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Using benefit transfer to estimate housing value increases from improved water clarity: A case study of lakes in Kosciusko County, Indiana 利用效益转移估算水体透明度提高带来的住房价值增长:印第安纳州科斯丘斯科县湖泊案例研究
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13196
Matthew Burlingame, Dennis Guignet, Matthew T. Heberling, Michael Papenfus

This study provides step-by-step guidance for practitioners and local stakeholders on how to use existing study results to conduct benefit transfer (BT), and ultimately make informed predictions of how improvements in lake water clarity may benefit surrounding communities. The procedures are demonstrated using a publicly available meta-dataset developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and a subsequent meta-analysis that synthesizes the literature on how improvements in water clarity impact home values. The BT procedures are demonstrated using a case study of 14 large lakes in Kosciusko County, Indiana. Lake-specific average increases in home values, as well as the value of the housing stock in aggregate, are calculated for illustrative improvements in lake water clarity. This analysis provides a critical bridge to better connect high-quality, academic research with real-world policy analysis, and ultimately serves to better equip local governments and stakeholders to make more informed policy and land use decisions.

本研究为从业人员和当地利益相关者提供了逐步指导,帮助他们了解如何利用现有研究成果进行效益转移 (BT),并最终对湖水透明度的改善如何惠及周边社区做出明智的预测。研究利用美国环境保护局开发的公开元数据集以及随后的元分析(综合了有关水体透明度的改善如何影响房屋价值的文献)演示了这些程序。通过对印第安纳州科斯丘斯科县 14 个大型湖泊的案例研究,对 BT 程序进行了演示。针对湖泊水体透明度的改善情况,计算了特定湖泊房屋价值的平均增长以及房屋总价值的增长。这项分析为更好地将高质量的学术研究与现实世界的政策分析联系起来提供了一座重要的桥梁,并最终帮助地方政府和利益相关者更好地做出更明智的政策和土地使用决策。
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引用次数: 0
A geographic information system approach for estimating state-wide water quality credit need: Application for planned transportation projects in Virginia 估算全州水质信贷需求的地理信息系统方法:应用于弗吉尼亚州规划的交通项目
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13195
Jacob D. Nelson, Benjamin D. Bowes, Linnea Saby, Majid Shafiee-Jood, Jonathan L. Goodall

Uncertainty in water quality trading (WQT) markets is frequently cited as a deterrent for participation, with few studies focusing on uncertainty in future water quality credit needs. To reduce this uncertainty, we present a geographic information system (GIS)-based methodology for estimating an upper bound of water quality credit needs for a set of spatially referenced planned construction projects over a large geographic region. We demonstrate the methodology by applying it to estimate future credit needs for the Virginia Department of Transportation's (VDOT) 6-year improvement program. The results show that 25% of the state's 6-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) basins lack sufficient current credit supply to meet the estimated future credit need from VDOT's planned projects alone. Furthermore, while 70% of the 8-digit HUCs containing planned projects have a sufficient current credit supply to meet VDOT credit needs, this is true for only 20% of the 10-digit HUCs. Finally, nearly 25% of the planned transportation projects, representing potentially $9 million in credit purchases at current market rates, will be constructed in catchments with impaired water bodies. State regulations will initially limit these projects to trade with credit banks collocated at the 12-digit HUC level. This application demonstrates how the GIS-based methodology can be applied to reduce uncertainty about future WQT credit needs and how needs are aligned with current credit supply.

