Hafiza Sana, Muhammad Asif Hussain, Rana Mujahid, Asim Riaz, Muhammad Sarfraz Akram, Bilal Haider, Abuzar Ahsan, Sumaira Kanwal, Hassan Zeb
The demand for a constant supply of energy is increasing day by day. To meet these increasing demands the natural resources must be utilized smartly. Coal can be a promising fuel due to its large reserves available in Pakistan. About 175 billion tons of coal reserves are found in Thar region of Sindh province. The major issue is the pre-processing cleaning of coal after it is mined out. A number of methods have been adopted to clean coal.
Presently, cleaning of Thar coal was carried out using froth flotation and water washing techniques. Three different particle sizes (-60#, -100# and -150#) were employed to study the effect of froth flotation on ash and sulfur reduction. Experiments were carried out in laboratory flotation cell and beakers under different set of conditions (i.e., flotation with and without collector and frother and by simple water washing). Kerosene oil was used as a collector and pine oil as a frother. Characterization of raw and treated Thar coal samples was carried out by ASTM standards. The results exhibited an inverse relationship of particle size towards efficiency of the cleaning process; thus, the optimal combustible recovery was attained at -150# particle size. Furthermore, FTIR results disclosed the presence of aromatic and aliphatic structure in treated coal samples. Thermo-gravimetric analysis was also made to determine the weight loss in raw and treated samples and observed increased combustion efficiency and reactivity of Coal.
{"title":"Cleaning of Thar coal by froth flotation and water washing","authors":"Hafiza Sana, Muhammad Asif Hussain, Rana Mujahid, Asim Riaz, Muhammad Sarfraz Akram, Bilal Haider, Abuzar Ahsan, Sumaira Kanwal, Hassan Zeb","doi":"10.54693/piche.05024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.05024","url":null,"abstract":"The demand for a constant supply of energy is increasing day by day. To meet these increasing demands the natural resources must be utilized smartly. Coal can be a promising fuel due to its large reserves available in Pakistan. About 175 billion tons of coal reserves are found in Thar region of Sindh province. The major issue is the pre-processing cleaning of coal after it is mined out. A number of methods have been adopted to clean coal.
 Presently, cleaning of Thar coal was carried out using froth flotation and water washing techniques. Three different particle sizes (-60#, -100# and -150#) were employed to study the effect of froth flotation on ash and sulfur reduction. Experiments were carried out in laboratory flotation cell and beakers under different set of conditions (i.e., flotation with and without collector and frother and by simple water washing). Kerosene oil was used as a collector and pine oil as a frother. Characterization of raw and treated Thar coal samples was carried out by ASTM standards. The results exhibited an inverse relationship of particle size towards efficiency of the cleaning process; thus, the optimal combustible recovery was attained at -150# particle size. Furthermore, FTIR results disclosed the presence of aromatic and aliphatic structure in treated coal samples. Thermo-gravimetric analysis was also made to determine the weight loss in raw and treated samples and observed increased combustion efficiency and reactivity of Coal.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135683707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The scope of this work covers the debottlenecking of operational constraints for increasing the processing capacity of crude distillation unit and LPG extraction from crude oil. Simulation modeling on Aspen HYSY V7.1 is used for thoroughly investigating and evaluation of retrofit alternatives. Design and operations data of a crude distillation unit at Attock Refinery Limited is used as a case study. Capacity expansion through the addition or rearranging of circulating reflux/Pump-around is selected among the various available revamp alternates like addition of Pre-flash columns, tray geometry and hydraulics etc. Then crude distillation unit is revamped for maximum possible expansion in processing capacity by re-arranging of Pump-around circuits. Pump-around balances re-arranged based on specific crude oil operating blend. Some modifications are also proposed in stabilizer section of the crude distillation unit to enhance LPG extraction from crude oil and finally crude distillation unit simulated for revamped processing capacity with re-arranged pump-around circuits and suggested modifications in stabilizer section. The results of Simulation Modeling validate propose modifications for revamping of processing capacity and LPG extraction.
