Human trafficking is a complex and diverse crime affecting both individuals and countries across the world. As a significant facet of transnational organised crime and one of the most lucrative criminal enterprises globally, human trafficking was ranked in 2015 as the second most profitable crime around the world, making it the fastest-growing source of revenue for organised criminal operations internationally. In 2015 South Africa implemented comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation. Before such legislation was enacted, the South African government also ratified several international and regional human-rights instruments in terms of which specific duties are imposed upon the state to effectively combat and punish the crime including the protection of the rights of victims. The focus of this article is the desired role of the military in combating human trafficking in South Africa. In 2004, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation adopted a Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings of 2004. The policy sets out various strategies for ensuring regional co-operation in combating human trafficking. It is suggested that the South African National Defence Force takes the initiative in formulating a similar policy in order to effect better co-operation amongst nation states in Africa, especially in the southern region of Africa, to combat human trafficking. In order to meaningfully address the role of the Defence Force in the fight against human trafficking and to develop evidence-based strategies and policies, regional coordination in combating trafficking is paramount. This article will examine current legislation, instruments and strategies as regards human trafficking in order to make further recommendations for counter-trafficking policy standards and best practices for the South African National Defence Force.
{"title":"The role of the military in combating human trafficking: A South African perspective","authors":"N. Mollema","doi":"10.5787/45-2-1211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/45-2-1211","url":null,"abstract":"Human trafficking is a complex and diverse crime affecting both individuals and countries across the world. As a significant facet of transnational organised crime and one of the most lucrative criminal enterprises globally, human trafficking was ranked in 2015 as the second most profitable crime around the world, making it the fastest-growing source of revenue for organised criminal operations internationally. In 2015 South Africa implemented comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation. Before such legislation was enacted, the South African government also ratified several international and regional human-rights instruments in terms of which specific duties are imposed upon the state to effectively combat and punish the crime including the protection of the rights of victims. The focus of this article is the desired role of the military in combating human trafficking in South Africa. In 2004, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation adopted a Policy on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings of 2004. The policy sets out various strategies for ensuring regional co-operation in combating human trafficking. It is suggested that the South African National Defence Force takes the initiative in formulating a similar policy in order to effect better co-operation amongst nation states in Africa, especially in the southern region of Africa, to combat human trafficking. In order to meaningfully address the role of the Defence Force in the fight against human trafficking and to develop evidence-based strategies and policies, regional coordination in combating trafficking is paramount. This article will examine current legislation, instruments and strategies as regards human trafficking in order to make further recommendations for counter-trafficking policy standards and best practices for the South African National Defence Force.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131278541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Automated precise guided missile defence has been around for some years, and is a modern-day mechanism used frequently since 2011 to defend against rocket attacks penetrating national airspace. Israel’s automated Iron Dome Missile Defence System has intercepted over 1 000 rockets during two recent military campaigns, namely Operation Pillar of Defence in 2012 and Operation Protective Edge in 2014. This ‘human-in-the-loop’ technology may become increasingly normal in urbanised cities as states look to strengthen their aerial defence capabilities. However, the deployment of advanced sensor-based technology on the battlefield was predicted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in its 1987 Commentary to Additional Protocol I to bring about potentially disastrous consequences. Numerous roboticists, lawyers, and scientists have expressed concern, calling for a ban on similar fully autonomous weapon systems. There is no definitive answer yet as to the legality of actively deploying such a weapon system against rocket attacks. This article considers individual technological design choices made by Iron Dome’s manufacturer Rafael Advanced Defence Systems (Rafael) and explains trends as military efficiency is enhanced and legal provisions appear to be honoured within separate elements of the weapon system. Assessing the legalities and efficiencies of Iron Dome could inform future missile defence systems like Denel’s Cheetah Skyshield.
{"title":"A laws of war review of contemporary land-based missile defence system ‘Iron Dome’","authors":"J. Block","doi":"10.5787/45-2-1207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/45-2-1207","url":null,"abstract":"Automated precise guided missile defence has been around for some years, and is a modern-day mechanism used frequently since 2011 to defend against rocket attacks penetrating national airspace. Israel’s automated Iron Dome Missile Defence System has intercepted over 1 000 rockets during two recent military campaigns, namely Operation Pillar of Defence in 2012 and Operation Protective Edge in 2014. This ‘human-in-the-loop’ technology may become increasingly normal in urbanised cities as states look to strengthen their aerial defence capabilities. However, the deployment of advanced sensor-based technology on the battlefield was predicted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in its 1987 Commentary to Additional Protocol I to bring about potentially disastrous consequences. Numerous roboticists, lawyers, and scientists have expressed concern, calling for a ban on similar fully autonomous weapon systems. There is no definitive answer yet as to the legality of actively deploying such a weapon system against rocket attacks. This article considers individual technological design choices made by Iron Dome’s manufacturer Rafael Advanced Defence Systems (Rafael) and explains trends as military efficiency is enhanced and legal provisions appear to be honoured within separate elements of the weapon system. Assessing the legalities and efficiencies of Iron Dome could inform future missile defence systems like Denel’s Cheetah Skyshield.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116646174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Law enforcement at sea requires specialised capabilities, training and legislation due to the unique legal and physical environment within which it is conducted. The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) is increasingly deployed for enforcing South African law at sea, and a constitutional democracy with entrenched human rights requires that the SANDF performs this function in a lawful and compliant manner with reference to international and domestic law. The present study sought to contribute to a greater understanding of the legal framework for law enforcement at sea by the military, and surveyed the applicable international and domestic legal prescripts to describe briefly the nature of law enforcement tasks involved. The law enforcement powers of the SANDF are pointed out in this article and discussed in the context of the applicable legal prescripts that straddle the boundaries between a collection of different areas of law. Some observations are made on possible human rights concerns, cooperation with other government departments, and considerations for the military commander are pointed out before conclusions are drawn.
