M. Nnyia, Abiodun Oladipo, E. Anyaebosim, O. Ejeromedoghene
Local black soap, produced from coconut oil and plantain peel biochar (alkaline source) was presented in this study since the agricultural raw materials gain significance in environmentally benign feedstocks for saponification reactions. The physicochemical analysis of the coconut oil and plantain peel biochar shows remarkable free fatty acid (FFA) and alkalinity contents respectively suitable for soap making. The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared local black soap demonstrated a good moisture content (15.1 %) showing that it can be stored for long periods without any water-associated deteriorations. The percentage of matter insoluble in water (4.4 %), matter insoluble in alcohol (12.3 %), FFA content (2.1 %), and pH (9) were found to be higher than the acceptable limit according to the Nigerian Industry Standards (NIS). Also, the total fatty matter (TFM) was higher (67.6 %) than the minimum acceptable level with a good foam height of 2.5 cm. The overall results show good soap properties and are suitable for domestic purposes.
{"title":"The Preparation and Physicochemical Analysis of Local Black Soap from Coconut Oil and Plantain Peel Biochar","authors":"M. Nnyia, Abiodun Oladipo, E. Anyaebosim, O. Ejeromedoghene","doi":"10.18596/jotcsa.1141351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1141351","url":null,"abstract":"Local black soap, produced from coconut oil and plantain peel biochar (alkaline source) was presented in this study since the agricultural raw materials gain significance in environmentally benign feedstocks for saponification reactions. The physicochemical analysis of the coconut oil and plantain peel biochar shows remarkable free fatty acid (FFA) and alkalinity contents respectively suitable for soap making. The physicochemical properties of the as-prepared local black soap demonstrated a good moisture content (15.1 %) showing that it can be stored for long periods without any water-associated deteriorations. The percentage of matter insoluble in water (4.4 %), matter insoluble in alcohol (12.3 %), FFA content (2.1 %), and pH (9) were found to be higher than the acceptable limit according to the Nigerian Industry Standards (NIS). Also, the total fatty matter (TFM) was higher (67.6 %) than the minimum acceptable level with a good foam height of 2.5 cm. The overall results show good soap properties and are suitable for domestic purposes.","PeriodicalId":17299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85594666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every year, millions of tons of food and beverage waste are thrown away unused around the world. The carbohydrates found in food waste create a raw material potential for the production of high value-added products that are used in energy, feed and pharmacology. One of these products, 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), is a by-product of simple dehydration of carbohydrates. It finds wide use in the field of pharmacy due to its anticancer, antifungal and antimicrobial activities. Many studies have stated that the sugar source with the highest conversion rate in 5-HMF production is fructose. For this reason, in this study, it was aimed to realize the production of 5-HMF in autoclave sterilization carried out under high temperature and pressure using grape must waste, which is known to have high fructose content, and determine the anticarcinogenic activity and cytotoxicity of the produced 5-HMF under in vitro conditions. In this study, it was determined that the medium containing DMSO increased the sugar conversion percentage, 5-HMF efficiency and selectivity in the waste grape must more than the medium containing only water. In the production of 5-HMF, the conversion of sugar in the medium saturated with salt, and the efficiency and selectivity of 5-HMF were determined as 97.04%, 68.61% and 70.82%, respectively, when DMSO organic solvent was used. In addition, it has been determined that 5-HMF produced from waste grape must has a toxic effect on both healthy cells and cancer cells and has anticancer properties.
