The vast majority of studies on discounting have focused on simple delayed outcomes, but most everyday decisions are more complicated. The present experiment focused on one such scenario, an iconic self-control situation in which immediate gains are followed by delayed losses. The same participants were studied in all conditions to permit examination of individual differences in choice behavior using intercorrelations and factor analysis. Consistent with previous research, the hyperboloid model accurately described the form of the discounting function and discounting was not affected by the amount of the delayed loss when it was presented alone. However, replicating other studies, smaller delayed losses were discounted more steeply than larger ones when presented in combination with immediate gains. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors, one loading primarily on loss-only conditions and the other loading primarily on conditions involving outcomes that combined gains and losses. These results imply that there are individual differences in how one combines gains and losses and that this characteristic of individual decision making might be an important predictor of decisions in the many everyday choice situations that involve complex outcomes.
{"title":"Individual differences in the discounting of combination outcomes in which immediate gains are followed by delayed losses","authors":"Ke Ning, Leonard Green, Joel Myerson","doi":"10.1002/jeab.929","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.929","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The vast majority of studies on discounting have focused on simple delayed outcomes, but most everyday decisions are more complicated. The present experiment focused on one such scenario, an iconic self-control situation in which immediate gains are followed by delayed losses. The same participants were studied in all conditions to permit examination of individual differences in choice behavior using intercorrelations and factor analysis. Consistent with previous research, the hyperboloid model accurately described the form of the discounting function and discounting was not affected by the amount of the delayed loss when it was presented alone. However, replicating other studies, smaller delayed losses were discounted more steeply than larger ones when presented in combination with immediate gains. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors, one loading primarily on loss-only conditions and the other loading primarily on conditions involving outcomes that combined gains and losses. These results imply that there are individual differences in how one combines gains and losses and that this characteristic of individual decision making might be an important predictor of decisions in the many everyday choice situations that involve complex outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"122 1","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141296336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The book Teaching Machines: The History of Personalized Learning by Audrey Watters (2021) is of interest to the readers of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior because the roots of teaching machines and programmed instruction are in the experimental analysis of behavior. Furthermore, the book addresses use-inspired basic research in education, one of our country's most pressing problems. The review begins with an introduction, followed by an overview of the book chapters, extending the historical, cultural, and behavior-analytic context presented by Watters. Particular emphasis is placed on the work of two not-so-well-known researchers in behavior analysis, Susan Meyer Markle (1928–2008) and Benjamin Wyckoff (1922–2007). The review continues with an assessment of the audience for the book and its contributions to behavior analysis and some perspectives. An overarching theme throughout the review is the importance of learning and teaching the history of behavior analysis.
{"title":"Why history matters: A review of Watters's Teaching Machines, the History of Personalized Learning","authors":"Mirari Elcoro","doi":"10.1002/jeab.928","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.928","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The book <i>Teaching Machines: The History of Personalized Learning</i> by Audrey Watters (2021) is of interest to the readers of the <i>Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior</i> because the roots of teaching machines and programmed instruction are in the experimental analysis of behavior. Furthermore, the book addresses use-inspired basic research in education, one of our country's most pressing problems. The review begins with an introduction, followed by an overview of the book chapters, extending the historical, cultural, and behavior-analytic context presented by Watters. Particular emphasis is placed on the work of two not-so-well-known researchers in behavior analysis, Susan Meyer Markle (1928–2008) and Benjamin Wyckoff (1922–2007). The review continues with an assessment of the audience for the book and its contributions to behavior analysis and some perspectives. An overarching theme throughout the review is the importance of learning and teaching the history of behavior analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"122 1","pages":"87-97"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141367177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A challenge in carrying out matching analyses is to deal with undefined log ratios. If any reinforcer or response rate equals zero, the logarithm of the ratio is undefined: data are unsuitable for analyses. There have been some tentative solutions, but they had not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this article is to assess the adequacy of five treatments: omit undefined ratios, use full information maximum likelihood, replace undefined ratios by the mean divided by 100, replace them by a constant 1/10, and add the constant .50 to ratios. Based on simulations, the treatments are compared on their estimations of variance accounted for, sensitivity, and bias. The results show that full information maximum likelihood and omiting undefined ratios had the best overall performance, with negligibly biased and more accurate estimates than mean divided by 100, constant 1/10, and constant .50. The study suggests that mean divided by 100, constant 1/10, and constant .50 should be avoided and recommends full information maximum likelihood to deal with undefined log ratios in matching analyses.