{"title":"Powers of the South African National Defence Force to enforce South African law at sea","authors":"A. Smit","doi":"10.5787/45-2-1209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/45-2-1209","url":null,"abstract":"Law enforcement at sea requires specialised capabilities, training and legislation due to the unique legal and physical environment within which it is conducted. The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) is increasingly deployed for enforcing South African law at sea, and a constitutional democracy with entrenched human rights requires that the SANDF performs this function in a lawful and compliant manner with reference to international and domestic law. The present study sought to contribute to a greater understanding of the legal framework for law enforcement at sea by the military, and surveyed the applicable international and domestic legal prescripts to describe briefly the nature of law enforcement tasks involved. The law enforcement powers of the SANDF are pointed out in this article and discussed in the context of the applicable legal prescripts that straddle the boundaries between a collection of different areas of law. Some observations are made on possible human rights concerns, cooperation with other government departments, and considerations for the military commander are pointed out before conclusions are drawn.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115866208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study on which this article is based, aimed to map out and analyse the ways in which Sweden’s Gripen exports have been shaped and sustained since the end of the Cold War. It did so by examining three interrelated factors that have had an effect on Sweden’s defence industry. By illustrating how societal preferences, defence and security policy shifts, and the role of national identity have influenced weapons manufacturing and exports, this article provides a balanced overview of the most salient push and pull factors of Sweden’s Gripen exports. The central contention of the study was that Swedish weapons manufacturing and exports often involve a close interaction between interests and ideals. Moreover, due to the multitude of richly correlated, interconnected and mutually reinforcing elements related to such practices, there cannot be a neat and parsimonious distinction between agents and structures and domestic and international settings. Instead, the study was especially reflective of real-world practices and the strategic relational approach between those forces that shape and sustain Sweden’s Gripen exports.
{"title":"The interplay between national interest and idealism regarding Sweden's Gripen exports","authors":"W. Coetzee","doi":"10.5787/45-1-1195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/45-1-1195","url":null,"abstract":"The study on which this article is based, aimed to map out and analyse the ways in which Sweden’s Gripen exports have been shaped and sustained since the end of the Cold War. It did so by examining three interrelated factors that have had an effect on Sweden’s defence industry. By illustrating how societal preferences, defence and security policy shifts, and the role of national identity have influenced weapons manufacturing and exports, this article provides a balanced overview of the most salient push and pull factors of Sweden’s Gripen exports. The central contention of the study was that Swedish weapons manufacturing and exports often involve a close interaction between interests and ideals. Moreover, due to the multitude of richly correlated, interconnected and mutually reinforcing elements related to such practices, there cannot be a neat and parsimonious distinction between agents and structures and domestic and international settings. Instead, the study was especially reflective of real-world practices and the strategic relational approach between those forces that shape and sustain Sweden’s Gripen exports.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"404 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116028541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Post-conflict transformation is a difficult task, since renewed violence frequently flares up after peace treaties have been signed. Failure to end conflict often results from misinterpretations of the roots or an inability of the conflict to create suitable exit strategies for military forces. Reintegration of soldiers and non-state armed actors entails delicate and complex procedures, which are central in maintaining security in a newly created democracy. These all point to the important role of the military in post-conflict transformation. The focus of the study on which this article is based, was on evaluating the role and place of military forces in post-conflict peace-building activities. These activities relate to diverse peacekeeping experiences in Africa, and focused on flaws and challenges in post-conflict peace-building missions in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan and the Central African Republic; post-conflict transformation and development; security sector reform and South Africa’s participation as member of the Southern African Development Community.
{"title":"Military involvement in post-conflict transformation in African peace-building","authors":"R. Ferreira","doi":"10.5787/45-1-1192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/45-1-1192","url":null,"abstract":"Post-conflict transformation is a difficult task, since renewed violence frequently flares up after peace treaties have been signed. Failure to end conflict often results from misinterpretations of the roots or an inability of the conflict to create suitable exit strategies for military forces. Reintegration of soldiers and non-state armed actors entails delicate and complex procedures, which are central in maintaining security in a newly created democracy. These all point to the important role of the military in post-conflict transformation. The focus of the study on which this article is based, was on evaluating the role and place of military forces in post-conflict peace-building activities. These activities relate to diverse peacekeeping experiences in Africa, and focused on flaws and challenges in post-conflict peace-building missions in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan and the Central African Republic; post-conflict transformation and development; security sector reform and South Africa’s participation as member of the Southern African Development Community.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127173874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Workplace bullying is a pervasive problem faced by organisations globally. Although progress has been made in augmenting our understanding of the phenomenon within diverse work settings, the military remains one work environment where dialogue into the phenomenon is not forthcoming. Scientific enquiry into bullying in the military is virtually non-existent. The aim of this study was to provide a conceptual analysis and review of workplace bullying literature, whilst also characterising the personas of military bullies and initiatives to assist them in correcting their behaviour. The associated costs to an organisation necessitate the urgency with which this issue needs to be addressed, especially within the military environment.
