Pub Date : 2009-10-30DOI: 10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.266
K. Yoshikawa, H. Iwasaki, T. Shimada, K. Fukumoto, K. Mui
Kamaboko (mushi-kamaboko, a fish paste product) is a traditional Japanese processed food with features such as high protein and low fat content. We know that hydrolysis of fish (sardine) muscle by pepsin yields angiotensin-1converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides. We investigated whether steamed kamaboko has the same effect. Before detailed investigation, a preliminary examination was carried out into the effect of kamaboko on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in healthy volunteers. Three healthy volunteers each ate 160 g/day of kamaboko for a period of seven days. The average intake of kamaboko is about 10 g/day in Japan. The serum angiotensin-1 level of the subjects showed an increasing tendency, rising from 530±36.1 (mean±SD) pg/ml to 940±221.1pg/ml over the seven days, but after two weeks had decreased again to 490±79.4 pg/ml. However, 7-day administration of kamaboko did not change the aldosterone levels or serum lipid levels beyond the normal ranges. We assume that the reason for the changes in the serum angiotensin-1 level was intake of the salt in kamaboko. The influence on blood pressure is therefore a concern in long-term intake of kamaboko.
{"title":"Preliminary Survey of Effect of Kamaboko on Blood Pressure and Serum Lipid Level in Healthy Volunteers","authors":"K. Yoshikawa, H. Iwasaki, T. Shimada, K. Fukumoto, K. Mui","doi":"10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.266","url":null,"abstract":"Kamaboko (mushi-kamaboko, a fish paste product) is a traditional Japanese processed food with features such as high protein and low fat content. We know that hydrolysis of fish (sardine) muscle by pepsin yields angiotensin-1converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides. We investigated whether steamed kamaboko has the same effect. Before detailed investigation, a preliminary examination was carried out into the effect of kamaboko on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in healthy volunteers. Three healthy volunteers each ate 160 g/day of kamaboko for a period of seven days. The average intake of kamaboko is about 10 g/day in Japan. The serum angiotensin-1 level of the subjects showed an increasing tendency, rising from 530±36.1 (mean±SD) pg/ml to 940±221.1pg/ml over the seven days, but after two weeks had decreased again to 490±79.4 pg/ml. However, 7-day administration of kamaboko did not change the aldosterone levels or serum lipid levels beyond the normal ranges. We assume that the reason for the changes in the serum angiotensin-1 level was intake of the salt in kamaboko. The influence on blood pressure is therefore a concern in long-term intake of kamaboko.","PeriodicalId":17443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Living and Health Association","volume":"27 1","pages":"266-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80925090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-30DOI: 10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.160
H. Beppu, Y. Matsumoto, Haruo Watanabe, S. Sonoda, Tatsunori Nakano, T. Higashiguchi, Eiko Takeshige, Y. Itani, Junko Miki, H. Shimpo
{"title":"Safety Study of Repeated Intake of the Food Product Kentoh-Rakucha Containing Indigestible Dextrin","authors":"H. Beppu, Y. Matsumoto, Haruo Watanabe, S. Sonoda, Tatsunori Nakano, T. Higashiguchi, Eiko Takeshige, Y. Itani, Junko Miki, H. Shimpo","doi":"10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.160","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Living and Health Association","volume":"14 1","pages":"160-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75480783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-30DOI: 10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.169
N. Abe, I. Kimata, S. Uni
{"title":"Identification by Genetic Examination of Three Cestodes Isolated from Patients: Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense, Larval Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and Taenia saginata","authors":"N. Abe, I. Kimata, S. Uni","doi":"10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Living and Health Association","volume":"59 1","pages":"169-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85454935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-30DOI: 10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.153
H. Beppu, Y. Matsumoto, Haruo Watanabe, S. Sonoda, Tatsunori Nakano, T. Higashiguchi, Eiko Takeshige, Y. Shiino, N. Doi, H. Shimpo
An 8 g portion of the granular health food Kentoh-Rakucha (test sample name: CD-1), consisting of 89% indigestible dextrin, 6% Coix seed (Coix lacrima-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf), and 5% horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.), which contains indigestible dextrin in the form of soluble dietary fiber, was suspended in 200 mL of water and administered to test subjects, who were then given 150 mL of a 71.2 g sucrose solution. The 20 healthy volunteers who received 150 mL of the sucrose solution about six minutes after administration of the test food (CD-1) were examined for blood glucose level in comparison with 20 matched volunteers who received a placebo food (not containing indigestible dextrin) before loading with the same sucrose solution. Blood glucose levels in the CD-1 group and the placebo group peaked at 30 minutes after loading with the sucrose solution. Blood glucose level and AUC were effectively suppressed in the CD-1 group in comparison with the placebo group. There was however no correlation between blood glucose and the insulin levels induced by the indigestible dextrin. The product was thus effective in the suppression of rapid increase in blood glucose level and glucose AUC after ingestion of a starchand sugar-rich meal.
