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Individual differences in the discounting of combination outcomes in which immediate gains are followed by delayed losses 在即期收益之后出现延迟损失的情况下,对组合结果的折现存在个体差异。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.929
Ke Ning, Leonard Green, Joel Myerson

The vast majority of studies on discounting have focused on simple delayed outcomes, but most everyday decisions are more complicated. The present experiment focused on one such scenario, an iconic self-control situation in which immediate gains are followed by delayed losses. The same participants were studied in all conditions to permit examination of individual differences in choice behavior using intercorrelations and factor analysis. Consistent with previous research, the hyperboloid model accurately described the form of the discounting function and discounting was not affected by the amount of the delayed loss when it was presented alone. However, replicating other studies, smaller delayed losses were discounted more steeply than larger ones when presented in combination with immediate gains. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors, one loading primarily on loss-only conditions and the other loading primarily on conditions involving outcomes that combined gains and losses. These results imply that there are individual differences in how one combines gains and losses and that this characteristic of individual decision making might be an important predictor of decisions in the many everyday choice situations that involve complex outcomes.

绝大多数关于贴现的研究都集中在简单的延迟结果上,但大多数日常决策都比较复杂。本实验主要研究了这样一种情况,即一种标志性的自我控制情况,在这种情况下,立即获得的收益会随之出现延迟损失。在所有条件下都对相同的参与者进行了研究,以便利用相互关系和因素分析来考察选择行为的个体差异。与之前的研究一致,双曲面模型准确地描述了折现函数的形式,而且当延迟损失单独出现时,折现并不受延迟损失金额的影响。然而,与其他研究相同的是,当较小的延迟损失与较大的即时收益同时出现时,延迟损失的贴现率比较大损失的贴现率更高。探索性因子分析揭示了两个因子,一个因子主要加载于仅有损失的条件,另一个因子主要加载于涉及收益和损失相结合的结果的条件。这些结果表明,在如何将收益和损失结合起来的问题上存在个体差异,而个体决策的这一特点可能是预测许多涉及复杂结果的日常选择情境中的决策的重要因素。
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引用次数: 0
Why history matters: A review of Watters's Teaching Machines, the History of Personalized Learning 历史为何重要?回顾沃特斯的《教学机器:个性化学习的历史
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.928
Mirari Elcoro

The book Teaching Machines: The History of Personalized Learning by Audrey Watters (2021) is of interest to the readers of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior because the roots of teaching machines and programmed instruction are in the experimental analysis of behavior. Furthermore, the book addresses use-inspired basic research in education, one of our country's most pressing problems. The review begins with an introduction, followed by an overview of the book chapters, extending the historical, cultural, and behavior-analytic context presented by Watters. Particular emphasis is placed on the work of two not-so-well-known researchers in behavior analysis, Susan Meyer Markle (1928–2008) and Benjamin Wyckoff (1922–2007). The review continues with an assessment of the audience for the book and its contributions to behavior analysis and some perspectives. An overarching theme throughout the review is the importance of learning and teaching the history of behavior analysis.

奥黛丽-沃特斯(Audrey Watters)所著的《教学机器:奥黛丽-沃特斯(Audrey Watters)所著的《个性化学习的历史》(2021 年)一书之所以能引起《行为实验分析期刊》读者的兴趣,是因为教学机器和程序化教学的根源在于行为实验分析。此外,该书还涉及教育领域的使用启发式基础研究,这是我国最紧迫的问题之一。这篇评论以导言开始,随后概述了书中的章节,延伸了沃特斯介绍的历史、文化和行为分析背景。书中特别强调了两位并不知名的行为分析研究者苏珊-迈耶-马克尔(Susan Meyer Markle,1928-2008 年)和本杰明-怀科夫(Benjamin Wyckoff,1922-2007 年)的工作。书评还对该书的读者群、该书对行为分析的贡献以及一些观点进行了评估。整篇评论的首要主题是学习和教授行为分析历史的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Treatments for undefined log ratios in matching analyses 在匹配分析中处理未定义的对数比率。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.925
Pier-Olivier Caron

