Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.213
Jacob W. Farriester, W. Hoback, Daniel G. Snethen
ABSTRACT: The largest North American Silphidae, the American burying beetle (ABB), Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, has been extirpated from ∼90% of its historic range and is federally threatened. Two distinct populations in the Southern (Oklahoma and Arkansas) and North-Central United States (Nebraska and South Dakota) persist at the western edge of the ABB's former range. In Nebraska, the western limits of occurrence are associated with Merritt Reservoir and linked irrigation canals. ABBs are also found at the nearby hand-planted McKelvie National Forest. While habitat alteration and fragmentation are likely the primary reasons for ABB decline, few studies have examined their response to human habitat modifications unrelated to urbanization or agricultural conversion. Through five-day sampling periods with carrion-baited pitfall traps, ABB were captured and recorded in June and August from 2015 to 2017 at Merritt Reservoir and McKelvie National Forest in Cherry County, Nebraska. Traps were placed in transects (N = 4) at each location with reservoir traps set at the shoreline, transition, and upland habitats and forest traps set in the prairie, transition zone, and pine forest. At Merritt Reservoir, 651 ABB were captured, with significantly more collected at the shoreline. Concurrently, 23 ABB were captured at McKelvie Forest, with more ABB found within the forest compared to nearby prairie. These findings support previous suggestions that the western distribution of ABB is limited by moisture. Further investigation may indicate that reliable soil moisture associated with altered habitats in Nebraska could support ABB and potentially allow western range expansion.
{"title":"American Burying Beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) Occurrence at Reservoir Shoreline and Hand-Planted Forest at the Western Limit of Their Range","authors":"Jacob W. Farriester, W. Hoback, Daniel G. Snethen","doi":"10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.213","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The largest North American Silphidae, the American burying beetle (ABB), Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, has been extirpated from ∼90% of its historic range and is federally threatened. Two distinct populations in the Southern (Oklahoma and Arkansas) and North-Central United States (Nebraska and South Dakota) persist at the western edge of the ABB's former range. In Nebraska, the western limits of occurrence are associated with Merritt Reservoir and linked irrigation canals. ABBs are also found at the nearby hand-planted McKelvie National Forest. While habitat alteration and fragmentation are likely the primary reasons for ABB decline, few studies have examined their response to human habitat modifications unrelated to urbanization or agricultural conversion. Through five-day sampling periods with carrion-baited pitfall traps, ABB were captured and recorded in June and August from 2015 to 2017 at Merritt Reservoir and McKelvie National Forest in Cherry County, Nebraska. Traps were placed in transects (N = 4) at each location with reservoir traps set at the shoreline, transition, and upland habitats and forest traps set in the prairie, transition zone, and pine forest. At Merritt Reservoir, 651 ABB were captured, with significantly more collected at the shoreline. Concurrently, 23 ABB were captured at McKelvie Forest, with more ABB found within the forest compared to nearby prairie. These findings support previous suggestions that the western distribution of ABB is limited by moisture. Further investigation may indicate that reliable soil moisture associated with altered habitats in Nebraska could support ABB and potentially allow western range expansion.","PeriodicalId":17396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","volume":"94 1","pages":"213 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47418794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.199
M. Barrett, Annette K. Kang, Angelina Gomez, Devneet Kainth, S. O’Donnell
Abstract: Isodontia auripes [Fernald] females nested in fourteen 12-mm diameter artificial trap nests at two locations in New York State (Geneseo and Rensselaerville). We report broods of up to 14 pupae in a single chamber with an average of 5.8 pupae per chamber (previously reported range 2 - 6 pupae/chamber). Nest architecture, with plugs of finely shredded, packed grass and coarse, wound grass stems, was similar to other reports of I. auripes nests, except that only one nest contained a grass partition on the back wall of the chamber (in a case where mud-nesting wasps had preceded I. auripes). All prey items that could be identified to species were either the non-native drumming katydid, Meconema thalassinum [DeGeer], or the narrow-winged tree cricket, Oecanthus niveus [DeGeer]; M. thalassinum accounted for 71% of identified prey and is a new prey record for this wasp. Nests contained an estimated average of 11 prey per pupa, with a strongly female-biased prey sex ratio. The 116 collected pupae suffered from high pre-emergence mortality (65.5%), mostly due to the presence of parasitic flies and chalcid wasps in many nests. Adult females were larger than males in body mass and head width but did not differ in emergence time. Both male and female wasps could be found within single brood chambers, though the population was male-biased (2.4:1) and individual nests strongly favored one sex. In general, pupal cases closest to the nest entrance within a chamber were smaller than those found furthest away, suggesting size-related fitness impacts for offspring based on the order of egg laying.
