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Avoidance of hot air blast in Rattus norvegicus 鼠类躲避热气冲击的能力
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4225
Elisama Almeida Condurú Melo, Amilcar Rodrigues Fonseca-Júnior, Marcus Bentes de Carvalho-Neto

The hegemonic use of electric shock as an aversive stimulus limits what is known about the generality of avoidance behavior and related phenomena. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using the hot air blast (HAB) instead of electric shock as an aversive stimulus in avoidance conditioning. Four male Wistar rats were exposed to a discrete-trial procedure. In the first phase, the emission of a lever-press response during a trial was positively reinforced. In the second phase, the same contingency was employed, but an escapable HAB was presented at the end of a trial when no response was emitted. In the third phase, positive reinforcement was suspended and a discrete-trial avoidance procedure was employed. In the fourth phase, HAB presentation was completely suspended. As a result, all subjects learned the avoidance response and showed a marked reduction in its frequency during HAB suspension. These results offer evidence indicating that avoidance behavior is controlled by the HAB, thereby advancing the understanding of the generality of this stimulus as being aversive.

使用电击作为厌恶刺激的霸权限制了人们对回避行为及相关现象普遍性的了解。本研究的目的是调查在回避条件反射中使用热空气冲击(HAB)而不是电击作为厌恶刺激的效果。研究人员对四只雄性 Wistar 大鼠进行了离散试验。在第一阶段,试验中按下杠杆的反应被正强化。在第二阶段,采用相同的条件反射,但在试验结束时,如果大鼠没有做出任何反应,则会出现一个可逃脱的 HAB。第三阶段,暂停正强化,采用离散试验回避程序。在第四阶段,HAB 的呈现完全暂停。结果,所有受试者都学会了回避反应,并且在 HAB 暂停期间,回避反应的频率明显降低。这些结果提供了证据,表明回避行为是由 HAB 控制的,从而加深了人们对这种刺激具有厌恶性的普遍性的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Social discounting in a symmetric giving and taking frame: An artifactual field experiment with young South African adults 对称施与受框架下的社会折扣:以南非年轻成年人为对象的人工现场实验。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4218
Frederik Booysen, Sevias Guvuriro, Herkulaas Morkel van Eyssen Combrink

In the dictator game, the evidence that giving is equivalent to taking is mixed. The purpose of this study was to investigate framing effects (giving/taking) on social-discounting rates among young African adults from an informal settlement in South Africa. Employing a within-participant design, these young adults completed a series of incentivized dictator games with an isomorphically equivalent giving and taking frame at each of eight social distances. Altruism was measured by the social-discounting rate, and framing effects were assessed using generalized linear regression. The study provides empirical evidence that prosocial behavior among young South African adults is subject to framing because exponential, hyperbolic, and q-exponential social-discounting rates in all instances were lower in the taking than in the giving frame. This difference may be the result of greater “egalitarianism” and “selflessness” elicited by the taking frame, which likely is a product of the experiment's particular social and economic field context. More comparative research is required to establish the working of specific mechanics of morality that may operate differently in diverse socioeconomic contexts, thus contributing to elucidating the heterogeneous nature of findings in this area of study.

在独裁者游戏中,关于给予等同于索取的证据不一。本研究的目的是调查框架效应(给予/索取)对南非非正规居住区非洲年轻人社会折扣率的影响。这些年轻人采用参与者内部设计,在八个社会距离中的每一个距离完成了一系列具有同构等价给予和接受框架的激励独裁者游戏。利他主义通过社会折扣率来衡量,框架效应则通过广义线性回归来评估。该研究提供了南非年轻成年人的亲社会行为受框架影响的实证证据,因为在所有情况下,指数型、双曲线型和 q 指数型社会折扣率在接受框架下均低于给予框架。这种差异可能是由于 "索取 "框架引发了更多的 "平等主义 "和 "无私奉献精神",而这很可能是实验的特定社会和经济背景下的产物。需要进行更多的比较研究,以确定在不同的社会经济背景下可能以不同方式运作的特定道德机制,从而有助于阐明这一研究领域中发现的异质性。
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引用次数: 0
Application of synchronous music reinforcement to increase walking speed: A novel approach for training intensity 应用同步音乐强化提高步行速度:提高训练强度的新方法
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4219
Jonathan W. Pinkston, Jennifer L. Cook, Rasha R. Baruni, John T. Rapp, Shreeya Deshmukh, Raymond G. Miltenberger