{"title":"Treatments for undefined log ratios in matching analyses","authors":"Pier-Olivier Caron","doi":"10.1002/jeab.925","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.925","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A challenge in carrying out matching analyses is to deal with undefined log ratios. If any reinforcer or response rate equals zero, the logarithm of the ratio is undefined: data are unsuitable for analyses. There have been some tentative solutions, but they had not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this article is to assess the adequacy of five treatments: omit undefined ratios, use full information maximum likelihood, replace undefined ratios by the mean divided by 100, replace them by a constant 1/10, and add the constant .50 to ratios. Based on simulations, the treatments are compared on their estimations of variance accounted for, sensitivity, and bias. The results show that full information maximum likelihood and omiting undefined ratios had the best overall performance, with negligibly biased and more accurate estimates than mean divided by 100, constant 1/10, and constant .50. The study suggests that mean divided by 100, constant 1/10, and constant .50 should be avoided and recommends full information maximum likelihood to deal with undefined log ratios in matching analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"122 1","pages":"52-61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jeab.925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141262077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2023 Guest Reviewer List","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/jeab.927","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.927","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"122 1","pages":"98-99"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel J. Sheridan, John T. Rapp, Anna Kate Edgemon, Jonathan W. Pinkston
The current study examined 98 participants' preferences for five pictorial stimuli. The researchers used a verbal multiple-stimulus-without-replacement (VMSWO) preference assessment with each participant to identify high-preference and low-preference pictorial stimuli. Next, participants viewed each pictorial stimulus in a randomized order on a computer while using a hand dynamometer that measured the amount of force they exerted to increase or maintain the visual clarity of each image. The results indicate that over 75% of participants' force response ranks corresponded with participants' VMSWO high-preference stimuli, VMSWO low-preference stimuli, or both. The results of the current study provide further evidence for the use of conjugate schedules in the assessment of stimulus preference with potential for use as a reinforcer assessment. Implications along with directions for future research and limitations of the findings are discussed.
{"title":"Assessing stimulus preference using response force in a conjugate preparation: A replication and extension","authors":"Daniel J. Sheridan, John T. Rapp, Anna Kate Edgemon, Jonathan W. Pinkston","doi":"10.1002/jeab.926","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.926","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current study examined 98 participants' preferences for five pictorial stimuli. The researchers used a verbal multiple-stimulus-without-replacement (VMSWO) preference assessment with each participant to identify high-preference and low-preference pictorial stimuli. Next, participants viewed each pictorial stimulus in a randomized order on a computer while using a hand dynamometer that measured the amount of force they exerted to increase or maintain the visual clarity of each image. The results indicate that over 75% of participants' force response ranks corresponded with participants' VMSWO high-preference stimuli, VMSWO low-preference stimuli, or both. The results of the current study provide further evidence for the use of conjugate schedules in the assessment of stimulus preference with potential for use as a reinforcer assessment. Implications along with directions for future research and limitations of the findings are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"122 1","pages":"25-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141262067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a new methodology to partition different sources of behavior change within a selectionist framework based on the Price equation—the multilevel model of behavioral selection. The multilevel model of behavioral selection provides a theoretical background to describe behavior change in terms of operant selection. Operant selection is formally captured by the covariance-based law of effect and accounts for all changes in individual behavior that involve a covariance between behavior and predictors of evolutionary fitness (e.g., food). In this article, we show how the covariance-based law of effect may be applied to different components of operant behavior (e.g., allocation, speed, and accuracy of responding), thereby providing quantitative estimates for various selection effects affecting behavior change using data from a published learning experiment with pigeons.
{"title":"Model-based estimates for operant selection","authors":"Matthias Borgstede, Patrick Anselme","doi":"10.1002/jeab.924","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.924","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a new methodology to partition different sources of behavior change within a selectionist framework based on the Price equation—the multilevel model of behavioral selection. The multilevel model of behavioral selection provides a theoretical background to describe behavior change in terms of operant selection. Operant selection is formally captured by the covariance-based law of effect and accounts for all changes in individual behavior that involve a covariance between behavior and predictors of evolutionary fitness (e.g., food). In this article, we show how the covariance-based law of effect may be applied to different components of operant behavior (e.g., allocation, speed, and accuracy of responding), thereby providing quantitative estimates for various selection effects affecting behavior change using data from a published learning experiment with pigeons.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"122 1","pages":"62-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jeab.924","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141198986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyperbolic relations between independent and dependent variables are ubiquitous in the experimental analysis of behavior, mentioned in over 150 articles in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. There are two principal forms of hyperbolae: The first describes the relation between response rate and reinforcement rate on variable-interval schedules of reinforcement; it rises asymptotically toward a maximum. The second describes the relation between the current equivalent value of an incentive and its delay or (im)probability; it falls from a maximum toward an asymptote of 0. Where do these come from? What do their parameters mean? How are they related? This article answers the first two questions and addresses the last.