{"title":"Nest Architecture, Prey, and Body Size in the Grass-Carrying Wasp, Isodontia auripes, at two sites in New York (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)","authors":"M. Barrett, Annette K. Kang, Angelina Gomez, Devneet Kainth, S. O’Donnell","doi":"10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.199","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Isodontia auripes [Fernald] females nested in fourteen 12-mm diameter artificial trap nests at two locations in New York State (Geneseo and Rensselaerville). We report broods of up to 14 pupae in a single chamber with an average of 5.8 pupae per chamber (previously reported range 2 - 6 pupae/chamber). Nest architecture, with plugs of finely shredded, packed grass and coarse, wound grass stems, was similar to other reports of I. auripes nests, except that only one nest contained a grass partition on the back wall of the chamber (in a case where mud-nesting wasps had preceded I. auripes). All prey items that could be identified to species were either the non-native drumming katydid, Meconema thalassinum [DeGeer], or the narrow-winged tree cricket, Oecanthus niveus [DeGeer]; M. thalassinum accounted for 71% of identified prey and is a new prey record for this wasp. Nests contained an estimated average of 11 prey per pupa, with a strongly female-biased prey sex ratio. The 116 collected pupae suffered from high pre-emergence mortality (65.5%), mostly due to the presence of parasitic flies and chalcid wasps in many nests. Adult females were larger than males in body mass and head width but did not differ in emergence time. Both male and female wasps could be found within single brood chambers, though the population was male-biased (2.4:1) and individual nests strongly favored one sex. In general, pupal cases closest to the nest entrance within a chamber were smaller than those found furthest away, suggesting size-related fitness impacts for offspring based on the order of egg laying.","PeriodicalId":17396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","volume":"94 1","pages":"199 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49305792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.167
Samuel A. Discua, S. Longing
ABSTRACT: Urban and rural landscapes are important for providing floral resources to pollinating insects, yet determining the attractiveness of specific plants to a variety of pollinators remains a need in many regions. The objective of this study was to determine the attractiveness of 30 different plants to foraging insects. On 14 dates in 2016 and 2017, floral abundances were measured and the number of insect visitors recorded. A total of 57 insect morphospecies were recorded, with bees (Apoidea: Anthophila) the most abundant pollinator and honey bees the most frequently observed forager. Russian sage (Salvia farinacea) and Catmint (Nepeta × faassenii ‘Walker’s Low’) attracted the greatest number of pollinators. Native plants adapted to the region attracted the highest diversity of pollinators. Thirteen plants, some that are considered good pollinator plants, attracted low numbers of insects. Five pollinator taxa (Anthophora californica/urbana, Apis mellifera, Agapostemon angelicus/texanus, Lasioglossum spp., and Bombyliidae) were attracted to 10 or more different plants, while approximately 65 percent of the taxa were attracted to three or fewer plants. Results support strategies for both grassland restoration and the selection of plants when resources and habitat for pollinators are considered in the management of urban green spaces.
