The paper seeks to examine the role of non-state actors in enabling terrorism and insecurity in Mali. It analyses the insecurity situation in Mali within the broader challenge of insecurity and religious conflict in West Africa. The paper argues that the lack of political will by the various post-colonial governments to address the concerns of the Tuaregs may have contributed to the security challenges the country faces soon after the collapse of the Muammar Ghaddafi administration in Libya. The paper contends that transhumanism as a migratory pattern and the porosity of international boundaries along the Sahel region are enabling variables for the country's insecurity and instability. Though how transhumanism is practised today may have changed, the methodological approach in which it is carried out has not. However, many have argued that the root causes of terrorist acts and violent conflict in post-independence Africa are not the unmet promises to address poverty and unemployment but people's experiences of inequality and relative deprivation. In other words, people are dissatisfied when comparing their quality of life and economic and social opportunities with those of better-off countries and communities. The paper attempts to clarify some of the critical theoretical issues political elites need to look out for as they put measures to address fundamental challenges the country is facing. The concept of the 'ungoverned Spaces' was elaborated upon and insisted that the vast uninhabited spaces in Mali are breeding groups for terrorists with their nebulous activities. The paper concludes by suggesting that the government should renegotiate a social compact with the people of Mali and start re-engineering a kind of rapprochement between the people and the government.
{"title":"Transborder Insecurity in the Sahel: Assessing Non-state Actors in Enabling Terrorism in Mali","authors":"Nicasius Achu Check, Issiaka Diarra","doi":"10.5787/51-2-1418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/51-2-1418","url":null,"abstract":"The paper seeks to examine the role of non-state actors in enabling terrorism and insecurity in Mali. It analyses the insecurity situation in Mali within the broader challenge of insecurity and religious conflict in West Africa. The paper argues that the lack of political will by the various post-colonial governments to address the concerns of the Tuaregs may have contributed to the security challenges the country faces soon after the collapse of the Muammar Ghaddafi administration in Libya. The paper contends that transhumanism as a migratory pattern and the porosity of international boundaries along the Sahel region are enabling variables for the country's insecurity and instability. Though how transhumanism is practised today may have changed, the methodological approach in which it is carried out has not. However, many have argued that the root causes of terrorist acts and violent conflict in post-independence Africa are not the unmet promises to address poverty and unemployment but people's experiences of inequality and relative deprivation. In other words, people are dissatisfied when comparing their quality of life and economic and social opportunities with those of better-off countries and communities. The paper attempts to clarify some of the critical theoretical issues political elites need to look out for as they put measures to address fundamental challenges the country is facing. The concept of the 'ungoverned Spaces' was elaborated upon and insisted that the vast uninhabited spaces in Mali are breeding groups for terrorists with their nebulous activities. The paper concludes by suggesting that the government should renegotiate a social compact with the people of Mali and start re-engineering a kind of rapprochement between the people and the government.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135705260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Intelligence: Supporting Composite Warfare Operations in Africa","authors":"Hussein Solomon","doi":"10.5787/51-2-1419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/51-2-1419","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135705528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In mid-2021, the government of South Africa deployed troops from the South African National Defence Force to the troubled Northern Province of Mozambique as part of a Southern African Development Community regional force to quell the threat posed by insurgents in the country. Poignantly, the deployment happened at about the same time the United States of America completed the withdrawal of its troops from Afghanistan after twenty years of military intervention. Shortly after the departure of the American troops, Afghanistan degenerated into anarchy with the takeover of government machinery by the Taliban, bringing to the fore years of discourse on the sustainability of military interventions. Scholars have adduced many reasons for the American “failure” in Afghanistan. One of the most prominent reasons was the failure of American policymakers to understand the role of tribe, religion, and ethnicity in conflict dynamics. Although the socio-political, socioeconomic, and sociocultural contexts of the South African intervention in Mozambique differ from the American context, there are lessons South Africa could learn to avoid some pitfalls. Employing secondary data, the study on which this article is based, examined the 20-year military American involvement in Afghanistan to proffer possible lessons for the involvement of the South African government in Mozambique.
