Multideck screen (MDS) has found wide applications in mineral processing industry and their performance can be evaluated on the basis of various parameters. The screen was indigenously designed with three decks of various changeable screens. The efficiency of MDS was evaluated at different parameters through efficiency equation and partition/Tromp curves. The imperfection factor and cut size was also determined. Material feed rate of 1 kg/min, 2 kg/min and 3 kg/min; screen angle of 7°, 10° and 13°; aperture size of 2 mm, 1mm and 0.3 mm in the three decks were taken into account. The results showed that the efficiency of MDS improves with increasing screen angle and aperture size whereas it reduces with increasing feed rate. The cut size value improves with increasing screen angle and aperture size whereas it reduces with increasing feed rate. The imperfect factor value reaches zero with increasing screen angle and aperture size while value of imperfect factor increases with increasing feed rate. The maximum efficiency was found approx. 95% at screen angle of 13°, feed rate of 1 kg/min and aperture size of 2 mm.
{"title":"Performance investigation of indigenously designed multideck Screen (MDS)","authors":"Ishaq Ahmad, Bilal Ahmad, F. Ahmad, Ali Muhammad","doi":"10.54693/piche.04925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04925","url":null,"abstract":"Multideck screen (MDS) has found wide applications in mineral processing industry and their performance can be evaluated on the basis of various parameters. The screen was indigenously designed with three decks of various changeable screens. The efficiency of MDS was evaluated at different parameters through efficiency equation and partition/Tromp curves. The imperfection factor and cut size was also determined. Material feed rate of 1 kg/min, 2 kg/min and 3 kg/min; screen angle of 7°, 10° and 13°; aperture size of 2 mm, 1mm and 0.3 mm in the three decks were taken into account. The results showed that the efficiency of MDS improves with increasing screen angle and aperture size whereas it reduces with increasing feed rate. The cut size value improves with increasing screen angle and aperture size whereas it reduces with increasing feed rate. The imperfect factor value reaches zero with increasing screen angle and aperture size while value of imperfect factor increases with increasing feed rate. The maximum efficiency was found approx. 95% at screen angle of 13°, feed rate of 1 kg/min and aperture size of 2 mm.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47350914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Sadiq, M. Humayun, A. Naveed, M. Arif, S. Afridi, M. Naeem Khan, M. Asif
The properties of nickel metal electrodeposited in presence of organic additives in various concentrations were studied with respect to current efficiency of the bath. Films were electrodeposited in various pH and temperatures and for different time in order to get high current efficiency and uniform deposit. Locally available salt of sulfate is preferably used as source of nickel. Sodium sulfate is used to improve the conductivity of the bath and it is found that the rate of deposition linearly increases with the increase in concentration of the sodium sulfate in the electrolytic bath. Nickel chloride is primarily added to the bath not only to increase the corrosion of the anode but also to enhance the uniformity of the deposited layer. Surface structure analyses were carried out using scanning electron microscopy. Elemental analyses are done by energy dispersive x-rays. Reasons for variation in properties and structural characteristics of metal deposit are discussed.
{"title":"Effect of organic additives and current efficiency on electrodeposition of Nickel from sulfate bath","authors":"Muhammad Sadiq, M. Humayun, A. Naveed, M. Arif, S. Afridi, M. Naeem Khan, M. Asif","doi":"10.54693/piche.04924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04924","url":null,"abstract":"The properties of nickel metal electrodeposited in presence of organic additives in various concentrations were studied with respect to current efficiency of the bath. Films were electrodeposited in various pH and temperatures and for different time in order to get high current efficiency and uniform deposit. Locally available salt of sulfate is preferably used as source of nickel. Sodium sulfate is used to improve the conductivity of the bath and it is found that the rate of deposition linearly increases with the increase in concentration of the sodium sulfate in the electrolytic bath. Nickel chloride is primarily added to the bath not only to increase the corrosion of the anode but also to enhance the uniformity of the deposited layer. Surface structure analyses were carried out using scanning electron microscopy. Elemental analyses are done by energy dispersive x-rays. Reasons for variation in properties and structural characteristics of metal deposit are discussed.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43082863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Sadiq, M. Arif, A. Ullah, A. Naveed, S. Afridi, M. Humayun, M. Naeem Khan, M. Asif
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), an electrochemical power generating technology, uses a precious metal Platinum (Pt) catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR), which is a major hindrance in its commercialization. Using a non-precious group metal (NPGM) instead of Pt will reduces the cost of PEMFCs. Herein MnO2 carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized by impregnating the transition metal in large surface carbonaceous material CNTs by hydrothermal synthesis techniques. To enhance the catalytic reaction and increase the volumetric current density, the sample was pyrolyzed at 800 0C temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. During pyrolysis, the nitrogen was also doped in the framework of carbonaceous materials. The materials were then treated with acid, removing the unreacted metals and adding oxygen functional group to the CNT framework due to which the activity of the catalyst is amplified. The catalysts have been characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Catalyst activity has been calculated by Rotating Disc Electrode (RDE) experiment. The resulting materials are stronger in experimental conditions in alkaline environment and have high electro catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) depicts a current density of - 4.0 mA/cm2 and over potential of -0.3V vs. Standard Calomel Electrode (SCE) in 0.1M KOH electrolyte. Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) was conducted at 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 rpm. The results of MnO2CNT show a desirable future aspect in fuel cell commercialization.