{"title":"Attractiveness of Drought-tolerant Plants to Insect Pollinators in the Southern High Plains Region","authors":"Samuel A. Discua, S. Longing","doi":"10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.167","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Urban and rural landscapes are important for providing floral resources to pollinating insects, yet determining the attractiveness of specific plants to a variety of pollinators remains a need in many regions. The objective of this study was to determine the attractiveness of 30 different plants to foraging insects. On 14 dates in 2016 and 2017, floral abundances were measured and the number of insect visitors recorded. A total of 57 insect morphospecies were recorded, with bees (Apoidea: Anthophila) the most abundant pollinator and honey bees the most frequently observed forager. Russian sage (Salvia farinacea) and Catmint (Nepeta × faassenii ‘Walker’s Low’) attracted the greatest number of pollinators. Native plants adapted to the region attracted the highest diversity of pollinators. Thirteen plants, some that are considered good pollinator plants, attracted low numbers of insects. Five pollinator taxa (Anthophora californica/urbana, Apis mellifera, Agapostemon angelicus/texanus, Lasioglossum spp., and Bombyliidae) were attracted to 10 or more different plants, while approximately 65 percent of the taxa were attracted to three or fewer plants. Results support strategies for both grassland restoration and the selection of plants when resources and habitat for pollinators are considered in the management of urban green spaces.","PeriodicalId":17396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","volume":"94 1","pages":"167 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49411639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.183
I. Pearse, Courtney J. Duchardt, Lillian Legg, Lauren M. Porensky
Abstract: Grasshoppers are major consumers of plant biomass in grassland and shrubland ecosystems. While often considered generalists, grasshopper species have differing habitat preferences and interactions with other consumers in grasslands. There are conflicting accounts of how prairie dog colonies and differences in vegetation impact grasshopper abundance and composition. We conducted a landscape-scale survey of grasshopper communities, plant communities, and prairie dogs in a grassland/shrubland ecosystem in eastern Wyoming. Over the study landscape, spurthroat grasshoppers (Melanoplinae) were associated with lower sagebrush cover and lower cover of C3 perennial graminoids, bandwing grasshoppers (Oedipodinae) were associated with low-lying areas with a high cover of C4 grasses and a low cover of cheatgrass, and slantface grasshoppers (Gomphocerinae) were associated with low vegetation height. Prairie dogs, presumably because of their effects on vegetation, had different impacts on different groups of grasshoppers. Melanoplinae grasshoppers, the Wyoming toothpick grasshopper (Paropomala wyomingensis Thomas), and grasshoppers with early-season phenology were associated with prairie dog colonies. However, because some species of grasshoppers were positively and others negatively associated with prairie dogs, the net effect of prairie dogs on total grasshopper biomass was neutral. Thus, to determine the role of grasshoppers in prairie ecosystems, it will be important to determine whether there is functional equivalence of grasshopper species in consuming plant biomass and as food for vertebrates.
{"title":"Grasshopper Species Composition Differs Between Prairie Dog Colonies and Undisturbed Sites in a Sagebrush Grassland","authors":"I. Pearse, Courtney J. Duchardt, Lillian Legg, Lauren M. Porensky","doi":"10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-94.3.183","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Grasshoppers are major consumers of plant biomass in grassland and shrubland ecosystems. While often considered generalists, grasshopper species have differing habitat preferences and interactions with other consumers in grasslands. There are conflicting accounts of how prairie dog colonies and differences in vegetation impact grasshopper abundance and composition. We conducted a landscape-scale survey of grasshopper communities, plant communities, and prairie dogs in a grassland/shrubland ecosystem in eastern Wyoming. Over the study landscape, spurthroat grasshoppers (Melanoplinae) were associated with lower sagebrush cover and lower cover of C3 perennial graminoids, bandwing grasshoppers (Oedipodinae) were associated with low-lying areas with a high cover of C4 grasses and a low cover of cheatgrass, and slantface grasshoppers (Gomphocerinae) were associated with low vegetation height. Prairie dogs, presumably because of their effects on vegetation, had different impacts on different groups of grasshoppers. Melanoplinae grasshoppers, the Wyoming toothpick grasshopper (Paropomala wyomingensis Thomas), and grasshoppers with early-season phenology were associated with prairie dog colonies. However, because some species of grasshoppers were positively and others negatively associated with prairie dogs, the net effect of prairie dogs on total grasshopper biomass was neutral. Thus, to determine the role of grasshoppers in prairie ecosystems, it will be important to determine whether there is functional equivalence of grasshopper species in consuming plant biomass and as food for vertebrates.","PeriodicalId":17396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","volume":"94 1","pages":"183 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42520167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-09DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-94.2.81