2021年年中，南非政府将南非国防军(South African National Defence Force)的部队部署到陷入困境的莫桑比克北部省，作为南部非洲发展共同体区域部队的一部分，以平息该国叛乱分子构成的威胁。令人痛心的是，这次部署发生在美利坚合众国经过20年的军事干预完成从阿富汗撤军的同时。美军撤离后不久，阿富汗陷入无政府状态，塔利班接管了政府机构，多年来关于军事干预的可持续性的讨论就此展开。学者们为美国在阿富汗的“失败”举出了许多原因。最突出的原因之一是美国决策者未能理解部落、宗教和种族在冲突动态中的作用。尽管南非干预莫桑比克的社会政治、社会经济和社会文化背景与美国不同，但南非可以从中吸取教训，避免一些陷阱。本文所依据的研究采用二手数据，考察了美国在阿富汗的20年军事介入，为南非政府在莫桑比克的介入提供了可能的经验教训。
{"title":"South Africa’s Military Deployment to Northern Mozambique: Lessons from the United States of America’s (Mis)Adventure in Afghanistan","authors":"Joseph Adebayo","doi":"10.5787/51-1-1404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/51-1-1404","url":null,"abstract":"In mid-2021, the government of South Africa deployed troops from the South African National Defence Force to the troubled Northern Province of Mozambique as part of a Southern African Development Community regional force to quell the threat posed by insurgents in the country. Poignantly, the deployment happened at about the same time the United States of America completed the withdrawal of its troops from Afghanistan after twenty years of military intervention. Shortly after the departure of the American troops, Afghanistan degenerated into anarchy with the takeover of government machinery by the Taliban, bringing to the fore years of discourse on the sustainability of military interventions. Scholars have adduced many reasons for the American “failure” in Afghanistan. One of the most prominent reasons was the failure of American policymakers to understand the role of tribe, religion, and ethnicity in conflict dynamics. Although the socio-political, socioeconomic, and sociocultural contexts of the South African intervention in Mozambique differ from the American context, there are lessons South Africa could learn to avoid some pitfalls. Employing secondary data, the study on which this article is based, examined the 20-year military American involvement in Afghanistan to proffer possible lessons for the involvement of the South African government in Mozambique.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135662602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Command: The Politics of Military Operations from Korea to Ukraine","authors":"Abel Esterhuyse","doi":"10.5787/51-2-1420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/51-2-1420","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135704379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Russia: Revolution and Civil War 1917–1921","authors":"Marno Swart","doi":"10.5787/51-1-1411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/51-1-1411","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135662599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Worst Military Leaders in History","authors":"Johnny O'Neil","doi":"10.5787/51-1-1409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/51-1-1409","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"2020 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135662603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Speed, Aggression, Surprise: The Untold Secret Origins of the SAS","authors":"Louis Bester","doi":"10.5787/51-2-1422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/51-2-1422","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135704073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spear: Mandela and the Revolutionaries","authors":"Mashudu Godfrey Ramuhala","doi":"10.5787/51-1-1412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/51-1-1412","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135662593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
My contestation in this research article is that Dieter Felix Gerhardt, a South African naval officer based in Simon’s Town, was a paid penetration agent for the Russian Military Intelligence Service, Glavnoje Razvedyvatel’noje Upravlenije, in the South African Defence Force. This contestation cannot be accepted as true without due scientific investigation and analysis by way of a case study as my primary research method. For this case study on Dieter Felix Gerhardt and his wife, Ruth Johr, exploratory research was not necessary or attempted, because the phenomena of espionage, intelligence services, and counterintelligence exist in sovereign countries (mostly by way of legislation), as elements and instruments of government structures and policy. The case study on Dieter Felix Gerhardt and Ruth Johr was approached from the perspective of intelligence studies; therefore, the intelligence terminology and nomenclature used will be defined, explained, and referenced.