{"title":"Synthesis of MnO2 Carbon nanotubes catalyst with enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell","authors":"Muhammad Sadiq, M. Arif, A. Ullah, A. Naveed, S. Afridi, M. Humayun, M. Naeem Khan, M. Asif","doi":"10.54693/piche.04923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04923","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), an electrochemical power generating technology, uses a precious metal Platinum (Pt) catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR), which is a major hindrance in its commercialization. Using a non-precious group metal (NPGM) instead of Pt will reduces the cost of PEMFCs. Herein MnO2 carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized by impregnating the transition metal in large surface carbonaceous material CNTs by hydrothermal synthesis techniques. To enhance the catalytic reaction and increase the volumetric current density, the sample was pyrolyzed at 800 0C temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. During pyrolysis, the nitrogen was also doped in the framework of carbonaceous materials. The materials were then treated with acid, removing the unreacted metals and adding oxygen functional group to the CNT framework due to which the activity of the catalyst is amplified. The catalysts have been characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Catalyst activity has been calculated by Rotating Disc Electrode (RDE) experiment. The resulting materials are stronger in experimental conditions in alkaline environment and have high electro catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) depicts a current density of - 4.0 mA/cm2 and over potential of -0.3V vs. Standard Calomel Electrode (SCE) in 0.1M KOH electrolyte. Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) was conducted at 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 rpm. The results of MnO2CNT show a desirable future aspect in fuel cell commercialization.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48498704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The neutralization reaction of Ca(OH)2 and alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (ABS) is catalyzed by the water which was added about 5 to 10% by weight in start of the reaction. The operational cost for separation of water is high and so the water should be at its minimum level in the reaction system to minimize the operational cost for separation of water. Kinetic study was completed at constant temperature 343 K and different initial water content (1.5, 4.4 and 8.7 weight percent) to determine the reaction kinetic parameters and impact of water content on the rate of reaction, conversion and reaction time for complete conversion. Integral method was used for data analysis of experimental data and to determine the rate equation from concentration time profiles. The neutralization reaction of Ca(OH)2 and ABS is the second order autocatalytic reaction and estimated values of rate constant was 0.0081 liter/mol.min at 343 K and initial water content 1.5 weight percent. The highest rate of reaction was 0.024 mol/lit.min at 343 K and 1.5 weight percent of initial water and about 99.5 % conversion was achieved in 220 min. On increasing the initial water content, the rate of reaction also increased, and almost complete conversion was achieved in 160 min and 120 min when initial water content was 4.4 and 8.7 weight percent respectively. The water content in the end of the reaction was 5.02, 7.86 and 12 weight percent determined when the initial water content was 1.5, 4.4 and 8.7 weight percent respectively charged in the start of the reaction. More than 4.4 weight percent of initial water content is not necessary because after that increment in the rate of reaction was not significant.