Michael F. Veit, J. Ascher, Joan Milam, Fred R. Morrison, P. Goldstein
Abstract: We present the first county-level checklist of the bees of Massachusetts, including verified records of 390 species. We review the literature and historical material, and supplement these with recent collections and online image databases, compiling a dataset of over 100,000 records. Detailed accounts are provided for 50 species reported for the first time in Massachusetts, including six species reported for the first time in New England, and 49 other species noteworthy for their paucity of records, distributional significance, novel host/ parasite associations, or taxonomic uncertainty. The addition of newly reported species is largely the result of increased bee surveys in the past 15 years, including targeted sampling on known host plants. Twenty-three species represented in collections prior to 2005 are absent from recently collected material. The richness of the Massachusetts bee fauna is compared to that of neighboring states. Sixteen of the approximately 35 exotic species recorded from North America are verified from Massachusetts. We report recent rediscoveries in the state of Andrena rehni Viereck, 1907, and the regionally rare Epeoloides pilosulus (Cresson, 1878). Two new presumed host-parasite associations are made, those of Epeolus inornatus Onuferko, 2018 parasitizing the nests of Colletes banksi Swenk, 1908, and of Triepeolus obliteratus Graenicher, 1911 parasitizing the nests of Melissodes apicatus Lovell and Cockerell, 1906.
{"title":"A Checklist of the Bees of Massachusetts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila)","authors":"Michael F. Veit, J. Ascher, Joan Milam, Fred R. Morrison, P. Goldstein","doi":"10.2317/0022-8567-94.2.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-94.2.81","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: We present the first county-level checklist of the bees of Massachusetts, including verified records of 390 species. We review the literature and historical material, and supplement these with recent collections and online image databases, compiling a dataset of over 100,000 records. Detailed accounts are provided for 50 species reported for the first time in Massachusetts, including six species reported for the first time in New England, and 49 other species noteworthy for their paucity of records, distributional significance, novel host/ parasite associations, or taxonomic uncertainty. The addition of newly reported species is largely the result of increased bee surveys in the past 15 years, including targeted sampling on known host plants. Twenty-three species represented in collections prior to 2005 are absent from recently collected material. The richness of the Massachusetts bee fauna is compared to that of neighboring states. Sixteen of the approximately 35 exotic species recorded from North America are verified from Massachusetts. We report recent rediscoveries in the state of Andrena rehni Viereck, 1907, and the regionally rare Epeoloides pilosulus (Cresson, 1878). Two new presumed host-parasite associations are made, those of Epeolus inornatus Onuferko, 2018 parasitizing the nests of Colletes banksi Swenk, 1908, and of Triepeolus obliteratus Graenicher, 1911 parasitizing the nests of Melissodes apicatus Lovell and Cockerell, 1906.","PeriodicalId":17396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","volume":"94 1","pages":"81 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48954859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-09DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-94.2.158
F. Drummond
ABSTRACT: The first major cleansing flight during the winter in a honey bee apiary was witnessed on February 6, 2021. A light snowfall and freezing rain prior to the flight allowed delineation of the distribution of distances from the aggregation of hives of fecal depositions and immobilized honey bees fallen to the ground. Five transects were surveyed radiating from the aggregation of four overwintered hives to collect the data. The frequency distributions of these events were fit to Gamma probability density functions and then a test of the following hypothesis was constructed. Are cleansing flights solely comprised of local defecation by workers and then return to the hive? Or do workers also commence foraging in suboptimal air temperatures for flight? We found evidence that cleansing flights are comprised of two behaviors, local deposition of feces and long-distance foraging. This is based upon a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean distance from the hives of fecal deposition (3.01 ± 0.36(se)) and immobilized bees on the ground (9.49 ± 1.21(se)).