Walking is a common and preferred form of exercise. Although there are current recommendations for walking volume (e.g., steps per day), recent research has begun to distinguish volume from intensity (e.g., “brisk” walking) as an important dimension of exercise. Increasing intensity may confer health advantages beyond volume measures because it shifts cardiovascular performance to more vigorous training zones. Reinforcement-based approaches have been valuable in increasing volume measures of exercise, and the present study sought to develop a corresponding reinforcement approach to training walking intensity. For this study, we used a continuous reinforcement paradigm where music played only while walking met specified criteria; otherwise, music playback stopped. As a result, music was synchronized with walking performance. Seventeen participants walked on a nonmotorized treadmill at a self-selected pace. Across the session, different conditions arranged for music to play independent of walking speed or contingent on speed increases or decreases. An extinction component assessed performance when music was withdrawn completely. Walking speed was selectively increased and decreased by adjusting the contingencies that were arranged for music, and variability in speed increased during extinction, with both findings indicating that music was a reinforcer. Heart rate was also increased to moderate–vigorous intensities during reinforcement. The findings provide a compelling case that walking intensity can be modified by music reinforcement. We suggest that synchronous schedules may be an important foundation for future exercise technologies that are based on reinforcement.

步行是一种常见和首选的锻炼方式。虽然目前有关于步行量(如每天步行步数)的建议,但最近的研究已开始将步行量与强度(如 "快走")作为运动的一个重要维度加以区分。增加强度可能会带来超越运动量的健康优势,因为它能将心血管性能转移到更剧烈的训练区域。基于强化的方法在增加运动量方面很有价值,本研究试图开发一种相应的强化方法来训练步行强度。在本研究中,我们采用了一种连续强化范式,即只有在步行达到指定标准时才播放音乐,否则音乐停止播放。因此,音乐与行走表现是同步的。17 名参与者在非机动跑步机上以自选的速度行走。在整个过程中,不同的条件安排了与步行速度无关的音乐播放,或者根据速度的增减来播放音乐。当音乐完全停止时,会有一个消退环节来评估成绩。通过调整为音乐安排的条件,步行速度有选择性地增加或减少,在消退过程中速度的变化增加,这两个结果都表明音乐是一种强化剂。在强化过程中,心率也增加到中等强度。研究结果令人信服地证明,音乐强化可以改变步行强度。我们认为,同步时间表可能是未来基于强化的运动技术的重要基础。
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引用次数: 0
Common Ground 共同点。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4216
Kennon A. Lattal
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引用次数: 0
Inducing select/reject control in a matching-to-sample procedure with observing response: Effects on stimulus equivalence 在观察反应的匹配到样本程序中诱导选择/拒绝控制:对刺激等效性的影响
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4215
Priscila Crispillho Grisante, Gerson Yukio Tomanari

This study investigated a three-choice matching-to-sample procedure with an observing-response requirement to induce select and reject control during baseline training and examined their effects on the formation of equivalence classes. The study involved four girls, aged 8 to 10 years, who participated in a computer-based task that alternated between conditions designed to induce select and reject control by requiring observing responses to display the stimuli. In the select-control condition, the correct stimulus was revealed first on at least 75% of the trials, increasing the likelihood of selecting the correct stimulus without seeing the incorrect ones. In contrast, in the reject-control condition, the correct stimulus was revealed third on at least 75% of the trials, forcing the display of both incorrect stimuli. This procedure successfully generated both select and reject control, which increased progressively with the accuracy during baseline training trials. Select control was more prominent than reject control, but both led to the formation of equivalence classes. This finding suggests that reject control does not hinder control by the correct stimulus.

本研究调查了在基线训练中诱导选择和拒绝控制的带有观察反应要求的三选一匹配到样本程序,并考察了它们对等价类的形成的影响。研究涉及四名年龄在 8 到 10 岁之间的女孩,她们参加了一项基于计算机的任务,该任务在不同条件下交替进行,通过要求观察反应来显示刺激物,从而诱发选择和拒绝控制。在选择控制条件下,至少有 75% 的试验首先显示正确的刺激物,从而增加了在没有看到错误刺激物的情况下选择正确刺激物的可能性。相反,在拒绝控制条件下,正确的刺激物在至少 75% 的试验中显示在第三位,迫使两个错误的刺激物都显示出来。这一过程成功地产生了选择控制和拒绝控制,在基线训练试验中,选择控制和拒绝控制的准确率逐步提高。选择控制比拒绝控制更为突出,但两者都会导致等价类的形成。这一发现表明,拒绝控制并不妨碍正确刺激的控制。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to “The generalization-across-dimensions model applied to conditional temporal discrimination” 对 "应用于条件时间辨别的泛化-跨维度模型 "的更正。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4217

Davison, M., & Cowie, S. (2024). The generalization-across-dimensions model applied to conditional temporal discrimination. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 121(3), 327345. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.914

This error was purely typographical and had no effect on the analyses of the results—the Microsoft Excel 365 statistical formula for the normal density function, norm.dist(x, mean, SD, 0), was used in all calculations.