{"title":"Determination of the Anticarcinogenic Activity of 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural Produced from Grape Must Under in vitro Conditions","authors":"Kübra Kelleci, Eda Gölebatmaz","doi":"10.18596/jotcsa.1142274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1142274","url":null,"abstract":"Every year, millions of tons of food and beverage waste are thrown away unused around the world. The carbohydrates found in food waste create a raw material potential for the production of high value-added products that are used in energy, feed and pharmacology. One of these products, 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), is a by-product of simple dehydration of carbohydrates. It finds wide use in the field of pharmacy due to its anticancer, antifungal and antimicrobial activities. Many studies have stated that the sugar source with the highest conversion rate in 5-HMF production is fructose. For this reason, in this study, it was aimed to realize the production of 5-HMF in autoclave sterilization carried out under high temperature and pressure using grape must waste, which is known to have high fructose content, and determine the anticarcinogenic activity and cytotoxicity of the produced 5-HMF under in vitro conditions. In this study, it was determined that the medium containing DMSO increased the sugar conversion percentage, 5-HMF efficiency and selectivity in the waste grape must more than the medium containing only water. In the production of 5-HMF, the conversion of sugar in the medium saturated with salt, and the efficiency and selectivity of 5-HMF were determined as 97.04%, 68.61% and 70.82%, respectively, when DMSO organic solvent was used. In addition, it has been determined that 5-HMF produced from waste grape must has a toxic effect on both healthy cells and cancer cells and has anticancer properties.","PeriodicalId":17299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84439738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A facile preparation of polystyrene-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) PS-b-PLGA block copolymers was reported in detail. Well-defined PS-b-PLGA block copolymers were successfully obtained via living anionic polymerization and ring-opening polymerization. First, hydroxyl-terminated linear polystyrenes were prepared by living anionic polymerization. The resulting polymers were used as macroinitiators for ring-opening copolymerization of lactide and glycolide in the presence of the 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as a catalyst in dichloromethane at ambient temperature. Transesterification and formation of DBU-initiated polymers were minimized by optimizing the catalyst concentration. Three block copolymers were synthesized in various molecular weights from 5000 g/mol to 33600 g/mol with low polydispersity. The formation of well-defined PS-b-PLGA block copolymers was followed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography. Thermal properties of the block copolymers were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology of the block copolymers was investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering in the bulk and via grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering as well as atomic force microscopy in thin film demonstrating organized nanostructures with uniform domain sizes. Overall, this manuscript describes an expanded polymer toolbox for PLGA-based polymers for next-generation lithography applications.
{"title":"Novel Well-defined Polystyrene-block-Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Block Copolymers","authors":"O. Altintas","doi":"10.18596/jotcsa.1184492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1184492","url":null,"abstract":"A facile preparation of polystyrene-block-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) PS-b-PLGA block copolymers was reported in detail. Well-defined PS-b-PLGA block copolymers were successfully obtained via living anionic polymerization and ring-opening polymerization. First, hydroxyl-terminated linear polystyrenes were prepared by living anionic polymerization. The resulting polymers were used as macroinitiators for ring-opening copolymerization of lactide and glycolide in the presence of the 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as a catalyst in dichloromethane at ambient temperature. Transesterification and formation of DBU-initiated polymers were minimized by optimizing the catalyst concentration. Three block copolymers were synthesized in various molecular weights from 5000 g/mol to 33600 g/mol with low polydispersity. The formation of well-defined PS-b-PLGA block copolymers was followed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography. Thermal properties of the block copolymers were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology of the block copolymers was investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering in the bulk and via grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering as well as atomic force microscopy in thin film demonstrating organized nanostructures with uniform domain sizes. Overall, this manuscript describes an expanded polymer toolbox for PLGA-based polymers for next-generation lithography applications.","PeriodicalId":17299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83398958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cd1-xTa2O6:xNd3+ (x=0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mol%) phosphor series were fabricated by conventional solid state method at 1100 °C for 17 hours. The samples of cadmium tantalate were investigated by structural (XRD, SEM) and spectroscopic (CL, PL) analyses. In XRD results, the symmetry of CdTa2O6 phase with orthorhombic columbite structure was confirmed between 0.5 and 10 mol% Nd3+ doping concentrations. SEM analysis of the grains revealed round and shapeless morphology while grain sizes ranged from submicron to several microns. The emission spectra of Cd1-xTa2O6:xNd3+ (x=0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7 and 10 mol%) phosphor series recorded with the transitions of 4F3/2→4I9/2 and 4F3/2→4I11/2. Among these transitions, the transition 4F3/2→4I9/2 (at 889 nm) has a high near-infrared emission intensity, which can be attributed to the laser potential of the phosphor. The NIR emission of the phosphor increased with increasing concentration of Nd3+ up to 5 mol% and then declined because of concentration quenching phenomenon. The CL emission peak at about 450 nm found in all samples is related to the intrinsic emission of the cadmium tantalate host. In addition, Nd3+ doped phosphors exhibited the 4F3/2→4I9/2 transition of Nd3+ and defect-related CL emissions at 670 nm. Decreasing crystallinity with increasing Nd3+ concentration caused a decrease in host emission intensity at 450 nm.