{"title":"Revamping of crude distillation unit for enhancement of processing capacity and LPG extraction through steady state simulation modeling","authors":"Muhammad Shafiq Khan, Dr. -Ing Naveed Ramzan","doi":"10.54693/piche.05022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.05022","url":null,"abstract":"The scope of this work covers the debottlenecking of operational constraints for increasing the processing capacity of crude distillation unit and LPG extraction from crude oil. Simulation modeling on Aspen HYSY V7.1 is used for thoroughly investigating and evaluation of retrofit alternatives. Design and operations data of a crude distillation unit at Attock Refinery Limited is used as a case study. Capacity expansion through the addition or rearranging of circulating reflux/Pump-around is selected among the various available revamp alternates like addition of Pre-flash columns, tray geometry and hydraulics etc. Then crude distillation unit is revamped for maximum possible expansion in processing capacity by re-arranging of Pump-around circuits. Pump-around balances re-arranged based on specific crude oil operating blend. Some modifications are also proposed in stabilizer section of the crude distillation unit to enhance LPG extraction from crude oil and finally crude distillation unit simulated for revamped processing capacity with re-arranged pump-around circuits and suggested modifications in stabilizer section. The results of Simulation Modeling validate propose modifications for revamping of processing capacity and LPG extraction.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135406421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adil Majeed, Saman Shahid, Shahid Ali, Nida Firdous
Water purification plants play an important role in human health and the environment. The Water Purification Plants of Lahore provide an adequate assessment of water to fulfill the needs of drinking water human beings. The current study was conducted to check the quality of drinking water of plants by checking the biological, physical, and chemical properties of different areas of Lahore City. Water samples were analyzed with some metal contents in the samples by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Safety assessment of water purification plants covered the inspection survey of those plants installed in three zones of Lahore. A total number of 30 samples were collected from three zones (urban, suburban, and old areas) of Lahore with 10 samples each from a single zone. All water samples of suburban & urban regions were having electrical conductivities more than the permissible limit. The water samples of five suburban areas were high TDS values. All water samples of urban areas and old cities had normal turbidity values except for two locations. Water samples of six urban areas had a total hardness of more than the acceptable limit (66-125 ppm). Waters of five areas had an extremely low value of iron (0.005 - 0.092 mg/l). Various blocks from Model town were having extremely low values of iron (0.002 - 0.094 mg/l). Seven regions of old city areas had low values of iron (0.004 - 0.078 mg/l). Water samples of old city, suburban and urban areas were having allowed levels of manganese. Five regions from suburban areas had total coliform counts greater than 20 per 100 ml. All samples from urban areas had exceeding total coliform counts except in two blocks. Five regions from suburban areas had total coliform counts greater than 20 per 100 ml. The majority of residents reported typhoid followed by diarrhea, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis during the last three years. Many water purification plants had defective taps, seals, and drainage channels. Many were surrounded by garbage and dirty floors. To avoid waterborne infections, it is critical to maintain adequate hygiene and maintenance for local water purification facilities without changing the chemical composition and nutritional levels of drinking water.
{"title":"Safety assessment of water purification plants of Lahore","authors":"Adil Majeed, Saman Shahid, Shahid Ali, Nida Firdous","doi":"10.54693/piche.05023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.05023","url":null,"abstract":"Water purification plants play an important role in human health and the environment. The Water Purification Plants of Lahore provide an adequate assessment of water to fulfill the needs of drinking water human beings. The current study was conducted to check the quality of drinking water of plants by checking the biological, physical, and chemical properties of different areas of Lahore City. Water samples were analyzed with some metal contents in the samples by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Safety assessment of water purification plants covered the inspection survey of those plants installed in three zones of Lahore. A total number of 30 samples were collected from three zones (urban, suburban, and old areas) of Lahore with 10 samples each from a single zone. All water samples of suburban & urban regions were having electrical conductivities more than the permissible limit. The water samples of five suburban areas were high TDS values. All water samples of urban areas and old cities had normal turbidity values except for two locations. Water samples of six urban areas had a total hardness of more than the acceptable limit (66-125 ppm). Waters of five areas had an extremely low value of iron (0.005 - 0.092 mg/l). Various blocks from Model town were having extremely low values of iron (0.002 - 0.094 mg/l). Seven regions of old city areas had low values of iron (0.004 - 0.078 mg/l). Water samples of old city, suburban and urban areas were having allowed levels of manganese. Five regions from suburban areas had total coliform counts greater than 20 per 100 ml. All samples from urban areas had exceeding total coliform counts except in two blocks. Five regions from suburban areas had total coliform counts greater than 20 per 100 ml. The majority of residents reported typhoid followed by diarrhea, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis during the last three years. Many water purification plants had defective taps, seals, and drainage channels. Many were surrounded by garbage and dirty floors. To avoid waterborne infections, it is critical to maintain adequate hygiene and maintenance for local water purification facilities without changing the chemical composition and nutritional levels of drinking water.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135406423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorods with high surface to volume ratio were fabricated through the hydrothermal synthesis process on a glass slide and highly conductive alumina ceramic based gold interdigitated electrode (IDE). The ZnO nanorods structure on substrates were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV absorption spectroscopy followed by growth verification by Scherrer’s equation. The sensitivity characterization of fabricated sensor was determined for 2000 ppm and 4000 ppm natural gas in the air through high resistance electrometer at room temperature. The 2000 ppm concentration of gas shows 11.3% sensitivity, response time of 66 seconds and recovery time of 92 seconds to the sensor. The 4000 ppm concentration of gas shows 64% sensitivity, the response time of 106 seconds and a recovery time of 174 seconds to the sensor. The higher sensitivities with slow response and recovery times exhibit the behavior of redox reactions of sensor surface to the higher concentration of natural gas. The minute reduction in resistance and with the fast response and recovery time of the sensor show the 11.3% sensitivity to lower concentration. The more concentration of natural gas in the air would show a higher sensitivity of the sensor. The experimental results indicate the growth of ZnO nanorods on substrates and their sensitivity to natural gas.  Â
{"title":"Highly efficient Zinc Oxide nanostructure based gas sensor for domestic application","authors":"Rohail Khan, S. K. Sami","doi":"10.54693/piche.04816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04816","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanorods with high surface to volume ratio were fabricated through the hydrothermal synthesis process on a glass slide and highly conductive alumina ceramic based gold interdigitated electrode (IDE). The ZnO nanorods structure on substrates were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV absorption spectroscopy followed by growth verification by Scherrer’s equation. The sensitivity characterization of fabricated sensor was determined for 2000 ppm and 4000 ppm natural gas in the air through high resistance electrometer at room temperature. The 2000 ppm concentration of gas shows 11.3% sensitivity, response time of 66 seconds and recovery time of 92 seconds to the sensor. The 4000 ppm concentration of gas shows 64% sensitivity, the response time of 106 seconds and a recovery time of 174 seconds to the sensor. The higher sensitivities with slow response and recovery times exhibit the behavior of redox reactions of sensor surface to the higher concentration of natural gas. The minute reduction in resistance and with the fast response and recovery time of the sensor show the 11.3% sensitivity to lower concentration. The more concentration of natural gas in the air would show a higher sensitivity of the sensor. The experimental results indicate the growth of ZnO nanorods on substrates and their sensitivity to natural gas.   ","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45989787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An Industrial boiler is considered as highly energy intensive equipment. The primary objective of this study is to identify and quantify the potential losses of different energy sections of the fire tube boiler and its overall performance. Several energy saving measures such as combustion optimization, excess air control, control of flue gases temperature and effect of excessive or uncontrolled steam blow down optimization, on the overall performance of boiler are also applied. Energy as a result of energy saving measure has been determined as well. In present study, some main causes of energy wastages are summed up, by using a Energy Auditing. From the results of energy audit, the boiler’s thermal energy efficiency and combustion efficiency are found to be 70.09% and 75.7% respectively. It was also observed that these losses can be reduced by controlling stack temperature, excess air and optimized blow down. There covered energy can be utilized to preheat the combustion air and feed water. Economic evaluation of energy saving measure resulted in annual fuel saving of 6.3 Million PKRs without any investment but only improving working methodologies. As a result of these efforts, the savings in terms of cost has also been determined.