We apologize for the error.

Davison, M., & Cowie, S. (2024)。 应用于条件时间辨别的泛化-跨维度模型。Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 121(3), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.914 此错误纯属排版错误,对结果分析没有影响--所有计算均使用了 Microsoft Excel 365 统计公式中的正态密度函数 norm.dist(x,mean,SD,0)。我们对此错误深表歉意。
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引用次数: 0
Validation of a novel effort-discounting assessment and evaluation of the effort-delay confound on effort discounting 验证新的努力折现评估,评估努力-延迟对努力折现的影响。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4214
Sara Peck, Gregory J. Madden

A vast literature highlights the prevalence of impulsive decision making in maladaptive outcomes. Most research has focused on one form—delay discounting. Less research has focused on effort discounting, possibly because of a lack of a standardized task for assessment. In published effort-discounting tasks, effort is conceptualized in many ways, making it difficult to compare findings across studies. Additionally, most effort-discounting tasks do not control for the time inherent in completing the effortful task, which makes it difficult to disentangle effort discounting from delay discounting. The current study evaluated the validity of a novel hypothetical effort-discounting task. The novel task was used to evaluate the influence of the effort-delay confound on rates of effort discounting in humans. Participants were randomly assigned to complete a confounded or a controlled version of the novel effort-discounting task. The effort-discounting data were well described by hyperbolic and exponential functions. When effort and delay were confounded, effort-discounting rates were significantly higher than when effort alone influenced discounting. The results suggest that data that are produced by effort-discounting tasks that do not control the effort-delay confound should be interpreted cautiously because they are also influenced by delay discounting. Task limitations and future directions are discussed.

大量文献强调了冲动决策在适应不良结果中的普遍性。大多数研究都集中于一种形式--延迟贴现。对努力折扣的研究较少,这可能是因为缺乏标准化的评估任务。在已发表的努力折扣任务中,努力的概念有很多种,因此很难比较不同研究的结果。此外,大多数努力折扣任务并不控制完成努力任务所固有的时间,这就很难将努力折扣与延迟折扣区分开来。本研究评估了一项新的假设性努力折扣任务的有效性。这项新任务被用来评估努力-延迟混淆对人类努力折扣率的影响。受试者被随机分配完成一个混淆版或控制版的新式努力折扣任务。双曲线和指数函数很好地描述了努力折扣数据。当努力和延迟相混合时,努力折扣率明显高于仅受努力影响的折扣率。研究结果表明,如果努力-折扣任务没有控制努力-延迟混杂因素,则应谨慎解释这些数据,因为它们也会受到延迟折扣的影响。本文讨论了任务的局限性和未来发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding resurgence and other emergent activity with the laws of allocation, induction, and covariance 用分配律、归纳法和协变法理解复活和其他突发活动。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4212
Christopher A. Podlesnik, William M. Baum

Resurgence is defined as an increase in a previously extinguished target response (B1) resulting from the worsening of conditions for a more recently reinforced alternative response (B2). Worsening includes extinction or reductions in rate, amount, and immediacy of delivery of food or some other phylogenetically important event (PIE). In the first part of the article, we apply the laws of allocation, induction, and covariance to understand not only resurgence of operant activity previously covarying with the PIE (B1) but also a constellation of ontogenetic and phylogenetic activities both related to the PIE (B0) and unrelated to the PIE (BN). In the second part, we discuss how induction might be incorporated into and provide alternative processes within an existing matching-based framework, resurgence as choice (RaC). We begin to identify how this range of activities could depend on changes in the relative competitive weight (V) of all available activities (B1, B2, B0, BN) in addition to only those receiving explicit training (B1, B2). Future empirical and theoretical research is needed within this framework to provide a more complete understanding of resurgence and behavior more generally.

死灰复燃的定义是,由于最近被强化的替代反应(B2)的条件恶化,导致先前被熄灭的目标反应(B1)增加。恶化包括食物或一些其他系统发育上重要事件(PIE)的灭绝或递送速度、数量和即时性的降低。在文章的第一部分,我们运用分配、诱导和协变法则来理解以前与 PIE(B1)共变的操作活动的恢复,以及与 PIE(B0)相关和无关的本体和系统发育活动(BN)的组合。在第二部分中,我们将讨论如何将归纳法纳入现有的基于匹配的框架--作为选择的复苏(RaC)--中,并在其中提供替代过程。我们开始确定活动范围如何取决于所有可用活动(B1、B2、B0、BN)的相对竞争权重(V)的变化,而不仅仅是那些接受明确培训的活动(B1、B2)。未来需要在这一框架内开展实证和理论研究,以便更全面地了解复活和一般行为。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of amount and delay of reward on choice and response rate: A free-operant, multiple-schedule analogue of a discrete-trial procedure 奖励金额和延迟对选择和反应率的影响:离散试验程序的自由操作、多计划模拟法
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4213
James E. Wright, Phil Reed

