discount the influences of climate variability and trends in seasonal MWS vulnerability assessments. Given the projected impacts of climate change on water resources, we use the documented performance of a real-world MWS with a calibrated systems model to investigate how demands modeled with and without the influences of climate impact system vulnerability indicators—determined by the exceedance of historical daily mean imported water—for MWS planning guidance. Neglecting climatic influences on MWS demands, the model overestimates the volume of imported water by up to 50% and misclassifies vulnerabilities during supply-limiting conditions. The climate-sensitive demand estimates reduced model error (i.e., <3% error) and correctly categorized vulnerabilities. Moreover, the MWS exhibited an average threefold greater sensitivity to percent changes in demand relative to percent changes in supply. The sensitivity to variances in demand emphasizes the need to account for factors influencing supply and demand when investigating the impacts of a changing climate, suggesting future research to examine the coupled influences of modeled supply and demand accuracy on MWS performance.

季节性和不断变化的气候对美国西部的供需产生了很大影响,给市政供水系统(MWS)的管理带来了挑战。尽管供需呈现出非平稳性的特点,但常用的基于计量经济学的需求估算模型在进行季节性市政供水系统脆弱性评估时却忽略了气候多变性和趋势的影响。考虑到气候变化对水资源的预期影响,我们利用一个经过校准的系统模型对实际水利枢纽的性能进行了记录,以研究有气候影响和无气候影响的需求模型如何影响系统脆弱性指标(由历史日平均进口水量超标决定),从而为水利枢纽规划提供指导。如果忽略气候对水利部需求的影响,该模型对进口水量的高估可达 50%,并对限制供水条件下的脆弱性进行错误分类。对气候敏感的需求估算减少了模型误差(即 3% 的误差),并正确划分了脆弱性。此外,相对于供应量的百分比变化,MWS 对需求量百分比变化的敏感度平均高出三倍。对需求变化的敏感性强调了在研究气候变化的影响时需要考虑影响供应和需求的因素,并建议未来的研究要考察模型供应和需求准确性对 MWS 性能的耦合影响。
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引用次数: 0
Simulating the effects of behavioral and physical heterogeneity on nonpoint source pollution 模拟行为和物理异质性对非点源污染的影响
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13159
Lourdes Arrueta, Douglas Jackson-Smith, Margaret Kalcic

To increase the effectiveness of conservation programs focused on reducing agricultural nutrient runoff and targeting management interventions, some have called for greater attention to the role of diversity in both management and physical context. To examine the independent and interactive effects of behavioral and physical heterogeneity on phosphorus loads, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using six different assumptions about distributions of phosphorus fertilizer application rates and soil test phosphorus (STP) levels for hydrologic response units in a SWAT model for the Maumee River Watershed. Results indicated that changing assumptions about behavior and STP levels can significantly affect estimated dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loads and the level of disproportionality, which is a measure of the unequal distribution of pollutant loading. Placing the highest fertilizer application rates on fields with the most excessive STP produced 14% greater estimated DRP load and higher levels of disproportionality compared to a baseline model, where homogeneity in farmer fertilizer behavior and STP were assumed. In contrast, placing the lowest fertilizer application rates on the fields with the most excessive STP led to estimated DRP loads and level of disproportionality that were similar to the baseline model. Results from this analysis suggest that simplistic or uniform assumptions about behavior or STP levels may mask serious environmental risks in agricultural watershed models.

为了提高以减少农业养分径流和有针对性的管理干预措施为重点的保护计划的有效性,一些人呼吁更多地关注管理和物理环境中多样性的作用。为了研究行为和物理异质性对磷负荷的独立影响和交互影响,我们在莫米河流域的 SWAT 模型中,对水文响应单元的磷肥施用率和土壤测试磷 (STP) 水平的分布采用了六种不同的假设,进行了一项敏感性分析。结果表明,改变有关行为和 STP 水平的假设会极大地影响估计的溶解性活性磷 (DRP) 负荷和比例失调程度,而比例失调程度是衡量污染物负荷分布不均的一个指标。与假定农民施肥行为和 STP 均一的基线模型相比,在 STP 过高的田块上施用最高的肥料,估计 DRP 负荷会增加 14%,比例失调程度也会更高。相比之下,将最低施肥量用于 STP 过高的田块,估计的 DRP 负荷和比例失调程度与基线模型相似。分析结果表明,对施肥行为或 STP 水平的简单或统一假设可能会掩盖农业流域模型中的严重环境风险。
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引用次数: 0
The consequences of neglecting reservoir storage in national-scale hydrologic models: An appraisal of key streamflow statistics 在国家尺度水文模型中忽略水库蓄水的后果:对主要流量统计数据的评估
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13161
Glenn A. Hodgkins, Thomas M. Over, Robert W. Dudley, Amy M. Russell, Jacob H. LaFontaine

A better understanding of modeled streamflow errors related to basin reservoir storage is needed for large regions, which normally have many ungaged basins with reservoirs. We quantified the difference between modeled and observed streamflows for one process-based and three statistical-transfer hydrologic models, none of which explicitly accounted for reservoir storage. Streamflow statistics representing low to high flows, seasonality, annual variability, and daily autocorrelation were examined at 1082 study basins across the conterminous USA. All models increasingly overpredict (or decreasingly underpredict) observed annual maximum flows with increasing storage. Correlations between absolute values of errors for low-flow statistics and storage are often larger in magnitude than those for signed errors—additional storage is associated with increases in model errors in both directions even when its overall effect in one direction is weak. The rate of increase in absolute values of model errors was nonlinear for most statistics. For low flows, model errors had a change point to larger errors at 48 days of reservoir storage (relative to long-term mean daily flow); mean and high flows had change points at 147 to 176 days. We present predicted-to-observed errors for nine streamflow statistics over a large range of reservoir storage to help modelers and users of modeled streamflow understand the amount of storage for which explicit reservoir modeling is needed.

对于大面积地区,需要更好地了解与流域水库蓄水相关的模型流误差,因为这些地区通常有许多没有水库监测的流域。我们量化了一个基于过程的水文模型和三个统计传递水文模型的模型流与观测流之间的差异,这些模型都没有明确考虑水库蓄水。我们在美国本土的 1082 个研究流域考察了从低流量到高流量、季节性、年变异性和日自相关性的溪流统计数据。随着蓄水量的增加,所有模型都会越来越高地预测(或越来越低地预测)观测到的年最大流量。低流量统计误差绝对值与储量之间的相关性往往比符号误差的相关性更大--即使在一个方向上的总体影响较弱时,增加储量也会导致模型误差在两个方向上的增加。对于大多数统计量而言,模型误差绝对值的增加率是非线性的。对于小流量,模型误差在水库蓄水 48 天(相对于长期平均日流量)时出现较大误差的变化点;平均流量和大流量的变化点在 147 天至 176 天。我们提出了在较大的水库蓄水量范围内,九种溪流统计量的预测与观测误差,以帮助建模人员和模型溪流用户了解需要进行明确水库建模的蓄水量。
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Journal of The American Water Resources Association
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