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Model-based estimates for operant selection 基于模型的操作选择估算。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-02 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.924
Matthias Borgstede, Patrick Anselme

We present a new methodology to partition different sources of behavior change within a selectionist framework based on the Price equation—the multilevel model of behavioral selection. The multilevel model of behavioral selection provides a theoretical background to describe behavior change in terms of operant selection. Operant selection is formally captured by the covariance-based law of effect and accounts for all changes in individual behavior that involve a covariance between behavior and predictors of evolutionary fitness (e.g., food). In this article, we show how the covariance-based law of effect may be applied to different components of operant behavior (e.g., allocation, speed, and accuracy of responding), thereby providing quantitative estimates for various selection effects affecting behavior change using data from a published learning experiment with pigeons.

我们提出了一种新方法,在基于普赖斯方程的选择主义框架内划分行为变化的不同来源--行为选择的多层次模型。行为选择的多层次模型为从操作选择的角度描述行为变化提供了理论背景。操作选择被基于协方差的效应定律正式捕获,并解释了个体行为中涉及行为与进化适应性预测因子(如食物)之间协方差的所有变化。在本文中,我们展示了如何将基于协方差的效应定律应用于操作行为的不同组成部分(如分配、反应速度和准确性),从而利用已发表的鸽子学习实验数据,对影响行为变化的各种选择效应进行定量估计。
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引用次数: 0
Hyperbolae Hyperbolae.
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.916
Peter R. Killeen

Hyperbolic relations between independent and dependent variables are ubiquitous in the experimental analysis of behavior, mentioned in over 150 articles in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. There are two principal forms of hyperbolae: The first describes the relation between response rate and reinforcement rate on variable-interval schedules of reinforcement; it rises asymptotically toward a maximum. The second describes the relation between the current equivalent value of an incentive and its delay or (im)probability; it falls from a maximum toward an asymptote of 0. Where do these come from? What do their parameters mean? How are they related? This article answers the first two questions and addresses the last.

自变量和因变量之间的双曲线关系在行为实验分析中无处不在,《行为实验分析期刊》上有 150 多篇文章提到过这种关系。双曲线有两种主要形式:第一种描述了在可变间隔强化计划中,反应率与强化率之间的关系;它向最大值渐近上升。第二种描述了激励的当前等值与其延迟或(不)概率之间的关系;它从最大值下降到渐近线 0。它们的参数是什么意思?它们之间有什么联系?本文将回答前两个问题,并讨论最后一个问题。
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引用次数: 0
Merging meaningful classes and abstract equivalence classes by exclusion 通过排除法合并有意义类和抽象等价类。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.917
Ramon Marin, Colin Harte, Deisy das Graças de Souza

The current experiment assessed whether relating abstract stimuli with familiar pictures by exclusion would produce the formation of a meaningful equivalence class. Ten participants learned conditional discrimination relations with abstract stimuli and established equivalence classes (ABC classes). They then learned DA (D1A1, D2A2, and D3A3) conditional discriminations with written words as D stimuli; two words (D1 and D2) were meaningful stimuli in the participants verbal community (“Dentist” and “Baker”), whereas the third (D3) was a pseudoword (“Tabilu”). In testing trials, participants evidenced derived relations between pictures related preexperimentally to D1 and D2 with the experimental equivalence classes related to D1 and D2. For some participants, the decontextualized stimuli were a set of boat pictures (Condition 1), whereas for others they were a set of miscellaneous pictures (Condition 2). Participants in both conditions successfully matched decontextualized pictures (unrelated to dentist and baker contexts) to all abstract stimuli in the class related to D3 (exclusion responding). In Condition 1 the meaning reported to the word Tabilu was similar across participants, but in Condition 2 participants showed more variations to answer to the meaning of Tabilu. These results suggest that exclusion learning can occur under different stimulus control topographies.