{"title":"HONEY BEE CLEANSING FLIGHTS…JUST CLEANSING?","authors":"F. Drummond","doi":"10.2317/0022-8567-94.2.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-94.2.158","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The first major cleansing flight during the winter in a honey bee apiary was witnessed on February 6, 2021. A light snowfall and freezing rain prior to the flight allowed delineation of the distribution of distances from the aggregation of hives of fecal depositions and immobilized honey bees fallen to the ground. Five transects were surveyed radiating from the aggregation of four overwintered hives to collect the data. The frequency distributions of these events were fit to Gamma probability density functions and then a test of the following hypothesis was constructed. Are cleansing flights solely comprised of local defecation by workers and then return to the hive? Or do workers also commence foraging in suboptimal air temperatures for flight? We found evidence that cleansing flights are comprised of two behaviors, local deposition of feces and long-distance foraging. This is based upon a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean distance from the hives of fecal deposition (3.01 ± 0.36(se)) and immobilized bees on the ground (9.49 ± 1.21(se)).","PeriodicalId":17396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","volume":"94 1","pages":"158 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46086436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-94.1.59
Ryan Oram
ABSTRACT: The presence of morphological abnormalities from the described state (aberrations) can cause issues with identification of complex groups of bees. Three accounts of aberrant specimens of North American Hylaeus Fabricius from Rocky Mountain, Colorado are described. A specimen of Hylaeus rudbeckiae (Cockerell and Casad) exhibiting mosaic gynandromorphy, a specimen of Hylaeus personatellus (Cockerell) exhibiting aberrations on the face, and a specimen of Hylaeus coloradensis (Cockerell) exhibiting an aberration in the wing venation are described here with photo documentation.
{"title":"Gynandromorphy and Other Morphological Aberrations in Hylaeus Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Hylaeinae) Specimens from Colorado, USA","authors":"Ryan Oram","doi":"10.2317/0022-8567-94.1.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-94.1.59","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: The presence of morphological abnormalities from the described state (aberrations) can cause issues with identification of complex groups of bees. Three accounts of aberrant specimens of North American Hylaeus Fabricius from Rocky Mountain, Colorado are described. A specimen of Hylaeus rudbeckiae (Cockerell and Casad) exhibiting mosaic gynandromorphy, a specimen of Hylaeus personatellus (Cockerell) exhibiting aberrations on the face, and a specimen of Hylaeus coloradensis (Cockerell) exhibiting an aberration in the wing venation are described here with photo documentation.","PeriodicalId":17396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","volume":"73 12","pages":"59 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41248092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-94.1.32
C. Konemann, B. Kard, J. Warren, C. Goad
ABSTRACT: Effects of metabolic gas accumulation on termite behavior in tightly sealed laboratory bioassay arenas were compared with arenas with partial air exchange, or open ventilation. Laboratory studies with termites are often conducted in glass or plastic arenas. These studies can last from a few days up to 12-16 weeks or longer. Based on personal observation and published laboratory studies, how tightly study arenas are sealed is not consistent. In some instances arenas are tightly sealed with impermeable rubber stoppers or tight-fitting lids. In other studies, arenas are covered with semi-air-permeable Parafilm®, or loose-fitting aluminum foil or ventilated lids to allow air exchange. Generally, arenas are covered and not completely open to the air, thereby maintaining high moisture requirements needed to avoid termite dehydration. In this study, to determine metabolic gas accumulation and gas effects on termite groups collected from two field colonies, bioassay arenas were capped with either tightly sealed metal lids, semi-air-permeable Parafilm, or stainless steel mesh to allow non-restricted ventilation. Gas concentrations in these arenas and termite behavior and mortality were determined over time. During the study no visible ataxic termite behavior or significant mortality was observed within Parafilm or stainless-steel-mesh capped arenas. In contrast, tightly sealed arenas quickly accumulated significantly more metabolic gases compared with the other arena configurations, causing obvious abnormal termite behavior within 96 hours after these arenas were sealed. Within 8 to 10 days 100% moribund or dead termites occurred in tightly sealed arenas, whereas termites in semi-permeable membrane or non-restricted ventilated arenas were behaving normally. Excess gas accumulation in tightly sealed arenas first elicited negative effects between 96 and 144 hours. Our results show that tightly sealed bioassay arenas must be avoided, even for short-term studies lasting only a few days, as metabolic gases accumulate rapidly, causing negative effects on termites beginning within 4 to 6 days.