水质交易(WQT)市场的不确定性经常被认为是阻碍参与的因素,但很少有研究关注未来水质信用需求的不确定性。为了减少这种不确定性,我们提出了一种基于地理信息系统 (GIS) 的方法,用于估算一个大地理区域内一组空间参照规划建设项目的水质信用需求上限。我们将该方法应用于估算弗吉尼亚州交通部(VDOT)6 年改进计划的未来信用需求,并对其进行了演示。结果表明,该州 25% 的 6 位水文单元代码(HUC)流域目前缺乏足够的信贷供应,仅凭弗吉尼亚州交通部计划项目的信贷需求就无法满足未来的信贷需求。此外,在包含计划项目的 8 位数水文单元代码流域中,有 70% 的流域目前有足够的信贷供应来满足 VDOT 的信贷需求,但在 10 位数水文单元代码流域中,只有 20% 的流域有足够的信贷供应。最后,近 25% 的规划交通项目(按当前市场费率计算,可能需要购买 900 万美元的信用额度)将建在水体受损的集水区。国家法规最初将限制这些项目与位于 12 位数 HUC 级别的信贷银行进行交易。该应用展示了如何应用基于 GIS 的方法来减少未来 WQT 信用需求的不确定性,以及如何将需求与当前的信用供应相协调。
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引用次数: 0
Concurrently assessing water supply and demand is critical for evaluating vulnerabilities to climate change 同时评估水的供应和需求对于评估气候变化的脆弱性至关重要
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13192
Sonia A. Hall, Aaron Whittemore, Julie Padowski, Matthew Yourek, Georgine G. Yorgey, Kirti Rajagopalan, Sasha McLarty, Fabio V. Scarpare, Mingliang Liu, Collins Asante-Sasu, Ashish Kondal, Michael Brady, Rebecca Gustine, Melissa Downes, Michael Callahan, Jennifer C. Adam

Aligning water supply with demand is a challenge, particularly in areas with large seasonal variation in precipitation and those dominated by winter precipitation. Climate change is expected to exacerbate this challenge, increasing the need for long-term planning. Long-term projections of water supply and demand that can aid planning are mostly published as agency reports, which are directly relevant to decision-making but less likely to inform future research. We present 20-year water supply and demand projections for the Columbia River, produced in partnership with the Washington State Dept. of Ecology. This effort includes integrated modeling of future surface water supply and agricultural demand by 2040 and analyses of future groundwater trends, residential demand, instream flow deficits, and curtailment. We found that shifting timing in water supply could leave many eastern Washington watersheds unable to meet late-season out-of-stream demands. Increasing agricultural or residential demands in watersheds could exacerbate these late-season vulnerabilities, and curtailments could become more common for rivers with federal or state instream flow rules. Groundwater trends are mostly declining, leaving watersheds more vulnerable to surface water supply or demand changes. Both our modeling framework and agency partnership can serve as an example for other long-term efforts that aim to provide insights for water management in a changing climate elsewhere around the world.

使供水与需求相匹配是一项挑战,尤其是在降水季节性变化大的地区和冬季降水占主导地位的地区。气候变化预计将加剧这一挑战,从而增加长期规划的必要性。有助于规划的长期水供需预测大多以机构报告的形式发布,与决策直接相关,但不太可能为未来研究提供信息。我们与华盛顿州生态部合作,对哥伦比亚河进行了为期 20 年的水资源供需预测。这项工作包括到 2040 年未来地表水供应和农业需求的综合建模,以及对未来地下水趋势、居民需求、内流河水量不足和削减的分析。我们发现,供水时间的变化可能会使华盛顿州东部的许多流域无法满足晚季河水外流的需求。流域内不断增加的农业或居民需求可能会加剧这些季节末期的脆弱性,对于有联邦或州内流规则的河流来说,削减水量可能会变得更加普遍。地下水的趋势大多在下降,使得流域更容易受到地表水供应或需求变化的影响。我们的建模框架和机构合作关系都可以作为其他长期努力的范例,这些努力旨在为全球其他地方在不断变化的气候中进行水资源管理提供见解。
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引用次数: 0
Simulating socio-hydrological responses to climatic conditions in Phoenix, Arizona 模拟亚利桑那州凤凰城对气候条件的社会-水文反应
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13191
Renee Obringer, Dave D. White

Providing adequate water supply to the growing number of urban residents will be a challenge faced by many utility managers throughout the remainder of this century. Though traditionally, water managers have looked toward supply-based solutions (e.g., expanding reservoirs), recent trends indicate a shift toward demand-side management (e.g., encouraging conservation behaviors). Here, we present an agent-based model (ABM) that simulates water supply as a function of the local climatic conditions and water consumption, which is, in part, determined based on water conservation attitudes. Our results indicate the ABM performs well (normalized root mean squared error <10%) for the study area. Further, we explore various hypothetical demand management scenarios by changing the water conservation attitudes of the households (i.e., the archetypes). This scenario testing reveals a statistically significant improvement to water availability after successfully changing water conservation attitudes to be more participatory. Ultimately, this study aims to understand the nuances of water conservation attitudes and aid utilities in their goal to better manage urban water demand.