A challenge in carrying out matching analyses is to deal with undefined log ratios. If any reinforcer or response rate equals zero, the logarithm of the ratio is undefined: data are unsuitable for analyses. There have been some tentative solutions, but they had not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this article is to assess the adequacy of five treatments: omit undefined ratios, use full information maximum likelihood, replace undefined ratios by the mean divided by 100, replace them by a constant 1/10, and add the constant .50 to ratios. Based on simulations, the treatments are compared on their estimations of variance accounted for, sensitivity, and bias. The results show that full information maximum likelihood and omiting undefined ratios had the best overall performance, with negligibly biased and more accurate estimates than mean divided by 100, constant 1/10, and constant .50. The study suggests that mean divided by 100, constant 1/10, and constant .50 should be avoided and recommends full information maximum likelihood to deal with undefined log ratios in matching analyses.

进行匹配分析的一个难题是如何处理未定义的对数比率。如果任何强化剂或反应率等于零,比率的对数就是未定义的:数据不适合进行分析。目前已有一些初步的解决方案,但还没有进行深入研究。本文旨在评估五种处理方法的适当性:省略未定义的比率、使用全信息最大似然法、用平均值除以 100 代替未定义的比率、用常数 1/10 代替未定义的比率,以及在比率上添加常数 .50。根据模拟结果,比较了各种处理方法对所占方差、灵敏度和偏差的估计。结果表明,全信息最大似然法和省略未定义比率的总体性能最佳,与除以 100 的均值、常数 1/10 和常数 .50 相比,其估计值的偏差可忽略不计,且更为准确。研究建议应避免使用均值除以 100、常数 1/10 和常数 0.50,并建议在匹配分析中使用全信息最大似然法处理未定义的对数比率。
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引用次数: 0
2023 Guest Reviewer List 2023 年特邀评论员名单
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.927
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引用次数: 0
Assessing stimulus preference using response force in a conjugate preparation: A replication and extension 利用共轭制剂中的反应力评估刺激偏好:复制和扩展。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.926
Daniel J. Sheridan, John T. Rapp, Anna Kate Edgemon, Jonathan W. Pinkston

The current study examined 98 participants' preferences for five pictorial stimuli. The researchers used a verbal multiple-stimulus-without-replacement (VMSWO) preference assessment with each participant to identify high-preference and low-preference pictorial stimuli. Next, participants viewed each pictorial stimulus in a randomized order on a computer while using a hand dynamometer that measured the amount of force they exerted to increase or maintain the visual clarity of each image. The results indicate that over 75% of participants' force response ranks corresponded with participants' VMSWO high-preference stimuli, VMSWO low-preference stimuli, or both. The results of the current study provide further evidence for the use of conjugate schedules in the assessment of stimulus preference with potential for use as a reinforcer assessment. Implications along with directions for future research and limitations of the findings are discussed.

本研究考察了 98 名参与者对五种图形刺激的偏好。研究人员对每位参与者进行了口头多重刺激无替代(VMSWO)偏好评估,以确定高偏好和低偏好的图像刺激。接下来,参与者在电脑上以随机顺序观看每个图像刺激,同时使用手部测力计测量他们为增加或保持每个图像的视觉清晰度所施加的力量。结果表明,超过 75% 的参与者的用力反应等级与参与者的 VMSWO 高偏好刺激、VMSWO 低偏好刺激或两者都对应。本研究的结果进一步证明了共轭时间表在刺激偏好评估中的应用,并有可能用作强化物评估。本研究还讨论了未来的研究方向和研究结果的局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Model-based estimates for operant selection 基于模型的操作选择估算。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-06-02 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.924
Matthias Borgstede, Patrick Anselme

We present a new methodology to partition different sources of behavior change within a selectionist framework based on the Price equation—the multilevel model of behavioral selection. The multilevel model of behavioral selection provides a theoretical background to describe behavior change in terms of operant selection. Operant selection is formally captured by the covariance-based law of effect and accounts for all changes in individual behavior that involve a covariance between behavior and predictors of evolutionary fitness (e.g., food). In this article, we show how the covariance-based law of effect may be applied to different components of operant behavior (e.g., allocation, speed, and accuracy of responding), thereby providing quantitative estimates for various selection effects affecting behavior change using data from a published learning experiment with pigeons.