在反应开始时加入重量5% ~ 10%的水，催化了Ca(OH)2与烷基苯磺酸(ABS)的中和反应。水分离的运行成本很高，因此水应在反应系统中处于最低水平，以使水分离的运行成本最小化。Â在恒温343 K和不同初始水含量(1.5%、4.4%和8.7%)条件下完成了反应动力学研究，确定了反应动力学参数以及水含量对反应速率、转化率和完全转化所需时间的影响。采用积分法对实验数据进行数据分析，由浓度时间曲线确定速率方程。Ca(OH)2与ABS的中和反应为二级自催化反应，反应速率常数为0.0081 l /mol。最小温度为343 K，初始含水量为1.5%重量%。最高反应速率为0.024 mol/lit。当初始水含量增加时，反应速率也随之提高，当初始水含量分别为4.4和8.7%时，反应速率在160 min和120 min内基本实现完全转化。当反应开始时初始含水量分别为1.5、4.4和8.7%时，反应结束时的含水量分别为5.02、7.86和12%。不需要超过4.4重量%的初始水含量，因为在此之后，反应速率的增加就不显著了。
{"title":"Impact of water content on kinetics of Ca(OH)2 and alkyl benzene sulphonic acid neutralization reaction.","authors":"K. Javed, Mahood Saleem, A. Durrani","doi":"10.54693/piche.04922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04922","url":null,"abstract":"The neutralization reaction of Ca(OH)2 and alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (ABS) is catalyzed by the water which was added about 5 to 10% by weight in start of the reaction. The operational cost for separation of water is high and so the water should be at its minimum level in the reaction system to minimize the operational cost for separation of water. Kinetic study was completed at constant temperature 343 K and different initial water content (1.5, 4.4 and 8.7 weight percent) to determine the reaction kinetic parameters and impact of water content on the rate of reaction, conversion and reaction time for complete conversion. Integral method was used for data analysis of experimental data and to determine the rate equation from concentration time profiles. The neutralization reaction of Ca(OH)2 and ABS is the second order autocatalytic reaction and estimated values of rate constant was 0.0081 liter/mol.min at 343 K and initial water content 1.5 weight percent. The highest rate of reaction was 0.024 mol/lit.min at 343 K and 1.5 weight percent of initial water and about 99.5 % conversion was achieved in 220 min. On increasing the initial water content, the rate of reaction also increased, and almost complete conversion was achieved in 160 min and 120 min when initial water content was 4.4 and 8.7 weight percent respectively. The water content in the end of the reaction was 5.02, 7.86 and 12 weight percent determined when the initial water content was 1.5, 4.4 and 8.7 weight percent respectively charged in the start of the reaction. More than 4.4 weight percent of initial water content is not necessary because after that increment in the rate of reaction was not significant.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47264941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Saadi, Muna Suhail, L. Saad, I. Hassan, F. Ahmed
This study represents to improve the performance of the viscosity of lubricating oil engine behavior against the temperature of the combustion engine oil and to solve problems of facing scientists and industrial purposes like consumption properties of lubricating oil (LO) due to the high temperature inside combustion engine. Extracts natural compounds of frankincense were added to the LO due to frankincense has active physical properties of a heat capacity to a create clear effect on improving the durability of viscosity index was investigated using four general, grades of oil to evaluate viscosity changes against combustion temperature. Numerical technique was used to evaluate the efficiency of four grades and compare it with the optimum reference sample. The obtained results of efficiency were increased approximately 46.16 %. Derived mathematical model depending on three types of heat transfer like heat transfer convection from solid to LO, heat transfer convection from LO to the frankincense and heat transfer from LO to the liquid phase of frankincense to estimate the change of an oil's viscosity against temperature. As well, proposed mathematical model considers the effect of frankincense on the action of LO with and without frankincense.