在本世纪余下的时间里,为日益增多的城市居民提供充足的供水将是许多公用事业管理者面临的挑战。尽管传统上水资源管理者一直在寻求基于供给的解决方案(如扩建水库),但最近的趋势表明他们正在转向需求方管理(如鼓励节约用水行为)。在此,我们提出了一个基于代理的模型(ABM),该模型模拟了作为当地气候条件和用水量函数的供水量,而用水量在一定程度上是由节水态度决定的。结果表明,该模型在研究地区的表现良好(归一化均方根误差小于 10%)。此外,我们还通过改变住户(即原型)的节水态度,探索了各种假设的需求管理方案。这种情景测试表明,在成功改变节水态度,使其更具参与性后,水资源可用性在统计学上得到了显著改善。最终,本研究旨在了解节水态度的细微差别,帮助公用事业公司实现更好地管理城市用水需求的目标。
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引用次数: 0
Performance of low impact development on peak flow reduction in an urban system 低影响开发对减少城市系统峰值流量的作用
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13188
M. Pampaloni, A. Sordo-Ward, M. Lompi, T. Pacetti, S. Zubelzu, L. Rodríguez-Sinobas, P. Bianucci, E. Caporali, L. Garrote

This study proposes an approach to evaluate the efficiency of low impact development (LID) in reducing urban runoff using a rainfall generator to disaggregate daily rainfall into sub-hourly rainfall data, which are used as input of a hydrological model at the urban watershed scale. Twelve scenarios are analyzed combining four percentages of impervious area retrofitted with LIDs (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), and three LID combinations of green roofs (GRs) and rain gardens (RGs). The rainfall generator Rainsim V.3 is used to generate 500 years of rainfall data with a 15-min time step to analyze the performance of LIDs in the long-term with the LID module of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool hydrological model. An urban watershed of 3 km2 located in Florence (Italy) is selected as a case study. Results show the performances of GRs and RG on peak flow reduction, highlighting a maximum flow reduction of single facilities ranging between 15% and 60% that can improve in case of their combination. The hydrological performances of LID combinations are very sensitive to the intensity of rainfall events, as well as percentages of area treated underlining the importance of simulating multiple scenarios of intervention to determine the most efficient combination of LIDs for a given case study and support their proper design from a urban water hydrology perspective.

本研究提出了一种方法来评估低影响开发(LID)在减少城市径流方面的效率,该方法使用雨量生成器将日降雨量分解为亚小时降雨量数据,并将其作为城市流域尺度水文模型的输入。分析了十二种方案,包括四个百分比的不透水面积(25%、50%、75% 和 100%)的 LID 改造,以及绿色屋顶 (GR) 和雨水花园 (RG) 的三种 LID 组合。降雨生成器 Rainsim V.3 用于生成 500 年的降雨数据,时间步长为 15 分钟,以便利用水土评估工具水文模型的 LID 模块分析 LID 的长期性能。案例研究选择了位于意大利佛罗伦萨的一个面积为 3 平方公里的城市流域。研究结果表明,GRs 和 RG 在减少峰值流量方面表现出色,单个设施的最大流量减少率在 15%到 60%之间,如果将这两种设施结合使用,则流量减少率会有所提高。LID 组合的水文性能对降雨事件的强度以及处理面积的百分比非常敏感,强调了模拟多种干预方案的重要性,以确定特定案例研究中最有效的 LID 组合,并支持从城市水文角度对其进行适当设计。
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引用次数: 0
NOAA's National Water Model: Advancing operational hydrology through continental-scale modeling NOAA 的国家水模型:通过大陆尺度建模推进实用水文学
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13184
Brian Cosgrove, David Gochis, Trey Flowers, Aubrey Dugger, Fred Ogden, Tom Graziano, Ed Clark, Ryan Cabell, Nick Casiday, Zhengtao Cui, Kelley Eicher, Greg Fall, Xia Feng, Katelyn Fitzgerald, Nels Frazier, Camaron George, Rich Gibbs, Liliana Hernandez, Donald Johnson, Ryan Jones, Logan Karsten, Henok Kefelegn, David Kitzmiller, Haksu Lee, Yuqiong Liu, Hassan Mashriqui, David Mattern, Alyssa McCluskey, James L. McCreight, Rachel McDaniel, Alemayehu Midekisa, Andy Newman, Linlin Pan, Cham Pham, Arezoo RafieeiNasab, Roy Rasmussen, Laura Read, Mehdi Rezaeianzadeh, Fernando Salas, Dina Sang, Kevin Sampson, Tim Schneider, Qi Shi, Gautam Sood, Andy Wood, Wanru Wu, David Yates, Wei Yu, Yongxin Zhang