我们提出了一种新方法,在基于普赖斯方程的选择主义框架内划分行为变化的不同来源--行为选择的多层次模型。行为选择的多层次模型为从操作选择的角度描述行为变化提供了理论背景。操作选择被基于协方差的效应定律正式捕获,并解释了个体行为中涉及行为与进化适应性预测因子(如食物)之间协方差的所有变化。在本文中,我们展示了如何将基于协方差的效应定律应用于操作行为的不同组成部分(如分配、反应速度和准确性),从而利用已发表的鸽子学习实验数据,对影响行为变化的各种选择效应进行定量估计。
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引用次数: 0
Hyperbolae Hyperbolae.
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.916
Peter R. Killeen

Hyperbolic relations between independent and dependent variables are ubiquitous in the experimental analysis of behavior, mentioned in over 150 articles in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. There are two principal forms of hyperbolae: The first describes the relation between response rate and reinforcement rate on variable-interval schedules of reinforcement; it rises asymptotically toward a maximum. The second describes the relation between the current equivalent value of an incentive and its delay or (im)probability; it falls from a maximum toward an asymptote of 0. Where do these come from? What do their parameters mean? How are they related? This article answers the first two questions and addresses the last.

自变量和因变量之间的双曲线关系在行为实验分析中无处不在,《行为实验分析期刊》上有 150 多篇文章提到过这种关系。双曲线有两种主要形式:第一种描述了在可变间隔强化计划中,反应率与强化率之间的关系;它向最大值渐近上升。第二种描述了激励的当前等值与其延迟或(不)概率之间的关系;它从最大值下降到渐近线 0。它们的参数是什么意思?它们之间有什么联系?本文将回答前两个问题,并讨论最后一个问题。
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引用次数: 0
Merging meaningful classes and abstract equivalence classes by exclusion 通过排除法合并有意义类和抽象等价类。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.917
Ramon Marin, Colin Harte, Deisy das Graças de Souza

The current experiment assessed whether relating abstract stimuli with familiar pictures by exclusion would produce the formation of a meaningful equivalence class. Ten participants learned conditional discrimination relations with abstract stimuli and established equivalence classes (ABC classes). They then learned DA (D1A1, D2A2, and D3A3) conditional discriminations with written words as D stimuli; two words (D1 and D2) were meaningful stimuli in the participants verbal community (“Dentist” and “Baker”), whereas the third (D3) was a pseudoword (“Tabilu”). In testing trials, participants evidenced derived relations between pictures related preexperimentally to D1 and D2 with the experimental equivalence classes related to D1 and D2. For some participants, the decontextualized stimuli were a set of boat pictures (Condition 1), whereas for others they were a set of miscellaneous pictures (Condition 2). Participants in both conditions successfully matched decontextualized pictures (unrelated to dentist and baker contexts) to all abstract stimuli in the class related to D3 (exclusion responding). In Condition 1 the meaning reported to the word Tabilu was similar across participants, but in Condition 2 participants showed more variations to answer to the meaning of Tabilu. These results suggest that exclusion learning can occur under different stimulus control topographies.

本实验评估了通过排除法将抽象刺激与熟悉的图片联系起来是否会形成有意义的等价类。十名参与者学习了抽象刺激的条件辨别关系,并建立了等价类(ABC 类)。然后,他们学习了以书面词语作为 D 刺激的 DA(D1A1、D2A2 和 D3A3)条件辨别;其中两个词语(D1 和 D2)是参与者言语社区中的有意义刺激("牙医 "和 "面包师"),而第三个词语(D3)则是一个假词("塔比鲁")。在测试试验中,参与者证明了实验前与 D1 和 D2 相关的图片与实验中与 D1 和 D2 相关的等价类之间的派生关系。对一些参与者来说,去语境化的刺激是一组船的图片(条件 1),而对另一些参与者来说,去语境化的刺激则是一组杂项图片(条件 2)。两种条件下的受试者都成功地将去语境化的图片(与牙医和面包师的语境无关)与与 D3 有关的类别中的所有抽象刺激相匹配(排除反应)。在条件 1 中,不同参与者对 "Tabilu "一词所报告的含义相似,但在条件 2 中,参与者对 "Tabilu "含义的回答出现了更多变化。这些结果表明,排除学习可以在不同的刺激控制拓扑结构下发生。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing stimulus preference and response force in a conjugate preparation: A replication with auditory stimulation 比较共轭制备中的刺激偏好和反应力:听觉刺激的重复。
IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.915
Jennifer L. Cook, Rasha R. Baruni, Jonathan W. Pinkston, John T. Rapp, Raymond G. Miltenberger, Shreeya Deshmukh, Emma Walker, Sharayah Tai