The current study explored a free-operant analogue of discrete-trial procedures to study the effects of amount and delay of reinforcement on choice and response rate. Rats responded on a multiple variable-interval (VI) 45-s, 45-s schedule, with interspersed choice probe trials. Comparison of relative response rates and percentage of choice revealed some discrepancies between the free-operant analogue and discrete-trial procedures. Amount of reward controlled choice behavior when the ratios of delays were similar. When reward delays were more discrepant, delay length controlled choice behavior. Whereas the percentage of choice was larger for the larger magnitude reward, the relative rate of response for the larger magnitude was less than .50. In contrast, when the percentage of choice generally fell to below 50% (with large amount and large delay differences between alternatives), relative response rate indicated a preference for the larger amount alternative. This study shows the feasibility and utility of a free-operant analogue of discrete-choice studies that could be used to develop an analysis of preference.

本研究探索了离散试验的自由操作类似程序,以研究强化量和延迟对选择和反应率的影响。大鼠在一个 45 秒、45 秒的多重可变间隔 (VI) 计划表中做出反应,其中穿插了选择探究试验。比较相对反应率和选择百分比发现,自由操作模拟程序和离散试验程序之间存在一些差异。当延迟比例相似时,奖励量控制着选择行为。当奖励延迟差异较大时,延迟长度控制选择行为。虽然较大奖励量的选择比例较大,但较大奖励量的相对反应率却小于 0.50。相反,当选择百分比普遍降至 50%以下时(选择金额大且延迟差异大的替代品),相对反应率显示出对金额大的替代品的偏好。这项研究表明,自由操作模拟离散选择研究的可行性和实用性,可用于偏好分析。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the suitability of cannabis use with next‐day responsibilities: A behavioral‐economic and qualitative study 探索使用大麻与次日责任的适宜性:行为经济学和定性研究
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4209
Brandon P. Miller, Kianna Csölle, Christina Chen, Anna Lester, Sarah C. Weinsztok, Elizabeth R. Aston, Michael Amlung
Cannabis demand is sensitive to next‐day responsibilities, such as job interviews; however, it is unclear how demand is affected by non‐work‐related responsibilities and how reported compatibility of cannabis use (i.e., how suitable one perceives cannabis use to be in a situation) influences demand. This study examined the effects of a range of responsibilities on cannabis demand in a crowdsourced sample of adults who smoked cannabis at least monthly (n = 177; 78% White; 47% women; mean age = 36.52). Participants completed hypothetical marijuana purchase tasks asking how much cannabis they would consume at escalating prices in the context of no responsibilities and next‐day responsibilities spanning work, leisure, and caregiving. Cannabis demand was significantly reduced in all responsibility conditions (ps < .008; ds .28–.94), with the largest reductions for the job interview and caring‐for‐kids conditions. Higher ratings of suitability of cannabis use in each situation were correlated with higher demand. Finally, a qualitative thematic analysis characterized why cannabis use was considered suitable or unsuitable with each responsibility. These results suggest that demand is sensitive to next‐day responsibilities. However, these effects are not uniform, and future research is needed to examine these individual differences and the timing of upcoming responsibilities.
大麻需求对第二天的责任(如求职面试)很敏感;然而,目前还不清楚与工作无关的责任对需求有何影响,也不清楚所报告的大麻使用兼容性(即个人认为在某种情况下使用大麻的合适程度)对需求有何影响。本研究以至少每月吸食一次大麻的成年人(n = 177;78% 白人;47% 女性;平均年龄 = 36.52)为众包样本,研究了一系列责任对大麻需求的影响。参与者完成了假设的大麻购买任务,询问在无责任和次日责任(包括工作、休闲和照料)的情况下,他们会以不断攀升的价格消费多少大麻。在所有责任条件下,大麻需求量都明显减少(ps < .008; ds .28-.94),其中工作面试和照顾孩子条件下的减少量最大。对每种情况下使用大麻的适宜性评价越高,需求量越大。最后,一项定性专题分析描述了在每种责任中使用大麻被认为合适或不合适的原因。这些结果表明,需求对第二天的责任很敏感。然而,这些影响并不一致,未来的研究需要考察这些个体差异和即将承担责任的时间。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
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