本实验评估了通过排除法将抽象刺激与熟悉的图片联系起来是否会形成有意义的等价类。十名参与者学习了抽象刺激的条件辨别关系,并建立了等价类(ABC 类)。然后,他们学习了以书面词语作为 D 刺激的 DA(D1A1、D2A2 和 D3A3)条件辨别;其中两个词语(D1 和 D2)是参与者言语社区中的有意义刺激("牙医 "和 "面包师"),而第三个词语(D3)则是一个假词("塔比鲁")。在测试试验中,参与者证明了实验前与 D1 和 D2 相关的图片与实验中与 D1 和 D2 相关的等价类之间的派生关系。对一些参与者来说,去语境化的刺激是一组船的图片(条件 1),而对另一些参与者来说,去语境化的刺激则是一组杂项图片(条件 2)。两种条件下的受试者都成功地将去语境化的图片(与牙医和面包师的语境无关)与与 D3 有关的类别中的所有抽象刺激相匹配(排除反应)。在条件 1 中,不同参与者对 "Tabilu "一词所报告的含义相似,但在条件 2 中,参与者对 "Tabilu "含义的回答出现了更多变化。这些结果表明,排除学习可以在不同的刺激控制拓扑结构下发生。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing stimulus preference and response force in a conjugate preparation: A replication with auditory stimulation 比较共轭制备中的刺激偏好和反应力:听觉刺激的重复。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.915
Jennifer L. Cook, Rasha R. Baruni, Jonathan W. Pinkston, John T. Rapp, Raymond G. Miltenberger, Shreeya Deshmukh, Emma Walker, Sharayah Tai

This study examined a conjugate approach for evaluating auditory stimulus preference for 81 participants using force as a continuous response dimension. First, the researchers used a verbal preference assessment to evaluate each participant's preference for listening to five genres of music. This process identified high-preference and low-preference music for each participant. Thereafter, the researchers exposed each participant to the five music genres in a randomized order while using a hand dynamometer to measure their response force to increase the auditory clarity of the music. The results indicate (a) 63% of the participants' high-preference music genres corresponded to the genre for which they exerted the highest mean force and (b) most participants' low-preference music genres corresponded to the genre for which they exerted the lowest mean force. These findings are consistent with those from Davis et al. (2021) and further support using conjugate preparations for measuring the relative value of some stimulus events.

本研究采用一种共轭方法,以力作为连续反应维度,对 81 名参与者的听觉刺激偏好进行评估。首先,研究人员使用口头偏好评估来评价每位参与者对聆听五种音乐类型的偏好。这一过程确定了每位参与者对音乐的高偏好度和低偏好度。之后,研究人员按照随机顺序让每位受试者聆听五种类型的音乐,同时使用手部测力计测量他们的反应力,以提高音乐的听觉清晰度。结果表明:(a) 63% 的参与者的高偏好音乐类型与他们平均用力最大的音乐类型相对应;(b) 大多数参与者的低偏好音乐类型与他们平均用力最小的音乐类型相对应。这些发现与 Davis 等人(2021 年)的研究结果一致,并进一步支持使用共轭准备来测量某些刺激事件的相对价值。
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引用次数: 0
The generalization-across-dimensions model applied to conditional temporal discrimination 应用于条件时间辨别的泛化-跨维度模型
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.914
Michael Davison, Sarah Cowie

Can simple choice conditional-discrimination choice be accounted for by recent quantitative models of combined stimulus and reinforcer control? In Experiment 1, two sets of five blackout durations, one using shorter intervals and one using longer intervals, conditionally signaled which subsequent choice response might provide food. In seven conditions, the distribution of blackout durations across the sets was varied. An updated version of the generalization-across-dimensions model nicely described the way that choice changed across durations. In Experiment 2, just two blackout durations acted as the conditional stimuli and the durations were varied over 10 conditions. The parameters of the model obtained in Experiment 1 failed adequately to predict choice in Experiment 2, but the model again fitted the data nicely. The failure to predict the Experiment 2 data from the Experiment 1 parameters occurred because in Experiment 1 differential control by reinforcer locations progressively decreased with blackout durations, whereas in Experiment 2 this control remained constant. These experiments extend the ability of the model to describe data from procedures based on concurrent schedules in which reinforcer ratios reverse at fixed times to those from conditional-discrimination procedures. Further research is needed to understand why control by reinforcer location differed between the two experiments.

