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Sexual behavior of Leseha vespa Smith & Nishida, 2019 (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Selandriinae)
IF 0.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-93.1.80
W. Eberhard
ABSTRACT: Small swarms of male Leseha vespa Smith & Nishida, 2019 flew during the morning hours searching for the much less abundant females on the upper surfaces of protruding leaves of various plant species at a site where a large population of the host fern Phlebodium pseudoaureum had been recently decimated (probably by L. vespa larvae). Males showed no sign of aggressive behavior toward other males, and only poor abilities to locate females resting on leaves. Although >100 male-female interactions were observed, they seldom led to copulation, as females were generally unreceptive. The males probably used visual cues to choose leaves, but the short-range cues that they used to encounter females there were not clear. Individually marked males returned to the same site for up to 11 days.
摘要/ ABSTRACT摘要:在一个寄主蕨类植物假金丝兰(Phlebodium pseudoaureum)最近遭到大量屠杀(可能是被L. vespa幼虫)的地点,一群雄性Leseha vespa Smith & Nishida 2019在早晨的几个小时里,在各种植物突出的叶子的上表面上寻找数量少得多的雌性。雄性没有表现出对其他雄性的攻击行为,只有很差的能力来定位躺在树叶上的雌性。虽然观察到100多只雄性和雌性的互动,但它们很少导致交配,因为雌性通常不接受。雄性可能使用视觉线索来选择树叶,但它们用来在那里遇到雌性的近距离线索并不清楚。单独标记的雄性会回到同一个地点长达11天。
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引用次数: 0
2020-2021 Membership Application 2020-2021年会员申请
IF 0.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-93.1.103
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引用次数: 0
Determination of Some Structural Features of the Nest Paper Materials of Vespa crabro germana Christ, 1791 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Turkey 土耳其小蜂(膜翅目:胡蜂科)巢纸材料某些结构特征的测定
IF 0.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-93.1.1
Ö. Ertürk, A. Sarıkaya
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to identify the nest materials, some physical characteristics and the essential composition of the nest of Vespa crabro germana Christ, 1791. Nest surfaces were observed with a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope. In the inner surface of the V. c. germana nest, the medium thicknesses of the fibers in the envelope and comb varied between 5.30 and 11.90 µm with an average of 9.07 µm. In the outer surface of the nest, the medium thicknesses of the fibers in the envelope and comb were between 4.46 and 11.40 µm with an average of 7.68 µm. The nitrogen and protein concentration of the nest was 0.22 and 1.40%, respectively. The percentages of the fibers, saliva, oil and the water absorption capacity were calculated as 70-75, 25-30, 16-20 and 120-150, respectively. The amount of the elements nickel and copper in the nest was found to be 0.6 and 1.2 ppm, respectively. The major components of the nest were plant fibers, saliva and oil. Consequently, we have found that the ratios and the amounts of physical characteristics, the element composition and the fibers in the envelope and comb of the nest changed with environmental conditions.
