A. Bari, S. Hussain, Maham Hussain, N. Ali, A. A. Malik
Environmental concerns associated with packaging materials opened a new challenging research domain for the researchers to investigate the new materials, which could minimize the raised issues and provide a better shelf life to the products. In this regard, natural polymers such as Chitosan has been blended with numerous materials for the development of packaging films. Knowledge of physiochemical properties of new films is essential before using them for packaging. In the present work, Chitosan films are produced using different Ethylene Glycol based solvents. Further, these blended films are characterized in terms of FTIR, TGA, DSC, FESEM, and EDX analysis. The addition of different Ethylene Glycol with the Chitosan shifted the peaks, changed their thermal and endo/exothermic profiles. The images revealed the micro-sized films with better surfaces, which could be good as packaging material.
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan and Ethylene Glycol Based Chitosan Films","authors":"A. Bari, S. Hussain, Maham Hussain, N. Ali, A. A. Malik","doi":"10.54693/piche.04913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04913","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental concerns associated with packaging materials opened a new challenging research domain for the researchers to investigate the new materials, which could minimize the raised issues and provide a better shelf life to the products. In this regard, natural polymers such as Chitosan has been blended with numerous materials for the development of packaging films. Knowledge of physiochemical properties of new films is essential before using them for packaging. In the present work, Chitosan films are produced using different Ethylene Glycol based solvents. Further, these blended films are characterized in terms of FTIR, TGA, DSC, FESEM, and EDX analysis. The addition of different Ethylene Glycol with the Chitosan shifted the peaks, changed their thermal and endo/exothermic profiles. The images revealed the micro-sized films with better surfaces, which could be good as packaging material.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42097716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faraz Hussain, M. U. Manzoor, M. Kamran, Muhammad Taqi Zahid Butt
Magnesium alloys emerge as a new class of biomaterials in medical field especially in orthopedic applications as medical implant because of its excellent mechanical, biocompatible, bioactive and biodegradable properties. Biodegradable magnesium alloys attracted great attention of researchers to avoid implant removal surgery after healing process. The magnesium alloy samples were anodized in two different electrolyte solutions to further improve the biodegradability of the substrates. The processing time varies from 10 minutes to 40 minutes with constant voltage of 20V. coated samples were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface topography and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the deposition of thick and dense oxide layers of anodized film of magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 in electrolyte 2. The results of electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are in a good agreement with the analyses of surface morphology. The anodic film formed by electrolyte 2 provides better biodegradability as compared to electrolyte 1.
{"title":"Surface Modification of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy by Anodization process","authors":"Faraz Hussain, M. U. Manzoor, M. Kamran, Muhammad Taqi Zahid Butt","doi":"10.54693/piche.04912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04912","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium alloys emerge as a new class of biomaterials in medical field especially in orthopedic applications as medical implant because of its excellent mechanical, biocompatible, bioactive and biodegradable properties. Biodegradable magnesium alloys attracted great attention of researchers to avoid implant removal surgery after healing process. The magnesium alloy samples were anodized in two different electrolyte solutions to further improve the biodegradability of the substrates. The processing time varies from 10 minutes to 40 minutes with constant voltage of 20V. coated samples were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface topography and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the deposition of thick and dense oxide layers of anodized film of magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 in electrolyte 2. The results of electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are in a good agreement with the analyses of surface morphology. The anodic film formed by electrolyte 2 provides better biodegradability as compared to electrolyte 1.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42895382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Sajjad, M. U. Manzoor, H. Zafar, Khurram Shahzad, Faraz Hussain
Physical Vapor Deposition technique is always an important technique to deposit metallic and ceramic coatings on different metallic substrates. The glow discharge process can be improved in a physical vapor deposition coating process by using least 2 lateral rotating cathodes with targets. Lateral Arc Rotating Cathode (LARC) technology was used to deposit AlTiN coating on stainless steel samples for biomedical implant application. The lateral rotation of cathode makes the uniform consumption of the cathodes in the coating chamber to get the maximum yield. The coating was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) for their uniformity and thickness. Open circuit potential (OCP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic polarization test were performed for their corrosion behavior in ringer lactate solution. Tribological testing was also performed at three different load to evaluate the coefficient of friction of the coating. The Electrochemical tests indicated that corrosion resistance of the coated sample was better, than the uncoated substrate and it behaved like cathodically protected coating and showed more resistivity. The tribological test also showed improved coating quality with respect to the applied load.