我在这篇研究文章中的论点是，驻扎在西蒙镇的南非海军军官迪特尔·菲利克斯·格哈特(Dieter Felix Gerhardt)是南非国防军中俄罗斯军事情报机构Glavnoje Razvedyvatel 'noje Upravlenije的付费渗透特工。如果没有充分的科学调查和分析，我的主要研究方法是案例研究，这种争论是不能被接受的。对于Dieter Felix Gerhardt和他的妻子Ruth Johr的案例研究，探索性研究是没有必要的，也没有尝试，因为间谍、情报服务和反间谍现象存在于主权国家(主要通过立法)，作为政府结构和政策的要素和工具。本文从智力研究的角度对Dieter Felix Gerhardt和Ruth Johr的案例进行了研究;因此，所使用的情报术语和命名法将被定义、解释和引用。
{"title":"Dieter Felix Gerhardt: A Case Study of Russian Espionage in South Africa","authors":"Henning Van Aswegen","doi":"10.5787/51-1-1407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/51-1-1407","url":null,"abstract":"My contestation in this research article is that Dieter Felix Gerhardt, a South African naval officer based in Simon’s Town, was a paid penetration agent for the Russian Military Intelligence Service, Glavnoje Razvedyvatel’noje Upravlenije, in the South African Defence Force. This contestation cannot be accepted as true without due scientific investigation and analysis by way of a case study as my primary research method. For this case study on Dieter Felix Gerhardt and his wife, Ruth Johr, exploratory research was not necessary or attempted, because the phenomena of espionage, intelligence services, and counterintelligence exist in sovereign countries (mostly by way of legislation), as elements and instruments of government structures and policy. The case study on Dieter Felix Gerhardt and Ruth Johr was approached from the perspective of intelligence studies; therefore, the intelligence terminology and nomenclature used will be defined, explained, and referenced.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135662598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Ecological Footprint (EF) is a measure that calculates the demand for resources from the environment based on people's needs and desires in their daily lives. This study used the Global Footprint Network (GFN) online calculator to measure the EF of Army Support Base Eastern Cape (ASB EC). The EF online survey method, a questionnaire, was used to obtain the quantitative data from the online results of each participant. Statistical analysis was performed using the STATISTICA 14.0 program to calculate the EFs of the individual ASB EC members and their combined EFs. Officers recorded the highest EFs in most categories, with non-commissioned officers (NCOs), Private Services Act (PSAP) personnel and privates in general recording the lowest scores. Males performed better than females in almost all categories, suggesting that they have a higher EF than females. The results of this study are significant as it is the first EF calculation performed for a military base in South Africa and one of only a few global studies similarly targeting the military. These results can be used as a basis for further studies in units of the SANDF, ultimately leading to more sustainable resource use.
{"title":"The Ecological Footprint of Individual Members at the Army Support Base, Eastern Cape","authors":"Desire Fouche, Hennie Smit, Ivan Henrico","doi":"10.5787/51-2-1397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/51-2-1397","url":null,"abstract":"The Ecological Footprint (EF) is a measure that calculates the demand for resources from the environment based on people's needs and desires in their daily lives. This study used the Global Footprint Network (GFN) online calculator to measure the EF of Army Support Base Eastern Cape (ASB EC). The EF online survey method, a questionnaire, was used to obtain the quantitative data from the online results of each participant. Statistical analysis was performed using the STATISTICA 14.0 program to calculate the EFs of the individual ASB EC members and their combined EFs. Officers recorded the highest EFs in most categories, with non-commissioned officers (NCOs), Private Services Act (PSAP) personnel and privates in general recording the lowest scores. Males performed better than females in almost all categories, suggesting that they have a higher EF than females. The results of this study are significant as it is the first EF calculation performed for a military base in South Africa and one of only a few global studies similarly targeting the military. These results can be used as a basis for further studies in units of the SANDF, ultimately leading to more sustainable resource use.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"416 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135703818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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