{"title":"Performance enhancement of an industrial fire tube boiler","authors":"M. Z. Haq, H. Masood","doi":"10.54693/piche.04815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04815","url":null,"abstract":"An Industrial boiler is considered as highly energy intensive equipment. The primary objective of this study is to identify and quantify the potential losses of different energy sections of the fire tube boiler and its overall performance. Several energy saving measures such as combustion optimization, excess air control, control of flue gases temperature and effect of excessive or uncontrolled steam blow down optimization, on the overall performance of boiler are also applied. Energy as a result of energy saving measure has been determined as well. In present study, some main causes of energy wastages are summed up, by using a Energy Auditing. From the results of energy audit, the boiler’s thermal energy efficiency and combustion efficiency are found to be 70.09% and 75.7% respectively. It was also observed that these losses can be reduced by controlling stack temperature, excess air and optimized blow down. There covered energy can be utilized to preheat the combustion air and feed water. Economic evaluation of energy saving measure resulted in annual fuel saving of 6.3 Million PKRs without any investment but only improving working methodologies. As a result of these efforts, the savings in terms of cost has also been determined.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48310440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Qamar, Ali Sarosh Khawaja, Asim Umer, N. Ramzan, Nehar Ullah
This study deals with the removal of Cu(II) using rice husk and its acid treated modified form as adsorbents under batch experiments. Different parameters have been investigated for the adsorption of copper metal. Equilibrium time for copper adsorption was found 90 minutes. Maximum percentage for removal of Cu(II) was found at pH=4 in both raw form of rice husk and its treated form. Percentage removal of copper metal was up to 90% for treated rice husk and up to 70% for raw form of rice husk. It could be concluded that the removal efficiency was enhanced by increasing wastewater initial concentration in the first percentage of adsorption and then decreased due to saturation of rice husk particles. Also according to achieved results, calculated saturation capacity in per gram rice husk for Cu(II) were 36.587 and 45.267 mg/g from raw rice husk and treated form of rice husk respectively. The amount of Cu(II) adsorbed increased with increase in their contact time. The rate of reaction was fast. So that 20–30 min after the start of the reaction, between 40 and 50 % of metal ions were removed. The pseudo second order kinetic model provided the best correlation of the used experimental data compared to the pseudo first model with a R2 of 0.984 and 0.979 for raw rice husk and treated form of rice husk respectively.
{"title":"Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution using acid treated modified rice husk: A Comparative Study","authors":"S. Qamar, Ali Sarosh Khawaja, Asim Umer, N. Ramzan, Nehar Ullah","doi":"10.54693/piche.04813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04813","url":null,"abstract":"This study deals with the removal of Cu(II) using rice husk and its acid treated modified form as adsorbents under batch experiments. Different parameters have been investigated for the adsorption of copper metal. Equilibrium time for copper adsorption was found 90 minutes. Maximum percentage for removal of Cu(II) was found at pH=4 in both raw form of rice husk and its treated form. Percentage removal of copper metal was up to 90% for treated rice husk and up to 70% for raw form of rice husk. It could be concluded that the removal efficiency was enhanced by increasing wastewater initial concentration in the first percentage of adsorption and then decreased due to saturation of rice husk particles. Also according to achieved results, calculated saturation capacity in per gram rice husk for Cu(II) were 36.587 and 45.267 mg/g from raw rice husk and treated form of rice husk respectively. The amount of Cu(II) adsorbed increased with increase in their contact time. The rate of reaction was fast. So that 20–30 min after the start of the reaction, between 40 and 50 % of metal ions were removed. The pseudo second order kinetic model provided the best correlation of the used experimental data compared to the pseudo first model with a R2 of 0.984 and 0.979 for raw rice husk and treated form of rice husk respectively.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70884709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prime purpose of this research study is to determine the possibility of corrosion protection offered by boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) coated on pure Copper (Cu) strip through electrophoretic deposition (EPD). BNNSs suspension was developed by sonicating hexagonal boron nitride in isopropyl alcohol for 35 h prior to centrifugal partitioning of the supernatant solution, which contained BNNSs having thickness of ca. 11 nm as shown by atomic force microscopy. BNNSs deposition on copper substrate was processed in an EPD electrochemical cell arrangement keeping Cu metal as cathode and platinum as anode. The consequent BNNSs coating on the substrate was critically confirmed through series of microscopies adopting scanning electron, atomic force, and Fourier transform infrared. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis and x-ray diffraction techniques inferred the characterization positively. Tafel analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy both were implied in order to evaluate  the corrosion behavior of coatings developed on substrate copper. The former confirmed an approximate sixfold enhancement in anti-corrosion capacity of copper protected by BN nanosheets than its bare form. The later, EIS analysis indicated a high impedance and charge transfer resistance ability of BNNSs coatings.