{"title":"Effect of Tribological and Electrochemical properties of AlTiN Coating for Medical Application","authors":"H. Sajjad, M. U. Manzoor, H. Zafar, Khurram Shahzad, Faraz Hussain","doi":"10.54693/piche.04911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04911","url":null,"abstract":"Physical Vapor Deposition technique is always an important technique to deposit metallic and ceramic coatings on different metallic substrates. The glow discharge process can be improved in a physical vapor deposition coating process by using least 2 lateral rotating cathodes with targets. Lateral Arc Rotating Cathode (LARC) technology was used to deposit AlTiN coating on stainless steel samples for biomedical implant application. The lateral rotation of cathode makes the uniform consumption of the cathodes in the coating chamber to get the maximum yield. The coating was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) for their uniformity and thickness. Open circuit potential (OCP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic polarization test were performed for their corrosion behavior in ringer lactate solution. Tribological testing was also performed at three different load to evaluate the coefficient of friction of the coating. The Electrochemical tests indicated that corrosion resistance of the coated sample was better, than the uncoated substrate and it behaved like cathodically protected coating and showed more resistivity. The tribological test also showed improved coating quality with respect to the applied load.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42592501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Imran, K. Shahzad, S. Munir, M. Wasim, A. Hussnain
Present study focuses on coal fly ash, a waste acquired from coal power plants for the synthesis of potassium based fertilizer by means of coal fly ash and lignite with simple blending of KOH and adding small amount of citric acid. Lignite and two types of fly ash bituminous and sub-bituminous were utilized for the formulation of fertilizer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the occurrence quartz and oxides of potassium in all fly ashes. XRD pattern also exhibited the orthoclase, mullite and zeolite as major compounds in fertilizer which were made from sub-bituminous ash. K2O, P2O5 and N were determined as essential compounds in sub-bituminous through using wet analysis. However, major presence of humic acid and organic matter were observed in lignite through wet analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy also confirmed the occurrence of humic acid in the form of carboxylic group in lignite and bituminous. Surface Mean Diameter measured by sieve analysis showed that particle size of sub-bituminous ash was smaller than others that most appropriate for synthesis of potassium silicate fertilizer.
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of potassium silicate fertilizer using fly ashes of bituminous and sub-bituminous and lignite coal","authors":"M. Imran, K. Shahzad, S. Munir, M. Wasim, A. Hussnain","doi":"10.54693/piche.04826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04826","url":null,"abstract":"Present study focuses on coal fly ash, a waste acquired from coal power plants for the synthesis of potassium based fertilizer by means of coal fly ash and lignite with simple blending of KOH and adding small amount of citric acid. Lignite and two types of fly ash bituminous and sub-bituminous were utilized for the formulation of fertilizer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the occurrence quartz and oxides of potassium in all fly ashes. XRD pattern also exhibited the orthoclase, mullite and zeolite as major compounds in fertilizer which were made from sub-bituminous ash. K2O, P2O5 and N were determined as essential compounds in sub-bituminous through using wet analysis. However, major presence of humic acid and organic matter were observed in lignite through wet analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy also confirmed the occurrence of humic acid in the form of carboxylic group in lignite and bituminous. Surface Mean Diameter measured by sieve analysis showed that particle size of sub-bituminous ash was smaller than others that most appropriate for synthesis of potassium silicate fertilizer.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43946223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arsenic is known to be one of the most significant and severe inorganic pollutants in drinkable water globally. Many important techniques have been read for better results, such as ion-exchange, flocculation, precipitation, coagulation, adsorptions and other membrane technologies , when complying with the MCL (maximum contaminant level), Arsenic(V) around 10¼g / l in drinkable water) developed worldwide by the major World Health Organization, These available water treatment technologies are applicable; adsorption has proven to be a favorable and efficient technology for the removal of Arsenic from any form of water with dissimilar concentrations. In this analysis, Arsenic (As (V)) removal from water that studied by the packed bed column by modeling and simulation using iron ore adsorbent in the ASPEN ADSIM V11 software. The various effects on the efficiency of the adsorption column, such as bed height, feed-flow rate and the initial Arsenic concentrations of different operating parameters, were studied theoretically. Experiments were performed in specific cases to verify the results. Bed-depth greater then more Arsenic (v) are adsorbed and the Arsenic removal was achieved 100 % at a bed-height of 29.0 cm for simulation. The percentage of Arsenic removal, as well as the total adsorption of Arsenic increase with the decrease in flow rate, it is observed that when the bed height is increased the service time of adsorption bed also increases. The results showed that the design parameters such as adsorbent bed depth and column diameter, together with operating parameters such as Arsenic inlet concentration, have great effects on the overall column efficiency.