{"title":"Effect of Nd3+ Doping on Structural, Near-Infrared, and Cathodoluminescent Properties for Cadmium Tantalate Phosphors","authors":"Lütfiye Feray Güleryüz","doi":"10.18596/jotcsa.1202284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1202284","url":null,"abstract":"Cd1-xTa2O6:xNd3+ (x=0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mol%) phosphor series were fabricated by conventional solid state method at 1100 °C for 17 hours. The samples of cadmium tantalate were investigated by structural (XRD, SEM) and spectroscopic (CL, PL) analyses. In XRD results, the symmetry of CdTa2O6 phase with orthorhombic columbite structure was confirmed between 0.5 and 10 mol% Nd3+ doping concentrations. SEM analysis of the grains revealed round and shapeless morphology while grain sizes ranged from submicron to several microns. The emission spectra of Cd1-xTa2O6:xNd3+ (x=0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7 and 10 mol%) phosphor series recorded with the transitions of 4F3/2→4I9/2 and 4F3/2→4I11/2. Among these transitions, the transition 4F3/2→4I9/2 (at 889 nm) has a high near-infrared emission intensity, which can be attributed to the laser potential of the phosphor. The NIR emission of the phosphor increased with increasing concentration of Nd3+ up to 5 mol% and then declined because of concentration quenching phenomenon. The CL emission peak at about 450 nm found in all samples is related to the intrinsic emission of the cadmium tantalate host. In addition, Nd3+ doped phosphors exhibited the 4F3/2→4I9/2 transition of Nd3+ and defect-related CL emissions at 670 nm. Decreasing crystallinity with increasing Nd3+ concentration caused a decrease in host emission intensity at 450 nm.","PeriodicalId":17299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75412655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, anthocyanin-rich fermented black carrot juice (şalgam/shalgam) was used as a chromogenic agent in order to develop eco-friendly, low-cost, simple, fast, and practical both visible spectrophotometric and smartphone-based methods for the determination of Al(III) ions in water samples. Formation of Al(III)-anthocyanin complex results in a color change from red to purple in direct proportion to the increasing Al(III) concentration. For the spectrophotometric analysis, the analytical response of the developed method between absorbance and logarithm of Al(III) concentration exhibits a satisfying wide linear concentration range from 37.0 to 1850.0 µM. The LOD and LOQ values are 6.67 µM and 22.0 µM, respectively. For smartphone-based analysis, the analytical response of the developed method between B values and Al(III) concentration obtained a linear concentration range from 18.5 to 111.0 µM. The LOD and LOQ values are 4.40 µM and 14.5 µM, respectively. LOD values are below the acceptable limit of Al(III) in water according to WHO (7.41 µM) for both methods. The interfering effect of common water ions was investigated, and the observed interferences from Sn2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ were easily eliminated using enough concentration of Na2EDTA without affecting the blank absorbance/B value of the Al(III)−anthocyanin complex for two monitoring methods. The selectivity of the developed method was investigated in the presence of possible species such as benzoic acid, lactic acid, amino acids, and salt. Developed spectrophotometric and smartphone-based methods applied to real water samples and validated against the reference ICP-OES method at 95% confidence level using Student’s t- and F-tests.