{"title":"Natural plant additive for enhancing the viscosity of lubricant oil.","authors":"A. Saadi, Muna Suhail, L. Saad, I. Hassan, F. Ahmed","doi":"10.54693/piche.04921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04921","url":null,"abstract":"This study represents to improve the performance of the viscosity of lubricating oil engine behavior against the temperature of the combustion engine oil and to solve problems of facing scientists and industrial purposes like consumption properties of lubricating oil (LO) due to the high temperature inside combustion engine. Extracts natural compounds of frankincense were added to the LO due to frankincense has active physical properties of a heat capacity to a create clear effect on improving the durability of viscosity index was investigated using four general, grades of oil to evaluate viscosity changes against combustion temperature. Numerical technique was used to evaluate the efficiency of four grades and compare it with the optimum reference sample. The obtained results of efficiency were increased approximately 46.16 %. Derived mathematical model depending on three types of heat transfer like heat transfer convection from solid to LO, heat transfer convection from LO to the frankincense and heat transfer from LO to the liquid phase of frankincense to estimate the change of an oil's viscosity against temperature. As well, proposed mathematical model considers the effect of frankincense on the action of LO with and without frankincense.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70884983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Imran, N. Ali, H. Masood, Muhammad Ashraf, Waqar Ali
Pakistani coal is characterized by large amount of mineral matters especially pyrite, which restricts its use in power generation and process industry. High ash contents in coal create problems in terms of slagging, fouling, clinker formation and environmental pollution. High ash content of the coal will affect the coal applications, in order to reduce ash the contents of coal, there is need to clean the coal. In this experimental study effect of dense medium, specific gravity, settling time and particle size on coal washability have been carried out. Experimental study showed that maximum clean coal float fraction was separated out at particle size of 60 mesh. The maximum yield of clean coal is 86.1 % obtained in float and sink test. Settling time also influenced directly on float fraction, float and sink fraction became almost constant at 16 hours. In present research lowest ash contents of clean coal is reduced from 36.38 % to 11.1% which is acceptable for further utilization of process industry.
{"title":"Experimental study of coal washability using float and sink test","authors":"M. Imran, N. Ali, H. Masood, Muhammad Ashraf, Waqar Ali","doi":"10.54693/piche.04918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04918","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistani coal is characterized by large amount of mineral matters especially pyrite, which restricts its use in power generation and process industry. High ash contents in coal create problems in terms of slagging, fouling, clinker formation and environmental pollution. High ash content of the coal will affect the coal applications, in order to reduce ash the contents of coal, there is need to clean the coal. In this experimental study effect of dense medium, specific gravity, settling time and particle size on coal washability have been carried out. Experimental study showed that maximum clean coal float fraction was separated out at particle size of 60 mesh. The maximum yield of clean coal is 86.1 % obtained in float and sink test. Settling time also influenced directly on float fraction, float and sink fraction became almost constant at 16 hours. In present research lowest ash contents of clean coal is reduced from 36.38 % to 11.1% which is acceptable for further utilization of process industry.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48999565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The microstructural and mechanical properties of alumina reinforced Al7010 matrix composites, fabricated by stir casting, were investigated by varying size and volume fractions of alumina particles. The optical microscope, micro Vickers hardness tester, tensile tester, and impact testers were used to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of produced alumina reinforced Al7010 matrix composites. Results show that the alumina reinforced Al7010 matrix composites, incorporating lower volume fractions of alumina particles, exhibited much better morphological and mechanical properties than composites with higher volume fractions. The composite with 14% alumina particles of size 15 µm exhibited uniform dispersion of alumina particles in the Al7010 matrix with superior interfacial bonding and negligible agglomeration of alumina particles and excellent morphological properties. On the other hand, the composite, having 21% alumina particles of size 1 µm demonstrated very poor morphological properties and intensive agglomeration of alumina particles. Similarly, the maximum values of Rm (349 MPa) and ÆT (3.41%) were also offered by composite, incorporating 14% Al2O3 particles of size 15 µm attributed to the uniform dispersion and negligible agglomeration of alumina particles throughout the matrix. The composite with 21% alumina particles of size 1 µm offered the minimum values of Rm (172 MPa) and ÆT (1.69%) due to the presence of intensive agglomeration of alumina particles. The superior impact toughness (11.4 J) and the overall optimum combination of morphological and mechanical properties were offered by the composite with 14% alumina particles of size 15 µm.