{"title":"DYNAMIC STUDY OF ADSORPTION PERFORMANCE FOR REMOVING AS (V) THROUGH POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN) FIBER USING ASPEN ADSORPTION","authors":"S. Hyder, Imran Nazir, Khadija Qureshi","doi":"10.54693/piche.04825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04825","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic is known to be one of the most significant and severe inorganic pollutants in drinkable water globally. Many important techniques have been read for better results, such as ion-exchange, flocculation, precipitation, coagulation, adsorptions and other membrane technologies , when complying with the MCL (maximum contaminant level), Arsenic(V) around 10¼g / l in drinkable water) developed worldwide by the major World Health Organization, These available water treatment technologies are applicable; adsorption has proven to be a favorable and efficient technology for the removal of Arsenic from any form of water with dissimilar concentrations. In this analysis, Arsenic (As (V)) removal from water that studied by the packed bed column by modeling and simulation using iron ore adsorbent in the ASPEN ADSIM V11 software. The various effects on the efficiency of the adsorption column, such as bed height, feed-flow rate and the initial Arsenic concentrations of different operating parameters, were studied theoretically. Experiments were performed in specific cases to verify the results. Bed-depth greater then more Arsenic (v) are adsorbed and the Arsenic removal was achieved 100 % at a bed-height of 29.0 cm for simulation. The percentage of Arsenic removal, as well as the total adsorption of Arsenic increase with the decrease in flow rate, it is observed that when the bed height is increased the service time of adsorption bed also increases. The results showed that the design parameters such as adsorbent bed depth and column diameter, together with operating parameters such as Arsenic inlet concentration, have great effects on the overall column efficiency.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41819505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. S. Raza, M. U. Manzoor, Faraz Hussain, T. Ahmad, Fahad Riaz
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a type of material that is widely used in orthopedic and dentistry as a bio-coating of implants for improvement in its osteointegration with bone tissue. HAp was processed and synthesized by a precipitation technique by utilizing a biological means eggshell. The synthesis technique involved the calcination of eggshell powder to obtain calcium oxide and then its titration at a controlled flow rate with phosphoric acid. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) investigations were carried out to confirm the formation of HAp. Whereas, the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the shape and structure of the as-synthesized nanohydroxyapatite powder. The obtained results correlate with the literature. It was observed that the HAp formed was highly crystalline and all the peaks corresponded with HAp based on the standard XRD pattern of HAp (JCDPS card no. 09-432). It was clear from the small peaks that some Tri-Calcium Phosphate was also formed along with the hydroxyapatite. Very less crystallinity can be seen in the SEM micrograph of the eggshell. The nHAp formed was subjected to thermal treatment in a controlled environment. The thermal treatment resulted in improved crystallinity and refined grain size. It is noted that higher surface area biogenic HAp with highly interconnected nanoparticles will be useful in bone morphogenesis during bone surgery.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite from Waste Egg Shells for Orthopedic and Dental Applications","authors":"S. S. Raza, M. U. Manzoor, Faraz Hussain, T. Ahmad, Fahad Riaz","doi":"10.54693/piche.04824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04824","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a type of material that is widely used in orthopedic and dentistry as a bio-coating of implants for improvement in its osteointegration with bone tissue. HAp was processed and synthesized by a precipitation technique by utilizing a biological means eggshell. The synthesis technique involved the calcination of eggshell powder to obtain calcium oxide and then its titration at a controlled flow rate with phosphoric acid. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) investigations were carried out to confirm the formation of HAp. Whereas, the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) demonstrated the shape and structure of the as-synthesized nanohydroxyapatite powder. The obtained results correlate with the literature. It was observed that the HAp formed was highly crystalline and all the peaks corresponded with HAp based on the standard XRD pattern of HAp (JCDPS card no. 09-432). It was clear from the small peaks that some Tri-Calcium Phosphate was also formed along with the hydroxyapatite. Very less crystallinity can be seen in the SEM micrograph of the eggshell. The nHAp formed was subjected to thermal treatment in a controlled environment. The thermal treatment resulted in improved crystallinity and refined grain size. It is noted that higher surface area biogenic HAp with highly interconnected nanoparticles will be useful in bone morphogenesis during bone surgery.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46106983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Saadi, Thabit Sultan Mohammed, Aisha Al Jabri, Hifaa Al Breiki
Physical, mechanical and multi – step chemical treatments on the adsorptivity of palm fronds adsorbent for the removal of 5 waste metal components from wastewater was studied and estimated in this paper. Three techniques are used for palm frond to produce modified activated carbon as adsorbents. Physical treatment is represented in the furnace at 600 oC. Mechanical treatment is established more suitable surface area from 300µm2 to 500 µm2 to increase efficiency of adsorbent. Chemical treatment of palm fronds used Acetone – ethanol - methanol treated palm fronds. The fixed bed column study was achieved under multi layered fixed bed columns. It was discovered that, the adsorption of 5 metals were expressively increased in the following order: Acetone – ethanol – Methanol treated palm fronds. The highest percentage reduction of the area under the curve was represented by chemical treatment for palm fronds reached 98.74%. Derived mathematical model to describe the system and compared it with experimental results in active accuracy. Proposed model includes the most significant variables like partial pressure and concentration of waste metal acts on rates of adsorption and desorption. Newton Raphson is a mathematical optimization technique used to determine the optimal values of rate constants adsorption and desorption of the waste of palm fronds for Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni and K to increase the ability of mathematical model. The freshness of this study is used to assess the carrying into action of bio waste to get rid of waste metals due to utilize more than one technique to compute the rate constants of adsorption and desorption. However, further studies are asked to emphasize with the results of this survey using this active technique.
