Foundry Refractory Coatings are used to improve surface finish of grey iron castings and reduces the re-work cost that covers the surface defects. Present research was concentrated on qualitative and quantitative analysis of commercial coatings through X-ray Diffraction and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy respectively. A number of coating compositions were prepared by means of refractory fillers, binders and particle size as most concern parameter and validated through Design of Experiment. Ultimately, three types of coating formulation were developed by coating constituents and characterized using X-ray Diffraction. Fe2O3 and SiO2 were determined as major phases in all coating samples. Particle size of 75 microns was used for smooth surface finish. Gray iron casting had been produced without disturbing the mechanical properties and graphite distribution. Surface defects were covered by one of the best refractory coating recipe.
{"title":"Development and characterization of foundry refractory coating and validation through factorial design of experiment","authors":"M. Wasim, A. Salam, K. M. Deen, H. Rehman","doi":"10.54693/piche.04812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04812","url":null,"abstract":"Foundry Refractory Coatings are used to improve surface finish of grey iron castings and reduces the re-work cost that covers the surface defects. Present research was concentrated on qualitative and quantitative analysis of commercial coatings through X-ray Diffraction and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy respectively. A number of coating compositions were prepared by means of refractory fillers, binders and particle size as most concern parameter and validated through Design of Experiment. Ultimately, three types of coating formulation were developed by coating constituents and characterized using X-ray Diffraction. Fe2O3 and SiO2 were determined as major phases in all coating samples. Particle size of 75 microns was used for smooth surface finish. Gray iron casting had been produced without disturbing the mechanical properties and graphite distribution. Surface defects were covered by one of the best refractory coating recipe.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47247821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Higher heating value (HHV) is very important for quality of coal when used as a fuel. It is often used for estimating the efficiency of treatment and other beneficiation methods and for research purpose. Although it is a costly process and requires special equipment and experts to operate. Whereas proximate analysis data can be obtained easily using an ordinary muffle furnace Therefore, to simplify the task and to reduce the cost of analysis many correlations were developed for determining HHV from proximate analysis of coal. In the present work, an effort has been made to develop a correlation based on proximate analyses data for calculating HHV of coal (air-dried basis). The models presented here is established using analyses of 50 samples of indigenous coal and its importance lies in role of all the major variables affecting the HHV. The developed models appear to be better than the existing models and have the following: Model 1: HHV (Mj/kg) = 15.788– 0.215M% – 0.148A% + 0.036V.m% + 6.680 F.c% Model 2: HHV (Mj/kg) = 8.804 – 0.061M% + 0.187V.m% + 0.231F.c% Heating values of basic types of indigenous coal samples were measured and calculated using empirical formulae and results were compared. Remarkable differences were observed in heating value of fifty samples of indigenous coal analyzed. It is determined that further study of these other types is merited for better and more economical utilization of the coal. A significant correlation was also observed between the Heating values proximate contents of the coal.