将含有89%不消化糊精、6%薏苡仁(Coix lacrima-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf)和5%马尾(Equisetum arvense L.)的8 g粒状保健食品Kentoh-Rakucha(试验样品名称:CD-1)悬浮在200 mL水中，并给予受试者，受试者随后给予150 mL 71.2 g蔗糖溶液。20名健康志愿者在服用测试食物(CD-1)约6分钟后接受了150毫升的蔗糖溶液，并与20名在服用相同的蔗糖溶液之前接受安慰剂食物(不含难以消化的糊精)的志愿者进行了血糖水平检测。CD-1组和安慰剂组的血糖水平在加载蔗糖溶液后30分钟达到峰值。与安慰剂组相比，CD-1组的血糖水平和AUC得到有效抑制。然而，不消化糊精引起的血糖和胰岛素水平之间没有相关性。因此，该产品可有效抑制摄入富含淀粉和糖的膳食后血糖水平和葡萄糖AUC的快速升高。
{"title":"Study of Blood Glucose Suppression by Kentoh-Rakucha Containing Indigestible Dextrin after Loading with Sucrose Solution","authors":"H. Beppu, Y. Matsumoto, Haruo Watanabe, S. Sonoda, Tatsunori Nakano, T. Higashiguchi, Eiko Takeshige, Y. Shiino, N. Doi, H. Shimpo","doi":"10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.153","url":null,"abstract":"An 8 g portion of the granular health food Kentoh-Rakucha (test sample name: CD-1), consisting of 89% indigestible dextrin, 6% Coix seed (Coix lacrima-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf), and 5% horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.), which contains indigestible dextrin in the form of soluble dietary fiber, was suspended in 200 mL of water and administered to test subjects, who were then given 150 mL of a 71.2 g sucrose solution. The 20 healthy volunteers who received 150 mL of the sucrose solution about six minutes after administration of the test food (CD-1) were examined for blood glucose level in comparison with 20 matched volunteers who received a placebo food (not containing indigestible dextrin) before loading with the same sucrose solution. Blood glucose levels in the CD-1 group and the placebo group peaked at 30 minutes after loading with the sucrose solution. Blood glucose level and AUC were effectively suppressed in the CD-1 group in comparison with the placebo group. There was however no correlation between blood glucose and the insulin levels induced by the indigestible dextrin. The product was thus effective in the suppression of rapid increase in blood glucose level and glucose AUC after ingestion of a starchand sugar-rich meal.","PeriodicalId":17443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Living and Health Association","volume":"50 1","pages":"153-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90547160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-30DOI: 10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.137
T. Yamano
The risk from food contaminants was evaluated by comparing the total amount contained in one day’s meals with the accepted daily intake (ADI) value for the relevant chemical substance. However, not all food contaminants are taken up by the human body: only the bioavailable part of the ingested contaminant, that is, the part which enters into the systemic circulation after release from its matrix in the digestive tract and transportation across the intestinal epithelium, can exert toxic effect. For better risk assessment, it is therefore important to know the bioavailability of individual contaminants with a broad range of chemical matrix combinations. Recently, various in vitro digestion models have been developed to measure the release of contaminant from foods (bioaccessibility) using simulated digestive fluids. The bioaccessibility of the contaminant for subsequent risk assessment is taken to be the worst-case estimation of its oral bioavailability. In the present article, recent progress in this field is summarized.