{"title":"Mathematical Model and Experimental Study To Optimize Rates Constants of Desorption And Adsorption of The Waste Water Using Palm Fronds","authors":"A. Saadi, Thabit Sultan Mohammed, Aisha Al Jabri, Hifaa Al Breiki","doi":"10.54693/piche.04823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04823","url":null,"abstract":"Physical, mechanical and multi – step chemical treatments on the adsorptivity of palm fronds adsorbent for the removal of 5 waste metal components from wastewater was studied and estimated in this paper. Three techniques are used for palm frond to produce modified activated carbon as adsorbents. Physical treatment is represented in the furnace at 600 oC. Mechanical treatment is established more suitable surface area from 300µm2 to 500 µm2 to increase efficiency of adsorbent. Chemical treatment of palm fronds used Acetone – ethanol - methanol treated palm fronds. The fixed bed column study was achieved under multi layered fixed bed columns. It was discovered that, the adsorption of 5 metals were expressively increased in the following order: Acetone – ethanol – Methanol treated palm fronds. The highest percentage reduction of the area under the curve was represented by chemical treatment for palm fronds reached 98.74%. Derived mathematical model to describe the system and compared it with experimental results in active accuracy. Proposed model includes the most significant variables like partial pressure and concentration of waste metal acts on rates of adsorption and desorption. Newton Raphson is a mathematical optimization technique used to determine the optimal values of rate constants adsorption and desorption of the waste of palm fronds for Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni and K to increase the ability of mathematical model. The freshness of this study is used to assess the carrying into action of bio waste to get rid of waste metals due to utilize more than one technique to compute the rate constants of adsorption and desorption. However, further studies are asked to emphasize with the results of this survey using this active technique.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45530454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. U. Manzoor, Faraz Hussain, H. Zafar, H. Sajjad, A. Salman, Fahad Riaz, A. Farooq, T. Ahmad, M. Kamran
Physical Vapor Deposition technology is an established technique to deposit metallic and ceramic coatings on different metallic substrates. Lateral Arc Rotating Cathode (LARC) technology has an added advantages of better mechanical uniform coating, consistent erosion of the electrodes and greater degree of ionization. LARC technology was used to deposit AlTiN coating on stainless steel SS 316L samples. The electrochemical behavior of the coating and the substrate was investigated using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) technique. Ringer Lectate solution was used as a simulated body fluid at 35 ± 2oC. The coating and substrate were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Surface Profilometry. The Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy analysis revealed a consistent coating as a whole. The surface profilometry showed lower surface roughness after the coating. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy tests indicated that corrosion resistance of the coated sample was better, than the uncoated substrate in the electrolyte solution for short duration (one day) and behaved like cathodically protected coating and showed more resistivity. However, the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy results varied because of the penetration of chlorite ions through the porosity in th coating and reaction with the coating material after the prolonged insertion.