{"title":"A proposed typology of the military bully","authors":"Donovan J. Kalamdien, Audrey Lawrence","doi":"10.5787/45-1-1196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/45-1-1196","url":null,"abstract":"Workplace bullying is a pervasive problem faced by organisations globally. Although progress has been made in augmenting our understanding of the phenomenon within diverse work settings, the military remains one work environment where dialogue into the phenomenon is not forthcoming. Scientific enquiry into bullying in the military is virtually non-existent. The aim of this study was to provide a conceptual analysis and review of workplace bullying literature, whilst also characterising the personas of military bullies and initiatives to assist them in correcting their behaviour. The associated costs to an organisation necessitate the urgency with which this issue needs to be addressed, especially within the military environment.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125533802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War","authors":"T. Beukes","doi":"10.5787/45-1-1197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/45-1-1197","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132072147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Book Title: Black Hawks rising: the story of AMISOM’s successful war against Somali insurgents, 2007-2014 Book Author: Opiyo Oloya Helion and Company. London. 2016. 262pp. ISBN 9781910777695.
{"title":"Book Review: Black Hawks rising: the story of AMISOM’s successful war against Somali insurgents, 2007-2014","authors":"H. Solomon","doi":"10.5787/45-1-1199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/45-1-1199","url":null,"abstract":"Book Title: Black Hawks rising: the story of AMISOM’s successful war against Somali insurgents, 2007-2014 Book Author: Opiyo Oloya Helion and Company. London. 2016. 262pp. ISBN 9781910777695.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126011600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Composite Warfare: The conduct of successful ground force operation in Africa","authors":"A. Esterhuyse","doi":"10.5787/45-1-1198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/45-1-1198","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117295287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intensity of the South African War (1899-1902) escalated sharply during the guerrilla phase in the rural areas outside the conventional theatre of operations. The conflict, which already resembled a total war, had a devastating destabilizing effect on the socio-economic stability and internal security in the rural areas of the two Boer Republics. The resulting lack of internal or domestic security in the rural areas eroded internal control by the Boer community and giving rise to a power vacuum. This development put the black population in the position to challenge white rule. This challenge took the form of armed black units under the command of either ‘joiners’ or British officers that started to operate in the unregulated and unsecured space. The black units committed tasks in the power vacuum that varied from spying to assisting the British forces to transport Boer women and children from their farms to concentration camps. In some cases armed blacks also operated as a military unit to challenge small pockets of Boers. The Boer population reacted with bitterness against these armed units. The expressed animosity even surpassed the adverse feelings they had for the British. The aim of the article is to investigate this phenomenon, with specific focus on the actions of Olaf Bergh in the Free State, who commanded a Winburg unit consisting of 500 armed blacks. Bergh’s actions at Smaldeel station in the central Free State caused anger and bitterness that lingered for decades after the War. The focus of the article is to explain why the reaction against Bergh and his black unit was so strong and bitter, and also disproportionally stronger than the general feeling of animosity toward the British.
{"title":"The brutality of war: A perspective on the actions of Olaf Bergh’s black scouts at Smaldeel during the South African War (1899-1902)","authors":"P. Labuschagne","doi":"10.5787/45-1-1193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5787/45-1-1193","url":null,"abstract":"The intensity of the South African War (1899-1902) escalated sharply during the guerrilla phase in the rural areas outside the conventional theatre of operations. The conflict, which already resembled a total war, had a devastating destabilizing effect on the socio-economic stability and internal security in the rural areas of the two Boer Republics. The resulting lack of internal or domestic security in the rural areas eroded internal control by the Boer community and giving rise to a power vacuum. This development put the black population in the position to challenge white rule. This challenge took the form of armed black units under the command of either ‘joiners’ or British officers that started to operate in the unregulated and unsecured space. The black units committed tasks in the power vacuum that varied from spying to assisting the British forces to transport Boer women and children from their farms to concentration camps. In some cases armed blacks also operated as a military unit to challenge small pockets of Boers. The Boer population reacted with bitterness against these armed units. The expressed animosity even surpassed the adverse feelings they had for the British. The aim of the article is to investigate this phenomenon, with specific focus on the actions of Olaf Bergh in the Free State, who commanded a Winburg unit consisting of 500 armed blacks. Bergh’s actions at Smaldeel station in the central Free State caused anger and bitterness that lingered for decades after the War. The focus of the article is to explain why the reaction against Bergh and his black unit was so strong and bitter, and also disproportionally stronger than the general feeling of animosity toward the British.","PeriodicalId":173901,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124796666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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