The National Weather Service (NWS) Office of Water Prediction (OWP), in conjunction with the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) implemented version 2.1 of the National Water Model (NWM) into operations in April of 2021. As with the initial version implemented in 2016, NWM v2.1 is an hourly cycling analysis and forecast system that provides streamflow guidance for millions of river reaches and other hydrologic information on high-resolution grids. The NWM provides complementary hydrologic guidance at current NWS river forecast locations and significantly expands guidance coverage and water budget information in underserved locations. It produces a full range of hydrologic fields, which can be leveraged by a broad cross section of stakeholders ranging from the emergency responder and water resource communities, to transportation, energy, recreation and agriculture interests, to other water-oriented applications in the government, academic and private sectors. Version 2.1 of the NWM represents the fifth major version upgrade and more than doubles simulation skill with respect to hourly streamflow correlation, Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency, and bias reduction, over its original inception in 2016. This paper will discuss the driving factors underpinning the creation of the NWM, provide a brief overview of the model configuration and performance, and discuss future efforts to improve NWM components and services.

美国国家气象局(NWS)水预测办公室(OWP)与美国国家大气研究中心和美国国家气象局国家环境预测中心(NCEP)合作,于 2021 年 4 月将国家水模型(NWM)2.1 版投入运行。与 2016 年实施的初始版本一样,NWM v2.1 是一个每小时循环分析和预报系统,为数百万河流河段提供河水流量指导,并在高分辨率网格上提供其他水文信息。NWM 在当前的 NWS 河流预报地点提供补充性水文指导,并大大扩展了指导覆盖范围和服务不足地点的水量预算信息。该系统可生成全方位的水文领域信息,可被广泛的利益相关者利用,从应急响应和水资源社区,到交通、能源、娱乐和农业利益相关者,再到政府、学术界和私营部门的其他以水为导向的应用。NWM 2.1 版是第五次重大版本升级,与 2016 年最初的版本相比,它在每小时溪流相关性、纳什-苏克里夫效率和减少偏差方面的模拟技术提高了一倍多。本文将讨论创建 NWM 的驱动因素,简要介绍模型配置和性能,并讨论未来改进 NWM 组件和服务的努力。
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引用次数: 0
Irrigation response to drought in the Western United States, 1987–2021 1987-2021 年美国西部干旱的灌溉对策
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13190
David Ketchum, Zachary H. Hoylman, Douglas Brinkerhoff, Justin Huntington, Marco P. Maneta, John Kimball, Kelsey Jencso

The Western United States (U.S.) relies heavily on scarce water resources for both ecological services and irrigation. However, the response of irrigation water use during drought is not well documented. Irrigation decision-making is complex and influenced by human and environmental factors such as water deliveries, crop yields, equipment, labor, crop prices, and climate variability. While few irrigation districts have plans to curtail water deliveries during droughts, water rights, fallowing patterns, crop rotations, and profit expectations also influence irrigation management at the farm scale. This study uses high-resolution satellite data to examine the response of irrigators to drought by using a novel measure of irrigation management, the Standardized Irrigation Management Index. We assess the state of drought at the field and basin scales in terms of climate and streamflow and analyze the importance of variations in crop price and drought status on decision-making and water use. We show significant variability in field-scale response to drought and that crop type, irrigation type, and federal management explain regional and field-scale differences. The relative influence of climate and prices on crop transitions indicate prices more strongly drive crop planting decisions. The study provides insights into irrigation management during drought, which is crucial for sustainable water supply in the face of the ongoing water supply crisis in the U.S. Southwest.