{"title":"Microstructural and mechanical properties of Al2O3 reinforced Al7010 matrix composites, fabricated by stir casting","authors":"A. Farooq, Fauzia Wahid, M. Hafeez, T. Anum","doi":"10.54693/piche.04917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04917","url":null,"abstract":"The microstructural and mechanical properties of alumina reinforced Al7010 matrix composites, fabricated by stir casting, were investigated by varying size and volume fractions of alumina particles. The optical microscope, micro Vickers hardness tester, tensile tester, and impact testers were used to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of produced alumina reinforced Al7010 matrix composites. Results show that the alumina reinforced Al7010 matrix composites, incorporating lower volume fractions of alumina particles, exhibited much better morphological and mechanical properties than composites with higher volume fractions. The composite with 14% alumina particles of size 15 µm exhibited uniform dispersion of alumina particles in the Al7010 matrix with superior interfacial bonding and negligible agglomeration of alumina particles and excellent morphological properties. On the other hand, the composite, having 21% alumina particles of size 1 µm demonstrated very poor morphological properties and intensive agglomeration of alumina particles. Similarly, the maximum values of Rm (349 MPa) and ÆT (3.41%) were also offered by composite, incorporating 14% Al2O3 particles of size 15 µm attributed to the uniform dispersion and negligible agglomeration of alumina particles throughout the matrix. The composite with 21% alumina particles of size 1 µm offered the minimum values of Rm (172 MPa) and ÆT (1.69%) due to the presence of intensive agglomeration of alumina particles. The superior impact toughness (11.4 J) and the overall optimum combination of morphological and mechanical properties were offered by the composite with 14% alumina particles of size 15 µm.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48960819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Waqas, Syed Zameer Ul Hassan, S. Siddique, Ali Asghar, Anila Ali, Ali Raza Shafqat, Zafar Javed, Zohaib Iqbal, Mehwish Hafeez
Dyeing of polyester is done by using disperse dyes. Some of the disperse dyes remain unfixed during dyeing and create problems in shade and colorfastness properties. Reduction clearing (RC) is a process to remove these unfixed dyes and to enhance colorfastness properties. In the Pakistani textile industry, reduction clearing is being done by using sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), which has the best results in reducing dyestuff. The problem with sodium dithionite is that it is sensitive to air and also creates a lot of environmental issues. Its sensitivity causes inconsistent results of reduction clearing. Different dyers used different processes and recipes of reduction clearing. Thiourea Dioxide (TUD) is a green reducing agent and can be used as a replacement for sodium dithionite. TUD (CH4N2S) is a stable product with a comparable result with sodium dithionite. Interlock knitted fabric is used in this project whose composition has recycled polyester. The fabric was first dyed using black dyestuff and then reduction clearing was done on a lab-scale with different factors (Shade depth, the concentration of TUD, RC temperature). Three colorfastness tests were conducted to evaluate the different levels of each factor i.e. colorfastness to washing, fastness to perspiration, and fastness to water according to standard numbers ISO 105-C06, ISO 105-E04, and ISO 105-E01, respectively. It was observed that shade depth does not affect the results while concentration and RC temperature have a significant effect on the results. Moreover, the effective concentration of TUD was also determined.
{"title":"Effective reduction clearing parameters involving alternative reducing agent","authors":"M. Waqas, Syed Zameer Ul Hassan, S. Siddique, Ali Asghar, Anila Ali, Ali Raza Shafqat, Zafar Javed, Zohaib Iqbal, Mehwish Hafeez","doi":"10.54693/piche.04916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04916","url":null,"abstract":"Dyeing of polyester is done by using disperse dyes. Some of the disperse dyes remain unfixed during dyeing and create problems in shade and colorfastness properties. Reduction clearing (RC) is a process to remove these unfixed dyes and to enhance colorfastness properties. In the Pakistani textile industry, reduction clearing is being done by using sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), which has the best results in reducing dyestuff. The problem with sodium dithionite is that it is sensitive to air and also creates a lot of environmental issues. Its sensitivity causes inconsistent results of reduction clearing. Different dyers used different processes and recipes of reduction clearing. Thiourea Dioxide (TUD) is a green reducing agent and can be used as a replacement for sodium dithionite. TUD (CH4N2S) is a stable product with a comparable result with sodium dithionite. Interlock knitted fabric is used in this project whose composition has recycled polyester. The fabric was first dyed using black dyestuff and then reduction clearing was done on a lab-scale with different factors (Shade depth, the concentration of TUD, RC temperature). Three colorfastness tests were conducted to evaluate the different levels of each factor i.e. colorfastness to washing, fastness to perspiration, and fastness to water according to standard numbers ISO 105-C06, ISO 105-E04, and ISO 105-E01, respectively. It was observed that shade depth does not affect the results while concentration and RC temperature have a significant effect on the results. Moreover, the effective concentration of TUD was also determined.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47454908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nagarparker arid zone of Pakistan. It has large deposits of Kaolin (China Clay) approximately 4.3 million tons. Crystal zeolite ZSM produced and characterized. Material ground, calcined dehydrated using ball mill, autoclave and furnace respectively due to dehydration kaolinite converted into metakaolin with a weight loss of about 3.9% and 8 M solution of Sodium hydroxide added with the ratio of 1:5 at 100 °C with vigorous stirring for 1 h. Fusion carried out at 100 °C for 1 h, sample washed 3 times to make its pH normal. Characteristic Si-O-Al, OH, Al-OH and Si-OH bands were confirmed in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies. Scanning Electron microscopy showed clear morphology of zeolite zsm. Xray Diffraction showed 2ÆŸ peaks and revealed orthogonal shaped crystal structure. The results show that the Nagarparker kaoling is suitable for the synthesis of Zeolite ZSM as value added Product.