摘要:本研究旨在鉴定德国小黄蜂(Vespa crabro germana Christ, 1791)巢的材料、一些物理特性和主要成分。用体视显微镜和扫描电镜对巢表面进行观察。在德国小蠊巢的内表面,包膜和梳状纤维的中等厚度在5.30 ~ 11.90µm之间,平均为9.07µm。在巢的外表面,包膜和梳状纤维的中等厚度在4.46 ~ 11.40µm之间,平均为7.68µm。巢内氮和蛋白质浓度分别为0.22%和1.40%。纤维百分比、唾液百分比、油脂百分比和吸水率分别为70-75、25-30、16-20和120-150。其中镍和铜的含量分别为0.6 ppm和1.2 ppm。巢的主要成分是植物纤维、唾液和油脂。因此,我们发现,巢的物理特性、元素组成和纤维的比例和数量随着环境条件的变化而变化。
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引用次数: 1
Starvation Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in Malpighian Tubules of Two-Spotted Field Crickets Gryllus bimaculatus 饥饿诱导双斑蟋蟀Malpighian微管内质网应激和自噬
IF 0.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-93.1.88
Nuri Lee, Ji-Hye Song, Y. Ko, Kisang Kwon, Eun-Ryeong Lee, O. Kwon
ABSTRACT: We investigated gene expression related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, and autophagy to understand how Gryllus bimaculatus (two-spotted field cricket) overcomes starvation stress. Male adults were used in starvation experiments. Expression levels of genes related to ER stress, apoptosis, and autophagy were investigated for each tissue after starvation stress (consisting of 1, 3, and 6 days of starvation, and 1 and 2 days of refeeding after 6 days of starvation) by reverse-transcription PCR. Furthermore, Malpighian tubules were stained with LysoTracker Red to observe autophagy. Starvation significantly upregulated gene expression of ER chaperones in the Malpighian tubules of G. bimaculatus. Gene expression levels of BiP, ERap2, and SERCA were upregulated up to 2.5-fold, ATF6 was upregulated up to 2-fold, and PDI and Derl2 were upregulated up to 1.5-fold in the starvation group compared to controls. Although autophagy was induced by starvation, apoptosis was not. Notably, gene expression of ATG9 was upregulated up to 15-fold in the Malpighian tubules of G. bimaculatus, which is the highest among the autophagy-related genes. These results suggest that ER stress-induced autophagy appears to be acutely involved in the mechanism by which insects overcome starvation stress.
摘要:我们研究了与内质网应激、细胞凋亡和自噬相关的基因表达,以了解双斑蟋蟀如何克服饥饿应激。成年男性被用于饥饿实验。通过逆转录聚合酶链式反应研究饥饿应激(包括饥饿1、3和6天,以及饥饿6天后再喂养1和2天)后每个组织的ER应激、细胞凋亡和自噬相关基因的表达水平。此外,用LysoTracker红染色Malpighian小管以观察自噬。饥饿显著上调了双斑蝥马尔皮氏管中ER伴侣基因的表达。与对照组相比,饥饿组中BiP、ERap2和SERCA的基因表达水平上调高达2.5倍,ATF6上调高达2倍,PDI和Derl2上调高达1.5倍。尽管自噬是由饥饿诱导的,但细胞凋亡不是。值得注意的是,ATG9的基因表达在双斑G.bimaculatus的Malpighian小管中上调了15倍,这是自噬相关基因中最高的。这些结果表明,内质网应激诱导的自噬似乎与昆虫克服饥饿应激的机制密切相关。
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引用次数: 1
Mirid Pests of Eucalyptus in Indonesia: Notes on Damage Symptoms, Alternate Hosts and Parasitoid 印尼桉树Mirid害虫:危害症状、替代寄主和寄生虫的注意事项
IF 0.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-92.4.577
Srikumar Kodakkadan, H. M. Yeshwanth, Wagner de Souza Tavares, I. Pasaribu, Jupiter Israel Muro Abad, M. Tarigan, Á. Durán, Wong Ching Yong, M. Sharma
ABSTRACT: Mirid bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) are important pests of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) trees in Indonesia. Young Eucalyptus plantations are mainly affected by Helopeltis spp. Damage by Helopeltis resulted in die-back of young shoots, curling, deformation and drying usually, irrespective of the clones. In North Sumatra, damage in Eucalyptus is associated to Helopeltis bradyi Waterhouse despite the presence of H. theivora Waterhouse in the region. Important alternate host plants recorded as reservoirs of H. bradyi in vicinity to Eucalyptus plantations were Persea sp. (Lauraceae), Coffea sp. (Rubiaceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), Ludwigia sp. (Onagraceae), Clidemia hirta (Melastomataceae) and Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae). Leiophron sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was reported as an important parasitoid with parasitism of 41.86% on the H. bradyi nymphs and 17.07% on adults. Helopeltis theivora was recorded as the only species affecting Eucalyptus plantations in Riau Province, so far no other Helopeltis sp. has been identified in Riau. Ragwelellus festivus Miller and Ragwelellus sp. were reported for the first time damaging Eucalyptus trees in North Sumatra, Riau Province and East Kalimantan regions of Indonesia. Arthriticus eugeniae Bergroth was also reported for the first time damaging matured Eucalyptus trees along with Ragwelellus in North Sumatra and Riau Provinces.