{"title":"Development of correlation between GCV and proximate analysis of indigenous coals","authors":"Hafiz Waqas Feroze, H. Bb","doi":"10.54693/piche.04811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04811","url":null,"abstract":"Higher heating value (HHV) is very important for quality of coal when used as a fuel. It is often used for estimating the efficiency of treatment and other beneficiation methods and for research purpose. Although it is a costly process and requires special equipment and experts to operate. Whereas proximate analysis data can be obtained easily using an ordinary muffle furnace Therefore, to simplify the task and to reduce the cost of analysis many correlations were developed for determining HHV from proximate analysis of coal. In the present work, an effort has been made to develop a correlation based on proximate analyses data for calculating HHV of coal (air-dried basis). The models presented here is established using analyses of 50 samples of indigenous coal and its importance lies in role of all the major variables affecting the HHV. The developed models appear to be better than the existing models and have the following: Model 1: HHV (Mj/kg) = 15.788– 0.215M% – 0.148A% + 0.036V.m% + 6.680 F.c% Model 2: HHV (Mj/kg) = 8.804 – 0.061M% + 0.187V.m% + 0.231F.c% Heating values of basic types of indigenous coal samples were measured and calculated using empirical formulae and results were compared. Remarkable differences were observed in heating value of fifty samples of indigenous coal analyzed. It is determined that further study of these other types is merited for better and more economical utilization of the coal. A significant correlation was also observed between the Heating values proximate contents of the coal.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46657037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research work presents a comparative study for morphological effects of high accelerated and non-accelerated lead ions on polymers. The ions are produced using lead target by high powered pulsed Nd: YAG laser with wavelength of 1.064 µm, energy of 10 mJ, pulse duration of 12 ns, and power of 1.1 MW, at low pressure of ~10-3 torr. The acceleration voltage of 500 V is used to accelerate Lead ions on polyvinylchloride (PVC). The PVC samples are also irradiated without applying any potential, just to have a comparison of both types of irradiation. The samples were irradiated for 300 shots for each sample. The morphological changes were observed using Transmission optical microscope (Motic DMB series). The results showed the morphological changes in polymeric samples for accelerating potential of 500 V and 0 V. Long chain formation of laser accelerated lead ions is observed at 500 V as compared to the 0 V. The ion induced dragging effects are shown for 0 V which depend upon the energy of lead ions and also on the properties of the polymeric sample.
{"title":"Surface modification of polyvinylchloride by high accelerated lead ions","authors":"I. M. Dildar, A. Saleem","doi":"10.54693/piche.04723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04723","url":null,"abstract":"This research work presents a comparative study for morphological effects of high accelerated and non-accelerated lead ions on polymers. The ions are produced using lead target by high powered pulsed Nd: YAG laser with wavelength of 1.064 µm, energy of 10 mJ, pulse duration of 12 ns, and power of 1.1 MW, at low pressure of ~10-3 torr. The acceleration voltage of 500 V is used to accelerate Lead ions on polyvinylchloride (PVC). The PVC samples are also irradiated without applying any potential, just to have a comparison of both types of irradiation. The samples were irradiated for 300 shots for each sample. The morphological changes were observed using Transmission optical microscope (Motic DMB series). The results showed the morphological changes in polymeric samples for accelerating potential of 500 V and 0 V. Long chain formation of laser accelerated lead ions is observed at 500 V as compared to the 0 V. The ion induced dragging effects are shown for 0 V which depend upon the energy of lead ions and also on the properties of the polymeric sample.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45406094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study determines the sound levels observed in the engineering laboratories at the Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. The objective of the study was to measure sound-levels of different engineering laboratories during specified time periods and compare them with OSHA standards. The sound-level parameters were investigated in five of the main laboratories. The time weighted average (TWA) and equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) values were observed at different times and compared with the OSHA standards. The TWA in all the laboratories was estimated to be 65.75 dBA which are within the international OSHA standards for noise however a considerable number of sound-levels in different laboratories were slightly higher than the accepted standards. More studies should be undertaken, as background noise and noise coming from the laboratory equipment can not only cause hearing problems but may also lead to miscommunication and difficulties in performing routine laboratory tasks. Keywords: Noise, Sound-level, Polymer, OSHA, Standards, Laboratory, TWA, Leq.
{"title":"Measurement of noise levels: an observational study in engineering laboratories","authors":"M. Arif, S. Ahmad, S. Khan","doi":"10.54693/piche.04722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04722","url":null,"abstract":"The current study determines the sound levels observed in the engineering laboratories at the Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. The objective of the study was to measure sound-levels of different engineering laboratories during specified time periods and compare them with OSHA standards. The sound-level parameters were investigated in five of the main laboratories. The time weighted average (TWA) and equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) values were observed at different times and compared with the OSHA standards. The TWA in all the laboratories was estimated to be 65.75 dBA which are within the international OSHA standards for noise however a considerable number of sound-levels in different laboratories were slightly higher than the accepted standards. More studies should be undertaken, as background noise and noise coming from the laboratory equipment can not only cause hearing problems but may also lead to miscommunication and difficulties in performing routine laboratory tasks.\u0000Keywords: Noise, Sound-level, Polymer, OSHA, Standards, Laboratory, TWA, Leq.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46215847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Present study focuses over the extraction of gold via sodium cyanide (NaCN) from boulangerite ore. Since the presence of antimony hinders the extraction of gold by cyanidation therefore, the ore was first treated with sodium sulphide (Na2S) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove/minimize the antimony content. Gold extraction via cyanidation was then studied for different parameters including concentration of NaCN, time effect and influence of temperature on leaching of gold. It was observed that extraction of gold increases with increase in concentration of NaCN and ore amount. Maximum leaching of gold (52.89 - 76.53 %) was carried out at 80 oC, 100 minutes leaching time, 300 rpm and a pH level of 10.5.