简单选择的条件辨别选择能否用最近的刺激和强化物联合控制定量模型来解释?在实验 1 中,两组五次停顿时间(一次使用较短的时间间隔,一次使用较长的时间间隔)有条件地预示了随后的选择反应可能提供食物。在七个条件中,各组停顿时间的分布各不相同。更新版的 "泛化-跨维度模型 "很好地描述了选择在不同持续时间内的变化方式。在实验 2 中,只有两个停电时间作为条件刺激,停电时间在 10 个条件中变化。实验 1 中得到的模型参数未能充分预测实验 2 中的选择,但该模型再次很好地拟合了数据。实验 1 的参数之所以不能预测实验 2 的数据,是因为在实验 1 中,强化物位置的差异控制随着停电时间的延长而逐渐减弱,而在实验 2 中,这种控制保持不变。这些实验扩展了该模型描述基于并行时间表的程序数据的能力,在并行时间表中,强化物比率在固定时间发生逆转,而在条件辨别程序中,强化物比率也发生逆转。我们还需要进一步的研究来了解为什么两个实验中强化物位置的控制会有所不同。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing negative reinforcement through simultaneous observing and committed concurrent progressive-ratio procedures: Preliminary investigations 通过同步观察和承诺同步累进比率程序评估负强化:初步调查
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.913
Benjamin N. Witts, Jennifer L. Bruzek

Efficient methods for assessing the relative aversiveness of stimuli are sparse and underresearched. Having access to efficient procedures that can identify aversive stimuli would benefit researchers and practitioners alike. Across three experiments, 13 participants helped to pilot, refine, and test two approaches to identifying negative reinforcers. The first experiment presented two conditions, one in which computerized button pressing started or stopped one of two recorded infant cries (or silence, when the control button was selected). Choices were presented either in a modified observing-response procedure (i.e., simultaneous observing) or in a modified progressive-ratio procedure (i.e., committed concurrent progressive ratio; CCPR). Results were favorable though not conclusive on their own. A second experiment, using more distinct stimuli (i.e., one likely aversive, one likely not aversive), replicated the first, and clearer results emerged. Finally, the third experiment tested the stimuli from the second experiment in a CCPR arrangement where sound was terminated contingent on responding and idiosyncratic negative reinforcement hierarchies emerged. The utility of these two procedures is discussed, and future work that addresses the limitations is outlined.

评估刺激物相对厌恶性的有效方法很少,而且研究不足。如果能获得高效的程序来识别厌恶性刺激,研究人员和从业人员都将受益匪浅。在三个实验中,13 名参与者帮助试验、改进和测试了两种识别负强化物的方法。第一个实验提供了两个条件,其中一个条件是电脑按下按钮开始或停止录制的两种婴儿哭声中的一种(或选择控制按钮时保持沉默)。选择是在修改后的观察-反应程序(即同步观察)或修改后的累进比率程序(即承诺并发累进比率;CCPR)中呈现的。结果是好的,但本身并不具有决定性。第二个实验使用了更多不同的刺激物(即一个可能是厌恶性刺激,一个可能不是厌恶性刺激),重复了第一个实验,得出了更明确的结果。最后,第三个实验在 CCPR 安排中测试了第二个实验中的刺激物,在该安排中,声音的终止取决于反应,并出现了特异的负强化等级。本文讨论了这两项实验的实用性,并概述了解决这些局限性的未来工作。
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引用次数: 0
Research and mentorship in behavior analysis from a lens of cultural responsiveness and antiracism 从文化响应和反种族主义的角度开展行为分析研究和导师工作
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.911
Corina Jimenez-Gomez

Although scientific endeavors strive to be objective, they are the work of individuals whose unique perspectives and experiences influence their research and interpretations of the world and data. Much has been said and written lately about the need to embed cultural responsiveness in behavior analysis and the need to enhance diversity in the field. In fact, similar conversations are taking place in many areas of science. Despite the current buzz, many behavioral researchers may be left wondering what they can do or whether it is incumbent on them to act. For the field of behavior analysis to move toward adopting the values of diversity, equity, inclusion, and access, members of the scientific community must actively engage in behaviors that foster inclusive and safe learning environments for students, engage in collaborative work, and incorporate culturally responsive research and mentorship practices. This article will describe some current practices, showcase exemplars of culturally responsive research and mentorship, and provide resources for researchers and mentors.