摘要:盲蝽(半翅目:盲蝽科)是印度尼西亚桉树的重要害虫。幼桉树人工林主要受赤杨病的影响,不论无性系,赤杨病的危害主要表现为幼芽枯死、卷曲、变形和干燥。在北苏门答腊,桉树的损害与布氏Helopeltis bradyi Waterhouse有关,尽管该地区存在H. theivora Waterhouse。在桉树人工林附近作为布氏夜蛾寄主的主要寄主植物有柏属(月桂科)、咖啡属(茜草科)、瓜爪牙Psidium guajava(桃金娘科)、Ludwigia sp.(龙葵科)、Clidemia hirta(漆树科)和可可可可(锦葵科)。据报道,扁茧蜂(Leiophron sp.,膜翅目:小蜂科)是一种重要的寄生蜂,其寄生率分别为41.86%和17.07%。在廖内省的桉树人工林中,仅记录到Helopeltis theivora,迄今未发现其他Helopeltis sp.。在印度尼西亚北苏门答腊、廖内省和东加里曼丹地区首次报道了Ragwelellus festivus Miller和Ragwelellus sp.对桉树的危害。在北苏门答腊省和廖内省,还首次报道了eugenae Bergroth与Ragwelellus一起危害成熟桉树。
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引用次数: 5
Implications of Sea Level Rise for Bee Communities in Rural Eastern Virginia Coastal Habitats 海平面上升对弗吉尼亚州东部沿海栖息地蜜蜂群落的影响
IF 0.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-92.4.602
Jessie A. Thuma, T. Roulston, L. Blum
ABSTRACT: In the coastal mid-Atlantic region of the USA, landscapes are a mosaic of upland habitats (woodland, grassland, old fields and farmland) and low-lying coastal salt marsh. Flooding and salinization of coastal areas due to sea-level rise result in the conversion of upland habitats to salt marsh, and change the relative proportion of habitat types surrounding coastal farmland. This has the potential to influence population sizes of organisms living in this area and could alter the ecosystem services, such as pollination, that these habitats provide. To examine the potential outcome of these habitat conversions, we used blue vane traps at 14 sites along the Eastern Shore of Virginia (USA) to compare the bee communities of salt marsh, old fields and agricultural fields. Although there was no difference among habitat types for total bee abundance per site, we found that the coastal marsh is depauperate in bee species relative to old fields and agricultural fields, and that the bee species using the marsh habitat tend to be specialists of plant families that are common in the marsh (Asteraceae and Malvaceae) but are relatively uncommon in local agriculture. Thus, the transition of upland areas to marsh not only has the potential to impact agricultural productivity directly through salt water intrusion, ultimately it may also reduce the species richness of native bees available to provide pollination services to coastal agriculture.