{"title":"Extraction of gold from boulangerite ore using sodium cyanide","authors":"Sajjad Ali","doi":"10.54693/piche.04721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04721","url":null,"abstract":"Present study focuses over the extraction of gold via sodium cyanide (NaCN) from boulangerite ore. Since the presence of antimony hinders the extraction of gold by cyanidation therefore, the ore was first treated with sodium sulphide (Na2S) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove/minimize the antimony content. Gold extraction via cyanidation was then studied for different parameters including concentration of NaCN, time effect and influence of temperature on leaching of gold. It was observed that extraction of gold increases with increase in concentration of NaCN and ore amount. Maximum leaching of gold (52.89 - 76.53 %) was carried out at 80 oC, 100 minutes leaching time, 300 rpm and a pH level of 10.5.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46294843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fahid Nisar, Hafiz Muhammad Aamir, Prof.Dr. Muhammad Suleman Tahir, A. Zahid
Pakistan is vulnerable to smog from the last two to three years especially in winter season and it produces haze in the atmosphere which is ultimately vanishing due to rain and it badly affects the public.Smog is related to air pollution and it causes eyes, nose, lung, throat infection which is allergic one and spread rapidly and causes fever and skin diseases.In this article number of factors and reason behind that are vehicle emission, urbanization and burning of waste are discussed and how to mitigate and prevent our atmosphere.So there is a need to copeup this problem through long term planning that is better for the public and for our future generation.
{"title":"Methods of controlling smog in Pakistan","authors":"Fahid Nisar, Hafiz Muhammad Aamir, Prof.Dr. Muhammad Suleman Tahir, A. Zahid","doi":"10.54693/piche.04724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04724","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan is vulnerable to smog from the last two to three years especially in winter season and it produces haze in the atmosphere which is ultimately vanishing due to rain and it badly affects the public.Smog is related to air pollution and it causes eyes, nose, lung, throat infection which is allergic one and spread rapidly and causes fever and skin diseases.In this article number of factors and reason behind that are vehicle emission, urbanization and burning of waste are discussed and how to mitigate and prevent our atmosphere.So there is a need to copeup this problem through long term planning that is better for the public and for our future generation.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45442652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coal is blackish color sedimentary rock which occurred in layer forms. There are certain ranks of Coal which can be found in different areas of World. It can extract from different mining techniques. The analysis of coal and biomass blends. By using this technology the low grade coal converts into a valuable material which is used as fuel for domestic, commercial and industrial purpose. Biomass blends are made of Pakistani coal with different biomass, bagasse, coconut shell, Coconut waste and saw dust i.e. High Gross calorific value coal is used to blend with biomass of high calorific value and low ash content. Purpose of low ash content is not to effect the environment. The technique was to determine whether which type either Biomass and coal blend to be used for the burning and to give an idea for their use in generating steam for energy production. Which can be used in different types of Gasifiers/boilers i.e circulating fluidized bed. Gross calorific value was determined on the basis of heat basis blends and weight basis blends with net calorific value determined in same heat basis blends and weight basis blends. Net calorific value was determined using Dulong formula.