{"title":"Spectrophotometric and Smartphone-based Dual Monitoring Method for the Determination of Al(III) Ions Using Fermented Black Carrot Juice (Şalgam/Shalgam) as a Green Chromogenic Agent","authors":"Batuhan Yardımcı","doi":"10.18596/jotcsa.1201498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1201498","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, anthocyanin-rich fermented black carrot juice (şalgam/shalgam) was used as a chromogenic agent in order to develop eco-friendly, low-cost, simple, fast, and practical both visible spectrophotometric and smartphone-based methods for the determination of Al(III) ions in water samples. Formation of Al(III)-anthocyanin complex results in a color change from red to purple in direct proportion to the increasing Al(III) concentration. For the spectrophotometric analysis, the analytical response of the developed method between absorbance and logarithm of Al(III) concentration exhibits a satisfying wide linear concentration range from 37.0 to 1850.0 µM. The LOD and LOQ values are 6.67 µM and 22.0 µM, respectively. For smartphone-based analysis, the analytical response of the developed method between B values and Al(III) concentration obtained a linear concentration range from 18.5 to 111.0 µM. The LOD and LOQ values are 4.40 µM and 14.5 µM, respectively. LOD values are below the acceptable limit of Al(III) in water according to WHO (7.41 µM) for both methods. The interfering effect of common water ions was investigated, and the observed interferences from Sn2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ were easily eliminated using enough concentration of Na2EDTA without affecting the blank absorbance/B value of the Al(III)−anthocyanin complex for two monitoring methods. The selectivity of the developed method was investigated in the presence of possible species such as benzoic acid, lactic acid, amino acids, and salt. Developed spectrophotometric and smartphone-based methods applied to real water samples and validated against the reference ICP-OES method at 95% confidence level using Student’s t- and F-tests.","PeriodicalId":17299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81999259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nisreen jassam Alaallah, Ekhlas ABD ALKAREEM, A. Ghaidan, Nuha A. IMRAN
To create silver nanoparticles, researchers use bionanotechnology techniques because they are economical and environmentally friendly. The current study shows that lemon juice (Citrus-limon) can be used to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The synthesized silver nanoparticles have been characterized by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measured at λmax = 430 nm, confirming the formation of AgNPs. Moreover, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was carried out to identify possible bio-molecules responsible for the bio-reduction of silver ions. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks at (111, 200, 220, 222, and 311) confirm the found face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure of AgNPs in solution. Transmission-Electron-Microscopy (TEM) images showed that AgNPs have spherical morphology with sizes ranging from 10-50 nm. Furthermore, the Particles Size Analyzer (PSA) confirmed these sizes and ranges. Synthesized AgNPs have high anti-oxidant activity according to the (scavenging of DPPH radicals, total anti-oxidant, and reducing power) assays. Also, the anti-bacterial activity of AgNPs was evaluated by a well diffusion method, and the results suggest that they are more sensitive to gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative ones, with the average diameter of the inhibition zones for AgNPs ranging from 4.11 to 25.87 mm and 1.38 to 22.3 mm against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria, respectively. In vitro studies of AgNPs against MCF-7 breast cancer cell s lines showed a good cytotoxic effect p<0.05 with an IC50 value of 47 μg/mL; this study could be beneficial for nanotechnology-based pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
{"title":"Eco-friendly Approach for Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis from Lemon Extract and their Anti-oxidant, Anti-bacterial, and Anti-cancer Activities","authors":"Nisreen jassam Alaallah, Ekhlas ABD ALKAREEM, A. Ghaidan, Nuha A. IMRAN","doi":"10.18596/jotcsa.1159851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1159851","url":null,"abstract":"To create silver nanoparticles, researchers use bionanotechnology techniques because they are economical and environmentally friendly. The current study shows that lemon juice (Citrus-limon) can be used to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The synthesized silver nanoparticles have been characterized by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measured at λmax = 430 nm, confirming the formation of AgNPs. Moreover, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was carried out to identify possible bio-molecules responsible for the bio-reduction of silver ions. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks at (111, 200, 220, 222, and 311) confirm the found face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure of AgNPs in solution. Transmission-Electron-Microscopy (TEM) images showed that AgNPs have spherical morphology with sizes ranging from 10-50 nm. Furthermore, the Particles Size Analyzer (PSA) confirmed these sizes and ranges. Synthesized AgNPs have high anti-oxidant activity according to the (scavenging of DPPH radicals, total anti-oxidant, and reducing power) assays. Also, the anti-bacterial activity of AgNPs was evaluated by a well diffusion method, and the results suggest that they are more sensitive to gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative ones, with the average diameter of the inhibition zones for AgNPs ranging from 4.11 to 25.87 mm and 1.38 to 22.3 mm against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria, respectively. In vitro studies of AgNPs against MCF-7 breast cancer cell s lines showed a good cytotoxic effect p<0.05 with an IC50 value of 47 μg/mL; this study could be beneficial for nanotechnology-based pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. ","PeriodicalId":17299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86662027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Mohammed, Maryam ABDULGHAFOR AHMED, Hadeel M. ORAİBİ
Heavy metals found in cosmetics are a safety threat to the health of consumers. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the levels of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in lipstick makeup. The level of heavy metals in lipstick was discovered by using an analytical technique with high selectivity and sensitivity, namely atomic absorption spectrometry. Twenty lipsticks were selected from the same brands, yet differing in price. Ten original (expensive) and ten knockoff (cheap) lipsticks were chosen from shops in Diyala, Iraq. The detection-limit (LOD) was in between 0.01 and 0.1, the quantification-limit (LOQ) was within 0.03 and 0.33, the recovery values (Rec.%) ranged from 100.17% to 101.1%, the RE values were 0.81%, and the RSD values were 1.33%. The results also revealed that the levels of metals are in the order of Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Cr. However, the levels of heavy metals that were estimated in this study were less than the permissible limit set by the executive authorities, so there seems to be no concern associated with these heavy metals. However, the daily and frequent use of lipstick by women exposes them to low levels of toxic metals as these metals accumulate over time and pose adverse effects on the health of the users. The results of the hazard quotient (HQ) and health risk index (HI) indicate there was no harmful effect on human health related to heavy metals present in lipstick. Whereas the results of the biological activity of the samples indicated that there was no bacterial growth in expensive samples, cheap samples were contaminated with some types of organisms; this indicates poor quality.
化妆品中发现的重金属对消费者的健康构成安全威胁。因此，在本研究中，我们评估了口红化妆品中镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)和砷(as)等重金属的含量。采用高选择性、高灵敏度的原子吸收光谱法测定了口红中重金属的含量。从同一品牌中挑选了20支口红，但价格不同。从伊拉克迪亚拉的商店中挑选了10支原装(昂贵的)和10支山寨(便宜的)口红。检出限(LOD)在0.01 ~ 0.1之间，定量限(LOQ)在0.03 ~ 0.33之间，回收率(rec %)在100.17% ~ 101.1%之间，RE值为0.81%，RSD值为1.33%。结果还显示，重金属含量的数量级为Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Cr。然而，本研究估计的重金属含量低于行政当局规定的允许限量，因此似乎不存在与这些重金属相关的担忧。然而，女性日常和频繁使用口红使她们暴露于低水平的有毒金属中，因为这些金属随着时间的推移而积累，对使用者的健康造成不利影响。危害商数(HQ)和健康风险指数(HI)结果表明，口红中重金属对人体健康没有有害影响。样品的生物活性结果表明，昂贵样品中没有细菌生长，而廉价样品中则有某些类型的生物污染;这表明质量很差。
{"title":"Health Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Lipsticks Sold in Local Markets in Iraq","authors":"F. Mohammed, Maryam ABDULGHAFOR AHMED, Hadeel M. ORAİBİ","doi":"10.18596/jotcsa.1154686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1154686","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals found in cosmetics are a safety threat to the health of consumers. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the levels of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in lipstick makeup. The level of heavy metals in lipstick was discovered by using an analytical technique with high selectivity and sensitivity, namely atomic absorption spectrometry. Twenty lipsticks were selected from the same brands, yet differing in price. Ten original (expensive) and ten knockoff (cheap) lipsticks were chosen from shops in Diyala, Iraq. The detection-limit (LOD) was in between 0.01 and 0.1, the quantification-limit (LOQ) was within 0.03 and 0.33, the recovery values (Rec.%) ranged from 100.17% to 101.1%, the RE values were 0.81%, and the RSD values were 1.33%. The results also revealed that the levels of metals are in the order of Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Cr. However, the levels of heavy metals that were estimated in this study were less than the permissible limit set by the executive authorities, so there seems to be no concern associated with these heavy metals. However, the daily and frequent use of lipstick by women exposes them to low levels of toxic metals as these metals accumulate over time and pose adverse effects on the health of the users. The results of the hazard quotient (HQ) and health risk index (HI) indicate there was no harmful effect on human health related to heavy metals present in lipstick. Whereas the results of the biological activity of the samples