尽管科学工作力求客观,但它们也是个人的工作,个人的独特视角和经历影响着他们的研究以及对世界和数据的解释。最近,关于在行为分析中植入文化响应的必要性以及加强该领域多样性的必要性,已经有很多论述和文章。事实上,许多科学领域都在进行类似的讨论。尽管目前热闹非凡,但许多行为研究人员可能仍然不知道他们能做些什么,或者他们是否有责任采取行动。行为分析领域要想实现多元化、公平、包容和可及性的价值观,科学界成员就必须积极行动起来,为学生营造包容和安全的学习环境,参与合作工作,并融入文化上相适应的研究和指导实践。本文将介绍当前的一些做法,展示具有文化敏感性的研究和导师制的典范,并为研究人员和导师提供资源。
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引用次数: 0
An apparatus and procedure for studying discounting of real outcomes of money and aversive sound 研究货币和厌恶声音实际结果贴现的仪器和程序。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.912
Elizabeth Meshes, Jonathan Tarbox, Jonathan A. Meshes, Amy L. Odum

We developed and examined a laboratory preparation with adult humans that pits shorter term avoidance over longer term positive reinforcement and may serve as a useful laboratory functional analogue of problematic behavior. Participants were exposed to choices between (1) avoiding an aversive sound and acquiring no money or (2) listening to an aversive sound for a set duration and then receiving money. The first choice, avoiding an aversive sound and acquiring no money, was conceptualized as immediate negative reinforcement and no positive reinforcement, whereas the latter choice, listening to an aversive sound for a set duration and then receiving money, was conceptualized as a potential positive punisher paired with a larger later positive reinforcer. We manipulated the duration of the sound and the magnitude of money to identify the point at which individual participants' choices changed from avoiding the sound to choosing the sound plus money. As the sound duration increased, the choice of listening to the sound and receiving money decreased. Similar functions were observed with two different monetary magnitudes. The model has potential applicability to real-world problems such as smoking, addiction, gambling, anxiety disorders, and other impulse control disorders.

我们开发并研究了一种以成年人类为实验对象的实验准备方法,该方法将短期回避与长期正强化相比较,可作为问题行为的一种有用的实验室功能模拟。受试者会在以下两种情况中做出选择:(1)回避厌恶的声音,不获得金钱;(2)在一定时间内聆听厌恶的声音,然后获得金钱。第一种选择,即避开厌恶的声音和不拿钱,被认为是立即的负强化和无正强化,而后一种选择,即听厌恶的声音一定时间后再拿钱,被认为是潜在的正惩罚和较大的正强化。我们对声音的持续时间和金钱的数额进行了调整,以确定每个参与者的选择从回避声音转变为选择声音加金钱的时间点。随着声音持续时间的增加,听声音和收钱的选择减少了。在两种不同的货币幅度下也观察到了类似的功能。该模型可能适用于现实世界中的问题,如吸烟、成瘾、赌博、焦虑症和其他冲动控制障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Resurgence of ethanol seeking following voluntary abstinence produced by nondrug differential reinforcement of other behavior 通过对其他行为进行非药物差异强化,在自愿戒酒后重新寻求乙醇。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.909
Andrew R. Craig, Charlene N. Agnew, Kate E. Derrenbacker, Beatriz Arroyo Antúnez, William E. Sullivan, Sean W. Smith, Jacqueline DeBartelo, Henry S. Roane