摘要:美国大西洋中部沿海地区的景观是由高地生境(林地、草地、老田和农田)和低洼的沿海盐沼交织而成的。海平面上升导致沿海地区的洪水和盐碱化,导致高地生境向盐沼生境转变,改变了沿海农田周围生境类型的相对比例。这有可能影响生活在该地区的生物的种群规模,并可能改变这些栖息地提供的生态系统服务,例如授粉。为了研究这些栖息地转换的潜在结果,我们在美国弗吉尼亚州东海岸的14个地点使用了蓝叶片诱捕器,比较了盐沼、旧田和农田的蜜蜂群落。虽然各生境类型间蜜蜂总丰度没有差异,但我们发现,沿海沼泽的蜜蜂种类相对于旧田和农田来说是不足的,而且利用沼泽生境的蜜蜂往往是在沼泽中常见的植物科(菊科和锦葵科)的专家,而在当地农业中相对不常见。因此,高地地区向沼泽的转变不仅有可能通过盐水入侵直接影响农业生产力,最终还可能减少为沿海农业提供授粉服务的本地蜜蜂的物种丰富度。
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引用次数: 0
2020-2021 Membership Application 2020-2021年会员申请
IF 0.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-92.4.660
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引用次数: 0
First Records of Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Montana and Idaho 美国蒙大拿州和爱达荷州的首次记录(膜翅目:Apidae)
IF 0.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-92.4.655
Casey M. Delphia
ABSTRACT: A species of large carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica virginica (Linnaeus, 1771), is reported from Montana and Idaho, USA for the first time. This new Montana distribution record adds to a growing list of bee species found in the state and contributes to an ongoing inventory of the bees of Montana. The Montana collection likely does not represent an established population but a transient accidental introduction resulting from human transportation since Montana is considerably geographically separated from the published distribution of this species and no additional adults have been found. The Idaho collections may represent an established local population as there are several specimens and online records in or near Boise on multiple dates and years. An online record of a specimen of X. californica arizonensis Cresson, 1879 from Montana proved to be erroneous. The distribution of X. virginica is reviewed and the economic, social, and ecological implications of the occurrence or establishment of this species in Montana and Idaho are discussed.
摘要:美国蒙大拿州和爱达荷州首次报道了一种大型木匠蜂——弗吉尼亚木蜂(Linnaeus,1771)。这一新的蒙大拿州分布记录增加了该州发现的越来越多的蜜蜂物种,并有助于蒙大拿州蜜蜂的持续库存。蒙大拿州的采集可能并不代表一个已确定的种群,而是人类运输造成的短暂意外引入,因为蒙大拿州在地理上与该物种的已公布分布有很大的距离,并且没有发现其他成年物种。爱达荷州的藏品可能代表了一个既定的当地种群,因为博伊西或附近有多个日期和年份的标本和在线记录。1879年,一份来自蒙大拿州的X.California arizonensis Cresson标本的在线记录被证明是错误的。综述了弗吉尼亚X.的分布,并讨论了该物种在蒙大拿州和爱达荷州发生或建立的经济、社会和生态影响。
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引用次数: 3
Repellent and Oviposition Deterrent Effect of Bio-rational Green Extracts Against Peach Fruit Fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) 生物理性绿色提取物对桃小实蝇的驱避和阻卵作用
IF 0.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-92.4.617
Alia Tajdar, Anum Ishfaq, M. Sarmad, S. M. Zaka
ABSTRACT: The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata S. is a species that can cause important economic losses to various fruit species, with more than 50 host plants. In this study, repellent and oviposition deterrent effects of methanol (Mx), ethanol (Ex) and distilled water (Dx) extracts of moringa bark and leaves, cinnamon, peppermint and ginger were evaluated at different concentrations (10, 20 and 30%) against B. zonata adults. The experiment was carried out by using free choice test. Among all extracts, peppermint (Pm) extracts (Pm-Mx, Pm-Ex and Pm-Dx) delivered important repellent activity at the maximum dosage (30%), i.e. 0.50, 0.75 and 0.50 mean number of adults, respectively; while, the minimum repellent activity was observed in moringa bark of all three extracts. Correspondingly, all extracts have oviposition deterrent effect but Peppermint (Pm) extracts (Pm-Mx, Pm-Ex and Pm-Dx), deliver the best effect. The present investigation revealed that bio-active extracts can be used as alternative cost-effective, safe, and environment-friendly insecticides for the effective management of B. zonata in order to reduce the ecological hazards caused by traditional chemical pesticides.