{"title":"Evaluation of Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Food Contaminants","authors":"T. Yamano","doi":"10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.137","url":null,"abstract":"The risk from food contaminants was evaluated by comparing the total amount contained in one day’s meals with the accepted daily intake (ADI) value for the relevant chemical substance. However, not all food contaminants are taken up by the human body: only the bioavailable part of the ingested contaminant, that is, the part which enters into the systemic circulation after release from its matrix in the digestive tract and transportation across the intestinal epithelium, can exert toxic effect. For better risk assessment, it is therefore important to know the bioavailability of individual contaminants with a broad range of chemical matrix combinations. Recently, various in vitro digestion models have been developed to measure the release of contaminant from foods (bioaccessibility) using simulated digestive fluids. The bioaccessibility of the contaminant for subsequent risk assessment is taken to be the worst-case estimation of its oral bioavailability. In the present article, recent progress in this field is summarized.","PeriodicalId":17443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Living and Health Association","volume":"27 1","pages":"137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77985987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-30DOI: 10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.145
K. Takakura
Recently, there have been fears that an influenza pandemic is approaching in the near future and the importance of preventing infection has often been discussed. The possibility of controlling the evolution of virulence has however received less attention. In the present paper, I first introduce the evolutionary ecology of infectious disease virulence based on the existing theoretical work and then explain three possible selection pressures that favor very serious virulence and suggest promising methods to reduce the effect of each. Most of these methods are consistent with methods to prevent the spread of infection, while one also emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in the elimination of poverty and conflict. I suggest thus that evolutionary ecological thinking has the potential to provide a new point of view in the control of infectious diseases.
{"title":"Evolutionary Ecology and Control of Infectious Disease Virulence","authors":"K. Takakura","doi":"10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.145","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, there have been fears that an influenza pandemic is approaching in the near future and the importance of preventing infection has often been discussed. The possibility of controlling the evolution of virulence has however received less attention. In the present paper, I first introduce the evolutionary ecology of infectious disease virulence based on the existing theoretical work and then explain three possible selection pressures that favor very serious virulence and suggest promising methods to reduce the effect of each. Most of these methods are consistent with methods to prevent the spread of infection, while one also emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in the elimination of poverty and conflict. I suggest thus that evolutionary ecological thinking has the potential to provide a new point of view in the control of infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":17443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Living and Health Association","volume":"32 3","pages":"145-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91427449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-30DOI: 10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.79
K. Yamazaki
{"title":"Plant-Mediated Herbivore-Herbivore Interactions","authors":"K. Yamazaki","doi":"10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.79","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Living and Health Association","volume":"268 1","pages":"79-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77488945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-30DOI: 10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.100
Katsuya Suzuki, N. Koyama, E. Sukegawa, Yuki Shinoda, T. Kayahara, K. Maeda, Takashi Yamamoto
To evaluate the safety in humans of a dietary supplement consisting of safflower seed extract (active components: serotonin hydroxycinnamic acid amides), we carried out a high dose administration trial in a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind fashion. Forty healthy subjects, 20 males and 20 females, received 6 capsules of the extract (serotonin derivative aglycones: 210mg/day) or the same amount of placebo diet once a day for 4 weeks. This amount of serotonin derivative aglycones is three times the dose which previously showed significant reduction of vascular age as estimated by a second derivative of photoplethysmogram aging index. The overall results for vital signs and plasma and urine tests in response to the high-dose intake of serotonin derivatives were not-significantly different between the two groups. Although there were some statistically significant changes in the laboratory data, all were clinically insignificant and within physiological ranges. During the supplementation period, some subjective and objective symptoms were reported; however, these were transient and minor, and no significant difference in occurrence was found between the two groups. In conclusion, safflower seed extract dietary supplement is considered to be safe at least up to an intake level of 6 capsules a day for 4 weeks (serotonin derivative aglycones 210mg/day).