Resurgence refers to the relapse of a target behavior following the worsening of a source of alternative reinforcement that was made available during response elimination. Most laboratory analyses of resurgence have used a combination of extinction and alternative reinforcement to reduce target behavior. In contingency-management treatments for alcohol use disorder, however, alcohol use is not placed on extinction. Instead, participants voluntarily abstain from alcohol use to access nondrug alternative reinforcers. Inasmuch, additional laboratory research on resurgence following voluntary abstinence is warranted. The present experiment evaluated resurgence of rats' ethanol seeking following voluntary abstinence produced by differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). Lever pressing produced ethanol reinforcers during baseline phases. During DRO phases, lever pressing continued to produce ethanol and food reinforcers were delivered according to resetting DRO schedules. Ethanol and food reinforcers were suspended during resurgence test phases to evaluate resurgence following voluntary abstinence. Lever pressing was elevated during baseline phases and occurred at near-zero rates during DRO phases. During the resurgence test phases, lever pressing increased, despite that it no longer produced ethanol. The procedure introduced here may help researchers better understand the variables that affect voluntary abstinence from ethanol seeking and resurgence following voluntary abstinence.

卷土重来指的是在消除反应时提供的替代性强化源恶化后,目标行为再次出现。大多数关于复吸的实验室分析都采用消退和替代性强化相结合的方法来减少目标行为。然而,在针对饮酒障碍的应急管理疗法中,饮酒行为并没有被消灭。相反,参与者会自愿戒酒,以获得非药物替代强化物。因此,有必要对自愿戒酒后的恢复情况进行更多的实验室研究。本实验评估了大鼠在自愿戒酒后通过其他行为的差异强化(DRO)而重新寻求乙醇的情况。在基线阶段,按压杠杆会产生乙醇强化物。在 DRO 阶段,按压杠杆继续产生乙醇,并根据重置 DRO 计划提供食物强化物。在复吸测试阶段,乙醇和食物强化物被暂停,以评估自愿戒断后的复吸情况。在基线阶段,按压杠杆的频率较高,而在DRO阶段,按压杠杆的频率几乎为零。在复吸测试阶段,尽管按压杠杆不再产生乙醇,但按压杠杆的次数仍有所增加。本文介绍的程序可帮助研究人员更好地了解影响自愿戒断乙醇寻求和自愿戒断后复吸的变量。
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引用次数: 0
A systematic review and meta-analysis of test–retest reliability and stability of delay and probability discounting 对延迟和概率折扣的测试重复可靠性和稳定性进行系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q2 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.910
Brett W. Gelino, Rebekah D. Schlitzer, Derek D. Reed, Justin C. Strickland

In this meta-analysis, we describe a benchmark value of delay and probability discounting reliability and stability that might be used to (a) evaluate the meaningfulness of clinically achieved changes in discounting and (b) support the role of discounting as a valid and enduring measure of intertemporal choice. We examined test–retest reliability, stability effect sizes (dz; Cohen, 1992), and relevant moderators across 30 publications comprising 39 independent samples and 262 measures of discounting, identified via a systematic review of PsychInfo, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We calculated omnibus effect-size estimates and evaluated the role of proposed moderators using a robust variance estimation meta-regression method. The meta-regression output reflected modest test–retest reliability, r = .670, p < .001, 95% CI [.618, .716]. Discounting was most reliable when measured in the context of temporal constraints, in adult respondents, when using money as a medium, and when reassessed within 1 month. Testing also suggested acceptable stability via nonsignificant and small changes in effect magnitude over time, dz = 0.048, p = .31, 95% CI [−0.051, 0.146]. Clinicians and researchers seeking to measure discounting can consider the contexts when reliability is maximized for specific cases.

在这项荟萃分析中,我们描述了延迟和概率折扣可靠性和稳定性的基准值,该基准值可用于:(a) 评估临床上实现的折扣变化的意义;(b) 支持折扣作为时际选择的有效和持久测量方法的作用。我们通过对 PsychInfo、PubMed 和 Google Scholar 数据库的系统性审查,对包含 39 个独立样本和 262 种折现测量方法的 30 篇出版物中的测试重复可靠性、稳定性效应大小(dz;Cohen,1992 年)和相关调节因素进行了研究。我们使用稳健方差估计元回归方法计算了总效应大小估计值,并评估了所提出的调节因子的作用。元回归结果反映了适度的重复测试可靠性,r = .670,p z = 0.048,p = .31,95% CI [-0.051, 0.146]。寻求测量折现的临床医生和研究人员可以考虑在特定情况下最大限度地提高可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
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