{"title":"Detrimental Effects of Metabolic Gas Accumulation within Termite Bioassay Arenas","authors":"C. Konemann, B. Kard, J. Warren, C. Goad","doi":"10.2317/0022-8567-94.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-94.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Effects of metabolic gas accumulation on termite behavior in tightly sealed laboratory bioassay arenas were compared with arenas with partial air exchange, or open ventilation. Laboratory studies with termites are often conducted in glass or plastic arenas. These studies can last from a few days up to 12-16 weeks or longer. Based on personal observation and published laboratory studies, how tightly study arenas are sealed is not consistent. In some instances arenas are tightly sealed with impermeable rubber stoppers or tight-fitting lids. In other studies, arenas are covered with semi-air-permeable Parafilm®, or loose-fitting aluminum foil or ventilated lids to allow air exchange. Generally, arenas are covered and not completely open to the air, thereby maintaining high moisture requirements needed to avoid termite dehydration. In this study, to determine metabolic gas accumulation and gas effects on termite groups collected from two field colonies, bioassay arenas were capped with either tightly sealed metal lids, semi-air-permeable Parafilm, or stainless steel mesh to allow non-restricted ventilation. Gas concentrations in these arenas and termite behavior and mortality were determined over time. During the study no visible ataxic termite behavior or significant mortality was observed within Parafilm or stainless-steel-mesh capped arenas. In contrast, tightly sealed arenas quickly accumulated significantly more metabolic gases compared with the other arena configurations, causing obvious abnormal termite behavior within 96 hours after these arenas were sealed. Within 8 to 10 days 100% moribund or dead termites occurred in tightly sealed arenas, whereas termites in semi-permeable membrane or non-restricted ventilated arenas were behaving normally. Excess gas accumulation in tightly sealed arenas first elicited negative effects between 96 and 144 hours. Our results show that tightly sealed bioassay arenas must be avoided, even for short-term studies lasting only a few days, as metabolic gases accumulate rapidly, causing negative effects on termites beginning within 4 to 6 days.","PeriodicalId":17396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","volume":"94 1","pages":"32 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46965576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-94.1.45
Aysha Siddika Asha, M. Mostafiz, M. Arifunnahar, M. Hossain, M. Ahmed, M. Alim
ABSTRACT: The litchi fruit borer, Conopomorpha sinensis (Bradley) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is one of the major destructive and main pest of litchi fruits in Southeast Asia, including Bangladesh. This experiment was carried out in three different litchi orchards to develop a bio-rational management strategy using insect growth regulators (IGRs) to control the population of C. sinensis. The effectiveness of emamectin benzoate 5%, buprofezin, lufenuron, lufenuron (5%) + emamectin benzoate (5%), and abamectin were evaluated on the basis of fruit damage, yield of undamaged fruit and size, % fallen fruit, and total number of larvae in fallen fruits in three different litchi orchards. In our results, treatment with buprofezin showed the lowest (13.3%) level of fruit damage, followed by lufenuron + emamectin benzoate, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, and lufenuron, all of which were statistically significant compared with the untreated control. Furthermore, the highest number of undamaged fruits rate and mean fruit length were 86.7% and 17.8 mm, respectively, for buprofezin treatment compared to control (75.5 and 16.2). A large number of damaged, fallen fruits were found in the control plots (11.3%), while their number was lowest in buprofezin-treated orchards (4.1%). The chemical composition of litchi fruits was not affected by the application of IGRs. Indeed, levels of vitamin C, sugars, and titratable acidity increased in IGR-treated fruits compared with fruits from the control plots. Moreover, IGR treatments had a positive effect on total phenol (except lufenuron + emamectin benzoate) and flavonoid content of litchi fruits, improving their quality and as a source of antioxidants. Therefore, buprofezin can be used to manage the litchi fruit borer in organic litchi orchards.
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