摘要:桃实蝇是一种能对多种果树造成重大经济损失的物种,寄主植物达50多种。在本研究中,评估了不同浓度(10%、20%和30%)的辣木皮和叶、肉桂、薄荷和生姜的甲醇(Mx)、乙醇(Ex)和蒸馏水(Dx)提取物对带状疱疹成虫的驱避和产卵威慑作用。实验采用自由选择测试法进行。在所有提取物中,薄荷(Pm)提取物(Pm-Mx、Pm-Ex和Pm-Dx)在最大剂量(30%)下具有重要的驱避活性,即分别为0.50、0.75和0.50的平均成体数;三种提取物对辣木的驱避活性最低。相应地,所有提取物都具有产卵威慑作用,但薄荷提取物(Pm-Mx、Pm-Ex和Pm-Dx)的产卵威慑效果最好。目前的研究表明,生物活性提取物可以作为成本效益高、安全、环保的替代杀虫剂,有效管理带状疱疹病毒,以减少传统化学杀虫剂造成的生态危害。
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引用次数: 1
A Marking Study of the Black Blister Beetle, Epicauta pensylvanica (Degeer) (Coleoptera: Meloidae), Demonstrates a Preference for a Restored Tallgrass Prairie 一项关于黑斑蝥的标记研究表明,它偏爱恢复的Tallgrash草原
IF 0.5 4区 农林科学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-25 DOI: 10.2317/0022-8567-92.4.639
D. Marschalek, H. Ogden, D. Wolcott
ABSTRACT: Blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) have a long history in human culture, are detrimental to human health, and considered an agricultural pest. However, little is known about the ecology of many of these beetle species in natural systems. The black blister beetle, Epicauta pensylvanica (Degeer), is a common fall species that regularly feeds on goldenrod (Solidago spp.) flowers. Previous ecological research used mass releases to explore movement patterns and habitat use. For a more natural investigation, a marking study was conducted to quantify the population size, movement patterns, and habitat use in a restored tallgrass prairie and adjacent degraded grassland. We uniquely marked a total of 914 individuals, recapturing 22.2% over 16 surveys (16 August to 11 October 2018). A maximum daily count of 286 individuals was recorded on 11 September, corresponding to a population size estimate of 2,011 (1,258– 4,139 95% CI). Several times, adult numbers increased one to two days following rain events, and ultimately dropped substantially following mowing of the degraded grassland. Beetles were capable of moving throughout the study site based on one individual traveling at least 599 m over the course of the study. However, most detected movements were short and there was no preference in movement directionality, suggesting that beetles would most often move to adjacent flowering goldenrod patches. Despite the lack of directionality, the restored tallgrass prairie portion of the study site retained significantly more beetles than the degraded grassland. While further describing the ecology of the black blister beetle, this study also supports the effectiveness of the habitat restoration efforts.
摘要:水泡甲虫(鞘翅目:金龟子科)在人类养殖中有着悠久的历史,危害人类健康,被认为是一种农业害虫。然而,人们对自然系统中许多甲虫物种的生态学知之甚少。黑泡甲虫Epicauta pensylvanica(Degeer)是一种常见的秋季物种,经常以一枝黄花(Solidago spp.)为食。先前的生态学研究使用大规模释放来探索运动模式和栖息地的使用。为了进行更自然的调查,进行了一项标记研究,以量化恢复后的牛脂草草原和邻近退化草原的种群规模、运动模式和栖息地使用情况。我们对总共914人进行了独特的标记,在16次调查中(2018年8月16日至10月11日)获得了22.2%的支持。9月11日记录的最大日计数为286人,对应于2011年的人口规模估计(1258–4139 95%置信区间)。几次降雨后,成虫数量在一到两天内增加,最终在退化草原割草后大幅下降。根据一个人在研究过程中行进至少599米,甲虫能够在整个研究地点移动。然而,大多数检测到的移动都是短暂的,并且在移动方向上没有偏好,这表明甲虫最常移动到相邻的开花的一枝黄花斑块。尽管缺乏方向性,但研究地点恢复后的牛脂草草原部分比退化的草原保留了更多的甲虫。在进一步描述黑水泡甲虫生态的同时,这项研究也支持栖息地恢复工作的有效性。
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引用次数: 2
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Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
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