{"title":"Characterization of Pakistani coal and biomass blends","authors":"Junaid Khan","doi":"10.54693/piche.04715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04715","url":null,"abstract":"Coal is blackish color sedimentary rock which occurred in layer forms. There are certain ranks of Coal which can be found in different areas of World. It can extract from different mining techniques. The analysis of coal and biomass blends. By using this technology the low grade coal converts into a valuable material which is used as fuel for domestic, commercial and industrial purpose. Biomass blends are made of Pakistani coal with different biomass, bagasse, coconut shell, Coconut waste and saw dust i.e. High Gross calorific value coal is used to blend with biomass of high calorific value and low ash content. Purpose of low ash content is not to effect the environment. The technique was to determine whether which type either Biomass and coal blend to be used for the burning and to give an idea for their use in generating steam for energy production. Which can be used in different types of Gasifiers/boilers i.e circulating fluidized bed. Gross calorific value was determined on the basis of heat basis blends and weight basis blends with net calorific value determined in same heat basis blends and weight basis blends. Net calorific value was determined using Dulong formula.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49658401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In present research, it is aimed to study the effect of different interface of steel reinforcement bars on the pull out and bond strength of the concrete. The concrete possess a good compressional strength but relatively low pull out strength. So to enhance its pull out strength different reinforcements like steel bars, wires etc. are introduced in the concrete. The introduced steel bars give good pull out properties to concrete but also affected in corrosive environment. Different interface is made to protect these bars from corrosion by applying different treatment on the interface between surrounding concrete and steel bars which affects the bond strength between concrete and the re-bar. Reinforced bars are surface treated with emulsion paint, polyester resin, alkali and lubricating oil. Ravi and Chenab sand are used to produce two different concrete, having the compressional strength of 24.37 MPa and 19.25 MPa respectively. Pull out testing to find out the pullout strength which is further used to calculate the bond strengths. The results shows that both types of concrete specimens possess the maximum pull out and bond strength for untreated reinforcement bars The specimens with painted reinforcement bars has the minimum pull out and bond strength among all the specimens. The ravi sand has pull out strength of 5kN and 3kN for untreated and paint surface treated respectively while chenab sand has pull out strength of 7.5kN and 2.5kN for untreated and paint surface treated respectively.
{"title":"Effect on the pull out and the bond strength of concrete by different surface treatment of steel reinforcement bars","authors":"A. Saleem, A. Farooq, R. Ahmad","doi":"10.54693/piche.04712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04712","url":null,"abstract":"In present research, it is aimed to study the effect of different interface of steel reinforcement bars on the pull out and bond strength of the concrete. The concrete possess a good compressional strength but relatively low pull out strength. So to enhance its pull out strength different reinforcements like steel bars, wires etc. are introduced in the concrete. The introduced steel bars give good pull out properties to concrete but also affected in corrosive environment. Different interface is made to protect these bars from corrosion by applying different treatment on the interface between surrounding concrete and steel bars which affects the bond strength between concrete and the re-bar. Reinforced bars are surface treated with emulsion paint, polyester resin, alkali and lubricating oil. Ravi and Chenab sand are used to produce two different concrete, having the compressional strength of 24.37 MPa and 19.25 MPa respectively. Pull out testing to find out the pullout strength which is further used to calculate the bond strengths. The results shows that both types of concrete specimens possess the maximum pull out and bond strength for untreated reinforcement bars The specimens with painted reinforcement bars has the minimum pull out and bond strength among all the specimens. The ravi sand has pull out strength of 5kN and 3kN for untreated and paint surface treated respectively while chenab sand has pull out strength of 7.5kN and 2.5kN for untreated and paint surface treated respectively.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47237284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kanza Naseer, N. Ali, W. Khan, Muhammad Ashraf, Imran Shamshad, Khurram Shahzad