indicated that there was no bacterial growth in expensive samples, cheap samples were contaminated with some types of organisms; this indicates poor quality.","PeriodicalId":17299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89378269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previously published studies indicate that tea (Camellia sinensis) contains essential oils, flavonoids, phenolics, lipids, natural pigments, sugars, and oligosaccharides. These essential biomolecules in Camellia sinensis cause serious problems in the determination of pesticide residues. High amount of co extractives can exhibit chromatographic characteristics similar to some pesticides, which may cause serious matrix effects and significant interference in mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, we compared four polymeric resins as clean-up sorbents for the determination of 216 pesticide residues in tea by a high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. styrene-divynilbenzene (Diaion HP20), Polyamide 6, Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PPVP), and Amberlite XAD 7 were used as clean-up sorbents instead of PSA. However,to evaluate the effectiveness of the adsorbents, recovery studies were carried out using these adsorbents. In addition, GC-MS analysis was also performed to see the ability of these adsorbents to remove co-extracts. According to the recovery results, when the acceptable limit was accepted as 60-140%, it was determined that the resin that gave the best results with 170 pesticides was polyamide. Diaion was the second resin with 166 pesticides, while XAD, PSA which was used as control group and PPVP were determined as the third, fourth, and fifth resins with very close values of 159, 155, and 152 pesticides, respectively. According to GC-MS total ion analysis, it was observed that PSA gave the chromatogram with the least co- extract, while it was observed that PSA was the worst adsorbent in removing caffeine, one of the main bioactive compounds in tea. XAD-7 and Polyamide were found to be the best adsorbents in removing caffeine.
{"title":"Comparison of Four Different Polymeric Adsorbents as Clean-up Agents for Pesticide Analysis in Tea with LC MS/MS","authors":"Nihat Özcan","doi":"10.18596/jotcsa.1140922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1140922","url":null,"abstract":"Previously published studies indicate that tea (Camellia sinensis) contains essential oils, flavonoids, phenolics, lipids, natural pigments, sugars, and oligosaccharides. These essential biomolecules in Camellia sinensis cause serious problems in the determination of pesticide residues. High amount of co extractives can exhibit chromatographic characteristics similar to some pesticides, which may cause serious matrix effects and significant interference in mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, we compared four polymeric resins as clean-up sorbents for the determination of 216 pesticide residues in tea by a high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. styrene-divynilbenzene (Diaion HP20), Polyamide 6, Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PPVP), and Amberlite XAD 7 were used as clean-up sorbents instead of PSA. However,to evaluate the effectiveness of the adsorbents, recovery studies were carried out using these adsorbents. In addition, GC-MS analysis was also performed to see the ability of these adsorbents to remove co-extracts. According to the recovery results, when the acceptable limit was accepted as 60-140%, it was determined that the resin that gave the best results with 170 pesticides was polyamide. Diaion was the second resin with 166 pesticides, while XAD, PSA which was used as control group and PPVP were determined as the third, fourth, and fifth resins with very close values of 159, 155, and 152 pesticides, respectively. According to GC-MS total ion analysis, it was observed that PSA gave the chromatogram with the least co- extract, while it was observed that PSA was the worst adsorbent in removing caffeine, one of the main bioactive compounds in tea. XAD-7 and Polyamide were found to be the best adsorbents in removing caffeine.","PeriodicalId":17299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85035031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new Pd(II) complex, [Pd(PPh3)(L)] (L = 1,5-bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)thiocarbohydrazone, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine), was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies and elemental analysis. The molecular structure of [Pd(PPh3)(L)] was confirmed by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Palladium ion has distorted square planar geometry according to X-ray diffraction studies. The free thiocarbohydrazone (L), potentially a pentadentate ONSNO donor, acted as a tridentate ONS donor. The antioxidant capacity of the free thiocarbohydrazone and Pd(II) complex was determined using the CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) method. Also, the DPPH method was used to test the free radical scavenging activity of the free thiocarbohydrazone and Pd(II) complex. Antioxidant activity studies showed that free thiocarbohydrazone exhibited better activity than Pd(II) complex.