{"title":"Hyperbolae","authors":"Peter R. Killeen","doi":"10.1002/jeab.916","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.916","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hyperbolic relations between independent and dependent variables are ubiquitous in the experimental analysis of behavior, mentioned in over 150 articles in the <i>Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior</i>. There are two principal forms of hyperbolae: The first describes the relation between response rate and reinforcement rate on variable-interval schedules of reinforcement; it rises asymptotically toward a maximum. The second describes the relation between the current equivalent value of an incentive and its delay or (im)probability; it falls from a maximum toward an asymptote of 0. Where do these come from? What do their parameters mean? How are they related? This article answers the first two questions and addresses the last.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"122 1","pages":"72-86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141087895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramon Marin, Colin Harte, Deisy das Graças de Souza
The current experiment assessed whether relating abstract stimuli with familiar pictures by exclusion would produce the formation of a meaningful equivalence class. Ten participants learned conditional discrimination relations with abstract stimuli and established equivalence classes (ABC classes). They then learned DA (D1A1, D2A2, and D3A3) conditional discriminations with written words as D stimuli; two words (D1 and D2) were meaningful stimuli in the participants verbal community (“Dentist” and “Baker”), whereas the third (D3) was a pseudoword (“Tabilu”). In testing trials, participants evidenced derived relations between pictures related preexperimentally to D1 and D2 with the experimental equivalence classes related to D1 and D2. For some participants, the decontextualized stimuli were a set of boat pictures (Condition 1), whereas for others they were a set of miscellaneous pictures (Condition 2). Participants in both conditions successfully matched decontextualized pictures (unrelated to dentist and baker contexts) to all abstract stimuli in the class related to D3 (exclusion responding). In Condition 1 the meaning reported to the word Tabilu was similar across participants, but in Condition 2 participants showed more variations to answer to the meaning of Tabilu. These results suggest that exclusion learning can occur under different stimulus control topographies.
{"title":"Merging meaningful classes and abstract equivalence classes by exclusion","authors":"Ramon Marin, Colin Harte, Deisy das Graças de Souza","doi":"10.1002/jeab.917","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.917","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current experiment assessed whether relating abstract stimuli with familiar pictures by exclusion would produce the formation of a meaningful equivalence class. Ten participants learned conditional discrimination relations with abstract stimuli and established equivalence classes (ABC classes). They then learned DA (D1A1, D2A2, and D3A3) conditional discriminations with written words as D stimuli; two words (D1 and D2) were meaningful stimuli in the participants verbal community (“Dentist” and “Baker”), whereas the third (D3) was a pseudoword (“Tabilu”). In testing trials, participants evidenced derived relations between pictures related preexperimentally to D1 and D2 with the experimental equivalence classes related to D1 and D2. For some participants, the decontextualized stimuli were a set of boat pictures (Condition 1), whereas for others they were a set of miscellaneous pictures (Condition 2). Participants in both conditions successfully matched decontextualized pictures (unrelated to dentist and baker contexts) to all abstract stimuli in the class related to D3 (exclusion responding). In Condition 1 the meaning reported to the word Tabilu was similar across participants, but in Condition 2 participants showed more variations to answer to the meaning of Tabilu. These results suggest that exclusion learning can occur under different stimulus control topographies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"122 1","pages":"42-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140922157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer L. Cook, Rasha R. Baruni, Jonathan W. Pinkston, John T. Rapp, Raymond G. Miltenberger, Shreeya Deshmukh, Emma Walker, Sharayah Tai
This study examined a conjugate approach for evaluating auditory stimulus preference for 81 participants using force as a continuous response dimension. First, the researchers used a verbal preference assessment to evaluate each participant's preference for listening to five genres of music. This process identified high-preference and low-preference music for each participant. Thereafter, the researchers exposed each participant to the five music genres in a randomized order while using a hand dynamometer to measure their response force to increase the auditory clarity of the music. The results indicate (a) 63% of the participants' high-preference music genres corresponded to the genre for which they exerted the highest mean force and (b) most participants' low-preference music genres corresponded to the genre for which they exerted the lowest mean force. These findings are consistent with those from Davis et al. (2021) and further support using conjugate preparations for measuring the relative value of some stimulus events.