{"title":"Evaluation of Safety of Excessive Intake of Safflower Seed Extract Dietary Supplement in Healthy Adult Subjects","authors":"Katsuya Suzuki, N. Koyama, E. Sukegawa, Yuki Shinoda, T. Kayahara, K. Maeda, Takashi Yamamoto","doi":"10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.100","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate the safety in humans of a dietary supplement consisting of safflower seed extract (active components: serotonin hydroxycinnamic acid amides), we carried out a high dose administration trial in a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind fashion. Forty healthy subjects, 20 males and 20 females, received 6 capsules of the extract (serotonin derivative aglycones: 210mg/day) or the same amount of placebo diet once a day for 4 weeks. This amount of serotonin derivative aglycones is three times the dose which previously showed significant reduction of vascular age as estimated by a second derivative of photoplethysmogram aging index. The overall results for vital signs and plasma and urine tests in response to the high-dose intake of serotonin derivatives were not-significantly different between the two groups. Although there were some statistically significant changes in the laboratory data, all were clinically insignificant and within physiological ranges. During the supplementation period, some subjective and objective symptoms were reported; however, these were transient and minor, and no significant difference in occurrence was found between the two groups. In conclusion, safflower seed extract dietary supplement is considered to be safe at least up to an intake level of 6 capsules a day for 4 weeks (serotonin derivative aglycones 210mg/day).","PeriodicalId":17443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Living and Health Association","volume":"35 1","pages":"100-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91262597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-30DOI: 10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.110
N. Abe
Plerocercoid, generally known as one of the larval forms of the Pseudophyllidea cestode, was found in the body cavities of the Japanese smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus nipponensis. The larva was analyzed genetically to identify the species. Homology searching of the partial ribosomal RNA (rRNA, 1,238 bp) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1, 428 bp) gene sequences, obtained using the FASTA program, showed that the sequences of the larva had 98.3% and 98.5% identity, respectively, with those of Diphyllobothrium ditremum. The larva was also grouped with D. ditremum according to molecular phylogenetic analysis of the cox1 sequence (393 bp), so that the larva from the Japanese smelt appeared genetically to be D. ditremum. However, Diphyllobothrium plerocercoids have already been detected in Japanese surf smelt and olive rainbow smelt and assigned the new species name D. hottai based on the morphological and biological differences between the isolates from the two species of smelt and D. ditremum. Since the sequence data of D. hottai remains unavailable, it was not possible to make a genetic comparison of the plerocercoid found in the Japanese smelt and D. hottai. The present report highlights problems in differentiating morphologically or biologically similar Diphyllobothrium species.