{"title":"Electrochemical Characterization of AlTiN Coating on Stainless Steel Substrate for Biomedical Implant","authors":"M. U. Manzoor, Faraz Hussain, H. Zafar, H. Sajjad, A. Salman, Fahad Riaz, A. Farooq, T. Ahmad, M. Kamran","doi":"10.54693/piche.04822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04822","url":null,"abstract":"Physical Vapor Deposition technology is an established technique to deposit metallic and ceramic coatings on different metallic substrates. Lateral Arc Rotating Cathode (LARC) technology has an added advantages of better mechanical uniform coating, consistent erosion of the electrodes and greater degree of ionization. LARC technology was used to deposit AlTiN coating on stainless steel SS 316L samples. The electrochemical behavior of the coating and the substrate was investigated using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) technique. Ringer Lectate solution was used as a simulated body fluid at 35 ± 2oC. The coating and substrate were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Surface Profilometry. The Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy analysis revealed a consistent coating as a whole. The surface profilometry showed lower surface roughness after the coating. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy tests indicated that corrosion resistance of the coated sample was better, than the uncoated substrate in the electrolyte solution for short duration (one day) and behaved like cathodically protected coating and showed more resistivity. However, the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy results varied because of the penetration of chlorite ions through the porosity in th coating and reaction with the coating material after the prolonged insertion.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42168396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research, we estimated the total organic carbon and presented a paleo depositional model of the Paleocene Patala Formation from the western Salt Range of Pakistan. Results shows, during the Paleocene period, the Patala Formation was settled in barrier-island or in back-barrier depositional environments. This evidence is on the basis of lithofacies analysis and TOC determination data from measured stratigraphic sections. According to lithofacies analysis and the TOC estimation of the Patala Formation, the carbonaceous shale deposits of Western Salt Range at Khairabad, Chitta Wahan, and the Kalri area were deposited in back-barrier marshes. In the study area, the Patala Formation 16 meter thick. Based on detailed outcrop investigation, we have divided the Patala Formation into five different lithofacies, i.e., grey shale, carbonaceous shale, sandstone, limestone, and a mixture of sandstone and shale facies. The TOC was measured with the help of a wet combustion titration method. Carbonaceous shale and grey shale lithofacies contain an average of 3.64 % and 1.39 % of TOC value, respectively. Results show moderate to very good TOC values in the shales of Patala formation, which indicates that Patala Formation in the Western Salt Range has a good source rock potential to generate hydrocarbon.
{"title":"Estimation of Total Organic Carbon and Depositional Model of Paleocene Patala Formation Western Salt Range, Pakistan","authors":"Abdul Hafeez, Rizwan Sarwar Awan, A. Salaam","doi":"10.54693/piche.04821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04821","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, we estimated the total organic carbon and presented a paleo depositional model of the Paleocene Patala Formation from the western Salt Range of Pakistan. Results shows, during the Paleocene period, the Patala Formation was settled in barrier-island or in back-barrier depositional environments. This evidence is on the basis of lithofacies analysis and TOC determination data from measured stratigraphic sections. According to lithofacies analysis and the TOC estimation of the Patala Formation, the carbonaceous shale deposits of Western Salt Range at Khairabad, Chitta Wahan, and the Kalri area were deposited in back-barrier marshes. In the study area, the Patala Formation 16 meter thick. Based on detailed outcrop investigation, we have divided the Patala Formation into five different lithofacies, i.e., grey shale, carbonaceous shale, sandstone, limestone, and a mixture of sandstone and shale facies. The TOC was measured with the help of a wet combustion titration method. Carbonaceous shale and grey shale lithofacies contain an average of 3.64 % and 1.39 % of TOC value, respectively. Results show moderate to very good TOC values in the shales of Patala formation, which indicates that Patala Formation in the Western Salt Range has a good source rock potential to generate hydrocarbon.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44906984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Manzoor, Asadullah Baloch, K. Sami, S. M. Bhatti, Muhammad Arif Javed
Use of Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) is an integral segment in occupational safety program in order to improve injury and loss prevention; however, in developing nations the occupational safety is often undermined. Across the under developed countries, employees in informal sector are executing their duty in the absence of adequate safety setup. We conducted a Systematic literature review of studies on use and impact of protection equipment in informal sector (Welding and Spray Painting) of Pakistan. Google Scholar was searched for use of occupational personal safety studies conducted in English in two sectors (Welding and Spray Painting) in Pakistan. Search resulted in fifty six (56) studies. The initial, abstract and full text review finally yielded seven (7) studies for this review. Overall state of use of PPE was found very disappointing. No Policy exists and poor field implementation was reported. Eye Shields and gloves were among the highest available used PPEs. There was no use of respirators in welding and spray painting areas. This is the first-ever review on the state of occupational safety in informal sector (welding and spray painting) of Pakistan. Detailed studies in informal sector are required to depict the safety practices.
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