{"title":"Corrosion behavior of electrophoretically deposited boron nitride nanosheets on copper","authors":"A. Nadeem, M. Raza","doi":"10.54693/piche.04929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04929","url":null,"abstract":"The prime purpose of this research study is to determine the possibility of corrosion protection offered by boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) coated on pure Copper (Cu) strip through electrophoretic deposition (EPD). BNNSs suspension was developed by sonicating hexagonal boron nitride in isopropyl alcohol for 35 h prior to centrifugal partitioning of the supernatant solution, which contained BNNSs having thickness of ca. 11 nm as shown by atomic force microscopy. BNNSs deposition on copper substrate was processed in an EPD electrochemical cell arrangement keeping Cu metal as cathode and platinum as anode. The consequent BNNSs coating on the substrate was critically confirmed through series of microscopies adopting scanning electron, atomic force, and Fourier transform infrared. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis and x-ray diffraction techniques inferred the characterization positively. Tafel analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy both were implied in order to evaluate  the corrosion behavior of coatings developed on substrate copper. The former confirmed an approximate sixfold enhancement in anti-corrosion capacity of copper protected by BN nanosheets than its bare form. The later, EIS analysis indicated a high impedance and charge transfer resistance ability of BNNSs coatings.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42142027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brown algae is the class of seaweed which is widely used in industrial, food and medical sector. Sargassum is the major type of brown algae with furthermore than 300 sub species and Sargassum fluitans is one of them. The extraction of alginate from brown algae: Sargasssum fluitans was studied at boiling temperature from 90 to 120 oC, alkaline concentration from 4 to 10 w/w % and boiling time from 2 to 8 hours. The alginate is extracted from each experiment and studied the impact of boiling temperature, alkaline concentration and boiling time on yield one by one. The maximum yield of alginic acid was determined by evaluating the effect of three parameters independently. In addition, the optimum yield of alginate was investigated from the influence of three variables by using Box-Behnken experimental design. From the experiments, the maximum yield 0.272 (g/g) of alginate was obtained at 10 % alkaline concentration with extraction time of 6 hours at 120ºC. The recommended optimum parameters for commercial production of alginate from the sargassum fluitans are 110 oC, 6 w/w % of alkaline concentration with 4 hours of boiling and the optimum yield at defined optimum conditions was 0.26 (g/g). The maximum yield can be achieved at extreme conditions but that is not commercially viable.
{"title":"Process optimization for the extraction of alginate, derived from sargassum fluitans","authors":"K. Javed, Asim Umer, Shabana Afzal, Nehar Ullah","doi":"10.54693/piche.04928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04928","url":null,"abstract":"Brown algae is the class of seaweed which is widely used in industrial, food and medical sector. Sargassum is the major type of brown algae with furthermore than 300 sub species and Sargassum fluitans is one of them. The extraction of alginate from brown algae: Sargasssum fluitans was studied at boiling temperature from 90 to 120 oC, alkaline concentration from 4 to 10 w/w % and boiling time from 2 to 8 hours. The alginate is extracted from each experiment and studied the impact of boiling temperature, alkaline concentration and boiling time on yield one by one. The maximum yield of alginic acid was determined by evaluating the effect of three parameters independently. In addition, the optimum yield of alginate was investigated from the influence of three variables by using Box-Behnken experimental design. From the experiments, the maximum yield 0.272 (g/g) of alginate was obtained at 10 % alkaline concentration with extraction time of 6 hours at 120ºC. The recommended optimum parameters for commercial production of alginate from the sargassum fluitans are 110 oC, 6 w/w % of alkaline concentration with 4 hours of boiling and the optimum yield at defined optimum conditions was 0.26 (g/g). The maximum yield can be achieved at extreme conditions but that is not commercially viable.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44063498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Alshmlh, Muhammad Villayat Abbas, A. S. A. Shahid
Wireline formation testing (WFT) is an important aspect in both exploration and production phases for reservoir evaluation. WFT tools can directly measure the formation pore pressures and then the pressure profiles are used to identify the type of pore fluids, identify the fluids density, fluid contact estimation, depletion and overpressure quantification, detection of continuity and connectivity of the reservoir in both the lateral and vertical directions. WFT is mostly used to evaluate formation permeability and taking fluid sampling. The new generation wireline formation sampling tools include a downhole fluid analyzer (DFA), which can analyze the composition of fluids in real-time and under in-situ conditions and also can measure the spectra of crude oil. So, in result, it is possible to identify fluid compositional variation and reservoir vertical compartmentalization. The analysis of fluid composition depends on the optical absorption, and the mass fraction estimation for the three groups of hydrocarbons: methane (C1), C2-5, and C6 + along with CO2 as well. Also, it provides formation fluid properties like gas oil ratio (GOR), density, viscosity, and resistivity. The DFA results are subsequently validated and modified by laboratory analysis on the fluid samples attained from the formation. The potential advantage of early measurements demonstrates that the DFA is a good decision-making solution in early stage without waiting for the lab result for months. Also, early DFA measurements are important in completion designing and well testing, the establishment of fluid gradients in reservoirs and connectivity, identifying and validating fluid distributions and reservoir structures.