美国西部的生态服务和灌溉都严重依赖于稀缺的水资源。然而,干旱期间灌溉用水的反应并没有得到很好的记录。灌溉决策非常复杂,受到输水量、作物产量、设备、劳动力、作物价格和气候多变性等人为和环境因素的影响。虽然很少有灌区计划在干旱期间减少输水量,但水权、休耕模式、作物轮作和利润预期也会影响农场规模的灌溉管理。本研究利用高分辨率卫星数据,采用新的灌溉管理衡量标准--标准化灌溉管理指数,研究灌溉者对干旱的反应。我们从气候和河流流量的角度评估了田间和流域尺度的干旱状况,并分析了作物价格和干旱状况的变化对决策和用水的影响。我们发现田间尺度对干旱的反应存在很大差异,作物类型、灌溉类型和联邦管理解释了区域和田间尺度的差异。气候和价格对作物转换的相对影响表明,价格对作物种植决策的驱动力更大。该研究为干旱期间的灌溉管理提供了见解,这对美国西南部持续的供水危机下的可持续供水至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Case study of continental-scale hydrologic modeling's ability to predict daily streamflow percentiles for regulatory application 关于大陆尺度水文模型预测监管应用中日溪流百分位数能力的案例研究
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13189
Joseph L. Gutenson, Kent H. Sparrow, Stephen W. Brown, Mark D. Wahl, Kyle B. Gordon

Regulatory practitioners use hydroclimatic data to provide context to observations typically collected through field site visits and aerial imagery analysis. In the absence of site-specific data, regulatory practitioners must use proxy hydroclimatic data and models to assess a stream's hydroclimatology. One intent of current-generation continental-scale hydrologic models is to provide such hydrologic context to ungaged watersheds. In this study, the ability of two state-of-the-art, operational, continental-scale hydrologic modeling frameworks, the National Water Model and the Group on Earth Observation Global Water Sustainability (GEOGloWS) European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Streamflow Model, to produce daily streamflow percentiles and categorical estimates of the streamflow normalcy was examined. The modeled streamflow percentiles were compared to observed daily streamflow percentiles at four United States Geological Survey stream gages. The model's performance was then compared to a baseline assessment methodology, the Antecedent Precipitation Tool. Results indicated that, when compared to baseline assessment techniques, the accuracy of the National Water Model (NWM) or GEOGloWS ECMWF Streamflow Model was greater than the accuracy of the baseline assessment methodology at four stream gage locations. The NWM performed best at three of the four gages. This work highlighted a novel application of current-generation continental-scale hydrologic models.

监管从业人员使用水文气候数据为通常通过实地考察和航空图像分析收集的观测结果提供背景信息。在缺乏特定地点数据的情况下,监管从业人员必须使用代用水文气候数据和模型来评估溪流的水文气候。新一代大陆尺度水文模型的目的之一就是为无测站流域提供这种水文背景。在这项研究中,我们考察了两个最先进的、可操作的大陆尺度水文模型框架,即国家水模型和对地观测全球水可持续性小组(GEOGloWS)欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的流模型,它们生成日流水百分位数和流水正常值分类估计值的能力。研究人员将模拟的溪流百分位数与美国地质调查局四个溪流测站观测到的日溪流百分位数进行了比较。然后将模型的性能与基线评估方法--前兆降水工具--进行了比较。结果表明,与基线评估技术相比,国家水模型(NWM)或 GEOGloWS ECMWF 气流模型在四个测流点的准确性高于基线评估方法。国家水模型在四个水文站中的三个表现最佳。这项工作凸显了新一代大陆尺度水文模型的新颖应用。
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引用次数: 0
A Novel TPM1 Mutation Causes Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in an Indian Family: Genetic and Clinical Correlation. 新型 TPM1 基因突变导致一个印度家庭出现家族性肥厚型心肌病:遗传与临床相关性
IF 2.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-04-11 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01036-w
Prabodh Kumar, Ganesh Paramasivam, Tom Devasia, Mukund Prabhu, Maneesh K Rai, K Prakashini, Sandeep Mallya, Dinesh Reghunathan, A Megha, Krishnananda Nayak, Rajasekhar Moka