Ethylene terephthalate fabric has been used to strengthen the unsaturated polyester resin. The macroscopic, microscopic and spectroscopic studies of the surface modified polyester fabric, bentonite and unsaturated polyester are comparatively investigated by tensile and flexural testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Strong fabric and matrix adhesion is governed by surface modification of polyester fabric with alkali treatment. Compared with neat polyester resin, the tensile strength of chemically modified polyester fabric filled unsaturated polyester composites is 47% increase at 3 wt.% of clay and the flexural strength is increased up to 72%. In order to know the delamination tendency, composites broken in mechanical testing are analyzed by SEM. It indicates that delamination tendency, fiber pullout, fiber de-bonding and fiber bridging are reduced in the composites with modified fabric. XRD patterns show that lattice of 3D knitted fabric and MMT composite is body centered cubic
{"title":"Effect of fabric modification and clay loading on mechanical properties of reinforced composites","authors":"Kanza Naseer, N. Ali, W. Khan, Muhammad Ashraf, Imran Shamshad, Khurram Shahzad","doi":"10.54693/piche.04714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04714","url":null,"abstract":"Ethylene terephthalate fabric has been used to strengthen the unsaturated polyester resin. The macroscopic, microscopic and spectroscopic studies of the surface modified polyester fabric, bentonite and unsaturated polyester are comparatively investigated by tensile and flexural testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Strong fabric and matrix adhesion is governed by surface modification of polyester fabric with alkali treatment. Compared with neat polyester resin, the tensile strength of chemically modified polyester fabric filled unsaturated polyester composites is 47% increase at 3 wt.% of clay and the flexural strength is increased up to 72%. In order to know the delamination tendency, composites broken in mechanical testing are analyzed by SEM. It indicates that delamination tendency, fiber pullout, fiber de-bonding and fiber bridging are reduced in the composites with modified fabric. XRD patterns show that lattice of 3D knitted fabric and MMT composite is body centered cubic","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48013318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lepironia articulata (LA) widely available wetland biomass was successfully converted into a solid coal-like material called hydrochar. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) being a technically-attractive thermal conversion process of biomass into hydrochar at mild conditions was adopted in this study. The effect of process parameters on the physicochemical properties and the yield of hydrochar was studied by varying carbonization temperature and residence time over the range of 180, 200, 220, 240 oC and 6, 12, 24 h, respectively. With an increase in temperature, the hydrochar yield decreased rapidly from 68.8% at 180 oC to 55.2% at 240 oC. In addition, the increase in carbon percentage was observed with an increase in temperature from 10.28% (180 oC) to 38.69 %( 240 oC). The H/C and O/C atomic ratios reduced from 1.392 and 0.541 to 1.072 and 0.271, respectively, which was typically related to decarboxylation, demethanation, and dehydration reactions. Hydrochar obtained was characterized appropriately, i.e., proximate analysis, TGA, HHV, FT-IR and BET. The highest surface area (SBET) of hydrochar obtained was 72.2 m2/g. The maximum iodine number calculated was 220 mg/g. HHV of hydrochar was in the range of 22.52 to 25.1 MJ/kg. Overall results conclude the effectiveness of LA in the field of environmental remediation, sustainable and alternative energy.
{"title":"Evaluation of hydrothermally carbonized alternative biomass (Lepironia articulata) as a source of alternative energy and adsorbent","authors":"A. Ullah","doi":"10.54693/piche.04711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04711","url":null,"abstract":"Lepironia articulata (LA) widely available wetland biomass was successfully converted into a solid coal-like material called hydrochar. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) being a technically-attractive thermal conversion process of biomass into hydrochar at mild conditions was adopted in this study. The effect of process parameters on the physicochemical properties and the yield of hydrochar was studied by varying carbonization temperature and residence time over the range of 180, 200, 220, 240 oC and 6, 12, 24 h, respectively. With an increase in temperature, the hydrochar yield decreased rapidly from 68.8% at 180 oC to 55.2% at 240 oC. In addition, the increase in carbon percentage was observed with an increase in temperature from 10.28% (180 oC) to 38.69 %( 240 oC). The H/C and O/C atomic ratios reduced from 1.392 and 0.541 to 1.072 and 0.271, respectively, which was typically related to decarboxylation, demethanation, and dehydration reactions. Hydrochar obtained was characterized appropriately, i.e., proximate analysis, TGA, HHV, FT-IR and BET. The highest surface area (SBET) of hydrochar obtained was 72.2 m2/g. The maximum iodine number calculated was 220 mg/g. HHV of hydrochar was in the range of 22.52 to 25.1 MJ/kg. Overall results conclude the effectiveness of LA in the field of environmental remediation, sustainable and alternative energy.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42746200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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