This study examined a conjugate approach for evaluating auditory stimulus preference for 81 participants using force as a continuous response dimension. First, the researchers used a verbal preference assessment to evaluate each participant's preference for listening to five genres of music. This process identified high-preference and low-preference music for each participant. Thereafter, the researchers exposed each participant to the five music genres in a randomized order while using a hand dynamometer to measure their response force to increase the auditory clarity of the music. The results indicate (a) 63% of the participants' high-preference music genres corresponded to the genre for which they exerted the highest mean force and (b) most participants' low-preference music genres corresponded to the genre for which they exerted the lowest mean force. These findings are consistent with those from Davis et al. (2021) and further support using conjugate preparations for measuring the relative value of some stimulus events.

本研究采用一种共轭方法,以力作为连续反应维度,对 81 名参与者的听觉刺激偏好进行评估。首先,研究人员使用口头偏好评估来评价每位参与者对聆听五种音乐类型的偏好。这一过程确定了每位参与者对音乐的高偏好度和低偏好度。之后,研究人员按照随机顺序让每位受试者聆听五种类型的音乐,同时使用手部测力计测量他们的反应力,以提高音乐的听觉清晰度。结果表明:(a) 63% 的参与者的高偏好音乐类型与他们平均用力最大的音乐类型相对应;(b) 大多数参与者的低偏好音乐类型与他们平均用力最小的音乐类型相对应。这些发现与 Davis 等人(2021 年)的研究结果一致,并进一步支持使用共轭准备来测量某些刺激事件的相对价值。
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引用次数: 0
The generalization-across-dimensions model applied to conditional temporal discrimination 应用于条件时间辨别的泛化-跨维度模型
IF 2.7 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.914
Michael Davison, Sarah Cowie

Can simple choice conditional-discrimination choice be accounted for by recent quantitative models of combined stimulus and reinforcer control? In Experiment 1, two sets of five blackout durations, one using shorter intervals and one using longer intervals, conditionally signaled which subsequent choice response might provide food. In seven conditions, the distribution of blackout durations across the sets was varied. An updated version of the generalization-across-dimensions model nicely described the way that choice changed across durations. In Experiment 2, just two blackout durations acted as the conditional stimuli and the durations were varied over 10 conditions. The parameters of the model obtained in Experiment 1 failed adequately to predict choice in Experiment 2, but the model again fitted the data nicely. The failure to predict the Experiment 2 data from the Experiment 1 parameters occurred because in Experiment 1 differential control by reinforcer locations progressively decreased with blackout durations, whereas in Experiment 2 this control remained constant. These experiments extend the ability of the model to describe data from procedures based on concurrent schedules in which reinforcer ratios reverse at fixed times to those from conditional-discrimination procedures. Further research is needed to understand why control by reinforcer location differed between the two experiments.

简单选择的条件辨别选择能否用最近的刺激和强化物联合控制定量模型来解释?在实验 1 中,两组五次停顿时间(一次使用较短的时间间隔,一次使用较长的时间间隔)有条件地预示了随后的选择反应可能提供食物。在七个条件中,各组停顿时间的分布各不相同。更新版的 "泛化-跨维度模型 "很好地描述了选择在不同持续时间内的变化方式。在实验 2 中,只有两个停电时间作为条件刺激,停电时间在 10 个条件中变化。实验 1 中得到的模型参数未能充分预测实验 2 中的选择,但该模型再次很好地拟合了数据。实验 1 的参数之所以不能预测实验 2 的数据,是因为在实验 1 中,强化物位置的差异控制随着停电时间的延长而逐渐减弱,而在实验 2 中,这种控制保持不变。这些实验扩展了该模型描述基于并行时间表的程序数据的能力,在并行时间表中,强化物比率在固定时间发生逆转,而在条件辨别程序中,强化物比率也发生逆转。我们还需要进一步的研究来了解为什么两个实验中强化物位置的控制会有所不同。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
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