本研究采用一种共轭方法,以力作为连续反应维度,对 81 名参与者的听觉刺激偏好进行评估。首先,研究人员使用口头偏好评估来评价每位参与者对聆听五种音乐类型的偏好。这一过程确定了每位参与者对音乐的高偏好度和低偏好度。之后,研究人员按照随机顺序让每位受试者聆听五种类型的音乐,同时使用手部测力计测量他们的反应力,以提高音乐的听觉清晰度。结果表明:(a) 63% 的参与者的高偏好音乐类型与他们平均用力最大的音乐类型相对应;(b) 大多数参与者的低偏好音乐类型与他们平均用力最小的音乐类型相对应。这些发现与 Davis 等人(2021 年)的研究结果一致,并进一步支持使用共轭准备来测量某些刺激事件的相对价值。
{"title":"Comparing stimulus preference and response force in a conjugate preparation: A replication with auditory stimulation","authors":"Jennifer L. Cook, Rasha R. Baruni, Jonathan W. Pinkston, John T. Rapp, Raymond G. Miltenberger, Shreeya Deshmukh, Emma Walker, Sharayah Tai","doi":"10.1002/jeab.915","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.915","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examined a conjugate approach for evaluating auditory stimulus preference for 81 participants using force as a continuous response dimension. First, the researchers used a verbal preference assessment to evaluate each participant's preference for listening to five genres of music. This process identified high-preference and low-preference music for each participant. Thereafter, the researchers exposed each participant to the five music genres in a randomized order while using a hand dynamometer to measure their response force to increase the auditory clarity of the music. The results indicate (a) 63% of the participants' high-preference music genres corresponded to the genre for which they exerted the highest mean force and (b) most participants' low-preference music genres corresponded to the genre for which they exerted the lowest mean force. These findings are consistent with those from Davis et al. (2021) and further support using conjugate preparations for measuring the relative value of some stimulus events.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"122 1","pages":"11-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140898798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Can simple choice conditional-discrimination choice be accounted for by recent quantitative models of combined stimulus and reinforcer control? In Experiment 1, two sets of five blackout durations, one using shorter intervals and one using longer intervals, conditionally signaled which subsequent choice response might provide food. In seven conditions, the distribution of blackout durations across the sets was varied. An updated version of the generalization-across-dimensions model nicely described the way that choice changed across durations. In Experiment 2, just two blackout durations acted as the conditional stimuli and the durations were varied over 10 conditions. The parameters of the model obtained in Experiment 1 failed adequately to predict choice in Experiment 2, but the model again fitted the data nicely. The failure to predict the Experiment 2 data from the Experiment 1 parameters occurred because in Experiment 1 differential control by reinforcer locations progressively decreased with blackout durations, whereas in Experiment 2 this control remained constant. These experiments extend the ability of the model to describe data from procedures based on concurrent schedules in which reinforcer ratios reverse at fixed times to those from conditional-discrimination procedures. Further research is needed to understand why control by reinforcer location differed between the two experiments.
{"title":"The generalization-across-dimensions model applied to conditional temporal discrimination","authors":"Michael Davison, Sarah Cowie","doi":"10.1002/jeab.914","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jeab.914","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Can simple choice conditional-discrimination choice be accounted for by recent quantitative models of combined stimulus and reinforcer control? In Experiment 1, two sets of five blackout durations, one using shorter intervals and one using longer intervals, conditionally signaled which subsequent choice response might provide food. In seven conditions, the distribution of blackout durations across the sets was varied. An updated version of the generalization-across-dimensions model nicely described the way that choice changed across durations. In Experiment 2, just two blackout durations acted as the conditional stimuli and the durations were varied over 10 conditions. The parameters of the model obtained in Experiment 1 failed adequately to predict choice in Experiment 2, but the model again fitted the data nicely. The failure to predict the Experiment 2 data from the Experiment 1 parameters occurred because in Experiment 1 differential control by reinforcer locations progressively decreased with blackout durations, whereas in Experiment 2 this control remained constant. These experiments extend the ability of the model to describe data from procedures based on concurrent schedules in which reinforcer ratios reverse at fixed times to those from conditional-discrimination procedures. Further research is needed to understand why control by reinforcer location differed between the two experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":17411,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","volume":"121 3","pages":"327-345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jeab.914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140613841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}