{"title":"Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Crystal Structure, and Antioxidant Properties of novel Palladium(II) Complex from ONS Donor 1,5-bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)thiocarbohydrazone","authors":"Yeliz Kaya","doi":"10.18596/jotcsa.1194323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1194323","url":null,"abstract":"A new Pd(II) complex, [Pd(PPh3)(L)] (L = 1,5-bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)thiocarbohydrazone, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine), was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies and elemental analysis. The molecular structure of [Pd(PPh3)(L)] was confirmed by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Palladium ion has distorted square planar geometry according to X-ray diffraction studies. The free thiocarbohydrazone (L), potentially a pentadentate ONSNO donor, acted as a tridentate ONS donor. The antioxidant capacity of the free thiocarbohydrazone and Pd(II) complex was determined using the CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) method. Also, the DPPH method was used to test the free radical scavenging activity of the free thiocarbohydrazone and Pd(II) complex. Antioxidant activity studies showed that free thiocarbohydrazone exhibited better activity than Pd(II) complex.","PeriodicalId":17299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81685289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this review, an up to date and current knowledge of some of the green solvents, which includes supercritical fluids extraction (SFE), switchable polarity solvents (SPS), and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are discussed with more emphasis on the extraction of active components of herbal products. Different scientific articles and books have been researched and reviewed to explain the applications of new generation solvents for extraction of herbal products prior to atomic and molecular analysis from the past until now. Currently, the most of techniques used in processing herbal products involve the use of extraction methods. Therefore, trends in extraction methods focuses mainly on finding reasonable solutions that minimizes the use of toxic solvents and allows the usage of renewable and green solvents from natural products, which ensure high quality and safe extracts. In future, SFE is definitely going to be on the industrial scale due to its numerous applications in the large scale especially for herbal, food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products etc.
{"title":"Applications of New Generation Solvents for Extraction of Herbal Products Prior to Atomic and Molecular Analysis","authors":"S. Isik, A. Usman","doi":"10.18596/jotcsa.1178753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1178753","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, an up to date and current knowledge of some of the green solvents, which includes supercritical fluids extraction (SFE), switchable polarity solvents (SPS), and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are discussed with more emphasis on the extraction of active components of herbal products. Different scientific articles and books have been researched and reviewed to explain the applications of new generation solvents for extraction of herbal products prior to atomic and molecular analysis from the past until now. Currently, the most of techniques used in processing herbal products involve the use of extraction methods. Therefore, trends in extraction methods focuses mainly on finding reasonable solutions that minimizes the use of toxic solvents and allows the usage of renewable and green solvents from natural products, which ensure high quality and safe extracts. In future, SFE is definitely going to be on the industrial scale due to its numerous applications in the large scale especially for herbal, food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products etc.","PeriodicalId":17299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90132473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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