{"title":"Utilization of Nagarparker kaolin for the synthesis of zeolite-zsm, a value added product","authors":"H. Mahar, S. A. Soomro, A. Memon, S. Holmes","doi":"10.54693/piche.04915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04915","url":null,"abstract":"Nagarparker arid zone of Pakistan. It has large deposits of Kaolin (China Clay) approximately 4.3 million tons. Crystal zeolite ZSM produced and characterized. Material ground, calcined dehydrated using ball mill, autoclave and furnace respectively due to dehydration kaolinite converted into metakaolin with a weight loss of about 3.9% and 8 M solution of Sodium hydroxide added with the ratio of 1:5 at 100 °C with vigorous stirring for 1 h. Fusion carried out at 100 °C for 1 h, sample washed 3 times to make its pH normal. Characteristic Si-O-Al, OH, Al-OH and Si-OH bands were confirmed in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy studies. Scanning Electron microscopy showed clear morphology of zeolite zsm. Xray Diffraction showed 2ÆŸ peaks and revealed orthogonal shaped crystal structure. The results show that the Nagarparker kaoling is suitable for the synthesis of Zeolite ZSM as value added Product.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42115692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Masood, S. Haider, U. Javed, N. Ali, S. Hussain, Muhammad Ashraf
This Research includes that how to switch from prior techniques towards the green cement. Green cement is environment friendly and less producing the carbon dioxide in the environment. First of all it seems that the possibility of best replaceable recycled material which is fly ash. There are set of materials which can replace the cement in making concrete like the rice husk, sugar cane, furnace slag etc. but we have worked on fly ash as recycled material which has the same constituents required for making cement and fly as required less amount of energy as fly ash already burned that’s why generation of carbon dioxide is less. In this thesis we have calculated the percentage amount of fly ash to limestone used for green cement production. In present study it can be replaced 80 to 100 percent of cement by fly ash but for this purpose we have to use sodium based activator. In this research work it have been found the best place for green cement plant in Sindh (Pakistan) in plant location and discussed all factors that affect the plant location.
{"title":"A Technical Feasibility Study and Environmental Impacts of Green Cement Production from Recycled Fly Ash in Pakistan","authors":"H. Masood, S. Haider, U. Javed, N. Ali, S. Hussain, Muhammad Ashraf","doi":"10.54693/piche.04914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54693/piche.04914","url":null,"abstract":"This Research includes that how to switch from prior techniques towards the green cement. Green cement is environment friendly and less producing the carbon dioxide in the environment. First of all it seems that the possibility of best replaceable recycled material which is fly ash. There are set of materials which can replace the cement in making concrete like the rice husk, sugar cane, furnace slag etc. but we have worked on fly ash as recycled material which has the same constituents required for making cement and fly as required less amount of energy as fly ash already burned that’s why generation of carbon dioxide is less. In this thesis we have calculated the percentage amount of fly ash to limestone used for green cement production. In present study it can be replaced 80 to 100 percent of cement by fly ash but for this purpose we have to use sodium based activator. In this research work it have been found the best place for green cement plant in Sindh (Pakistan) in plant location and discussed all factors that affect the plant location.","PeriodicalId":17383,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45320232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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