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited cardiac disorder characterised by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of abnormal loading conditions. The global prevalence of HCM is estimated to be 1 in 250 in the general population. It is caused due to mutations in genes coding for sarcomeric proteins. α-tropomyosin (TPM1) is an important protein in the sarcomeric thin filament which regulates sarcomere contraction. Mutations in TPM1 are known to cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction. Mutations in TPM1 causing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are < 1%. However, some high-risk mutations causing sudden cardiac death are also known in this gene. We present a case of a novel heterozygous TPM1 mutation, NM_001018005.2:c.203A>G, p.Gln68Arg; co-segregating in an Indian family with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Our report expands the mutational spectrum of HCM due to TPM1 and provides the correlated cardiac phenotype.

肥厚型心肌病(HCM)是一种常见的遗传性心脏疾病,其特点是在没有异常负荷的情况下出现原因不明的左心室肥厚。据估计,在全球总人口中,肥厚性心肌病的发病率为 1/250。α-肌球蛋白(TPM1)是肌纤维细丝中的一种重要蛋白质,可调节肌纤维收缩。已知 TPM1 基因突变可导致肥厚型心肌病、扩张型心肌病和左心室不充盈。导致肥厚型心肌病的 TPM1 基因突变是 TPM1 基因突变,NM_001018005.2:c.203A>G, p.Gln68Arg;在一个印度肥厚型心肌病家族中共同发生。我们的报告扩展了 TPM1 导致的 HCM 突变谱,并提供了相关的心脏表型。
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引用次数: 0
The role of nutrient credit trading for total maximum daily load compliance by the urban stormwater sector: Evidence from Virginia's Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems 养分信用交易对城市雨水部门遵守最大日负荷总量的作用:来自弗吉尼亚州市政独立暴雨系统的证据
IF 2.4 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.13176
William N. Ferris, Kurt Stephenson

Water quality credit trading has been advanced as a cost-effective means of achieving regulatory compliance. However, the volume of trading activity in operational programs is typically less than estimated by empirical analysis. The compliance behavior of Virginia Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) is studied in response to the Chesapeake Bay total maximum daily load (TMDL) to understand the circumstances in which trading is adopted, the extent to which trading is adopted, and the factors contributing to trading's use or nonuse. Results indicate that MS4s generally prefer to install their own pollutant control measures rather than trade. Many MS4s, however, rely on trade as a backup compliance option. MS4s favor bay compliance options that help meet other local management objectives (erosion control, infrastructure protection, and reductions toward local water quality objectives) and provide long term pollutant control benefits. Low cost term credits do not provide such benefits. For perpetual credits, MS4s use a variety of strategies to substantially reduce the cost differences between trade and nontrade compliance options.

水质信用交易被认为是实现监管合规的一种具有成本效益的手段。然而,运行项目中的交易活动量通常低于经验分析的估计值。针对切萨皮克湾最大日负荷总量(TMDL),我们对弗吉尼亚州市政雨污分流系统(MS4)的合规行为进行了研究,以了解采用交易的情况、采用交易的程度以及导致使用或不使用交易的因素。结果表明,MS4 一般倾向于安装自己的污染物控制措施,而不是进行交易。然而,许多 MS4 将交易作为后备合规方案。MS4 更青睐有助于实现其他地方管理目标(侵蚀控制、基础设施保护和减少当地水质目标)并提供长期污染物控制效益的海湾合规方案。低成本的定期排放额度并不能带来这些好处。对于永久信用额度,MS4 采用多种策略来大幅减少贸易与非贸易合规方案之间的成本差异。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of The American Water Resources Association
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