{"title":"Applications of wireline formation testing (WFT) and downhole fluid analysis (DFA): Reviewing the importance of this technology in reservoir evaluation","authors":"N. Alshmlh, Muhammad Villayat Abbas, A. S. A. Shahid","doi":"10.54693/piche.04927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04927","url":null,"abstract":"Wireline formation testing (WFT) is an important aspect in both exploration and production phases for reservoir evaluation. WFT tools can directly measure the formation pore pressures and then the pressure profiles are used to identify the type of pore fluids, identify the fluids density, fluid contact estimation, depletion and overpressure quantification, detection of continuity and connectivity of the reservoir in both the lateral and vertical directions. WFT is mostly used to evaluate formation permeability and taking fluid sampling.\u0000The new generation wireline formation sampling tools include a downhole fluid analyzer (DFA), which can analyze the composition of fluids in real-time and under in-situ conditions and also can measure the spectra of crude oil. So, in result, it is possible to identify fluid compositional variation and reservoir vertical compartmentalization. The analysis of fluid composition depends on the optical absorption, and the mass fraction estimation for the three groups of hydrocarbons: methane (C1), C2-5, and C6 + along with CO2 as well. Also, it provides formation fluid properties like gas oil ratio (GOR), density, viscosity, and resistivity. The DFA results are subsequently validated and modified by laboratory analysis on the fluid samples attained from the formation.\u0000The potential advantage of early measurements demonstrates that the DFA is a good decision-making solution in early stage without waiting for the lab result for months. Also, early DFA measurements are important in completion designing and well testing, the establishment of fluid gradients in reservoirs and connectivity, identifying and validating fluid distributions and reservoir structures.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47215646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Villayat Abbas, M. Shoaib, Nasir Atallah Houady Alshmlh, Arshad Shehzad Ahmad Shahid, Hyung-mok Kim
Shale gas reservoirs may contain pores with different origins (; natural or induced) and scales. They can be divided into four groups, inorganic porosity, organic porosity, natural micro-fractures porosity and artificially created fractures porosity. The inorganic porosity is the void spaces within matrix of clay, pyrite, silica and other non-organic minerals. The organic porosity is the void space that remains in organic matter after conversion the kerogen to gas and oil. Organic matter in the form of kerogen is finely dispersed within inorganic matrix and contain void spaces (organic porosity). Micro-fractures network contains void spaces (natural micro-fractures porosity) and pore network system is also formed after creation of hydraulically induced fractures (artificially created fractures porosity). Simulating gas production from shale gas is a complex process due to interaction of fluid with various pore scales. In the current research work, shale gas transport through complex porous network is reviewed. Transport mechanism for free and adsorbed gas in dispersed organic nano-pores is combination of both Darcy and non-Darcy phenomena. Slippage of gas molecules occurs in organic pores and desorption of gas molecules occurs as the reservoir pressure depletes. The combined flux from organic pores is transported into inorganic pores then transported into micro-fractures network which can be exploited if hydraulically induced fractures are created in the vicinity of wellbore. It is a huge challenge to model gas production from shales due to presence of multi-scaled porosities. Slippage effects and desorption further add to the complexity in shale gas reservoirs. Analytical models, presented in the current review paper, incorporate complexities in shale gas reservoirs so that production from shale gas can be modeled precisely.
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