{"title":"Identification of the Larval Cestode Plerocercoid Found in the Body Cavities of the Japanese Smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus nipponensis, and Review of the Literature","authors":"N. Abe","doi":"10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.110","url":null,"abstract":"Plerocercoid, generally known as one of the larval forms of the Pseudophyllidea cestode, was found in the body cavities of the Japanese smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus nipponensis. The larva was analyzed genetically to identify the species. Homology searching of the partial ribosomal RNA (rRNA, 1,238 bp) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1, 428 bp) gene sequences, obtained using the FASTA program, showed that the sequences of the larva had 98.3% and 98.5% identity, respectively, with those of Diphyllobothrium ditremum. The larva was also grouped with D. ditremum according to molecular phylogenetic analysis of the cox1 sequence (393 bp), so that the larva from the Japanese smelt appeared genetically to be D. ditremum. However, Diphyllobothrium plerocercoids have already been detected in Japanese surf smelt and olive rainbow smelt and assigned the new species name D. hottai based on the morphological and biological differences between the isolates from the two species of smelt and D. ditremum. Since the sequence data of D. hottai remains unavailable, it was not possible to make a genetic comparison of the plerocercoid found in the Japanese smelt and D. hottai. The present report highlights problems in differentiating morphologically or biologically similar Diphyllobothrium species.","PeriodicalId":17443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Living and Health Association","volume":"58 1","pages":"110-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78900130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-30DOI: 10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.90
N. Hamada
The extent of fungal contamination in washing machines was compared between those models, increasingly common in recent years, that are fitted with a heat-based drying device, which were sub-divided into drum-type and vertical type models, and those not fitted with such devices (dryerless models). Samples of washing water containing detergent and of rinsing water were collected from 137 washing machines for examination of fungal count and flora. Fungal contamination was found frequently in all types of washing machine; the average mold count in the washing water of drum-type washing machines was 24.0 cfu/ml, or about half that in the dryerless models. However, fungal contamination in washing machines in which the drying device was used once a week or less was significantly higher than in those in which it was used several times a week or daily. Moreover, daily drying operation of as little as 15 minutes seemed to be effective in suppressing fungal contamination. Although Exophiala, Phoma, Scolecobasidium and Phialophora, which use detergent as nutrient, are predominant in all types of washing machine, Acremonium, Alternaria and Penicillium, common in house dust, were found more frequently in washing machines with than in those without drying devices. Fungal contamination in new washing machines was more often detected in those with drying devices than in dryerless washing machines, and, unlike in models of the latter type, average mold count in washing machines with dryers was similar regardless of length of use. Fungal contamination in dryerless models was identified more frequently from the presence of suspended dirt in the washing water than from the smell when the lid was opened, but the reverse applied with drum-type models. The effect of environmental factors on fungal contamination was compared between the two types of washing machine. A number of factors related to moisture, for example the frequency of washing and the floor level, seemed to have a greater effect on dryerless than on drum-type models. Apart from these environmental factors, the form of drying treatment is thought to affect the level of fungal contamination in washing machines with drying devices. The paper also discusses methods of controlling fungal contamination in washing machines with drying devices.
{"title":"Fungal Contamination in Washing Machines with Drying Devices","authors":"N. Hamada","doi":"10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11468/SEIKATSUEISEI.53.90","url":null,"abstract":"The extent of fungal contamination in washing machines was compared between those models, increasingly common in recent years, that are fitted with a heat-based drying device, which were sub-divided into drum-type and vertical type models, and those not fitted with such devices (dryerless models). Samples of washing water containing detergent and of rinsing water were collected from 137 washing machines for examination of fungal count and flora. Fungal contamination was found frequently in all types of washing machine; the average mold count in the washing water of drum-type washing machines was 24.0 cfu/ml, or about half that in the dryerless models. However, fungal contamination in washing machines in which the drying device was used once a week or less was significantly higher than in those in which it was used several times a week or daily. Moreover, daily drying operation of as little as 15 minutes seemed to be effective in suppressing fungal contamination. Although Exophiala, Phoma, Scolecobasidium and Phialophora, which use detergent as nutrient, are predominant in all types of washing machine, Acremonium, Alternaria and Penicillium, common in house dust, were found more frequently in washing machines with than in those without drying devices. Fungal contamination in new washing machines was more often detected in those with drying devices than in dryerless washing machines, and, unlike in models of the latter type, average mold count in washing machines with dryers was similar regardless of length of use. Fungal contamination in dryerless models was identified more frequently from the presence of suspended dirt in the washing water than from the smell when the lid was opened, but the reverse applied with drum-type models. The effect of environmental factors on fungal contamination was compared between the two types of washing machine. A number of factors related to moisture, for example the frequency of washing and the floor level, seemed to have a greater effect on dryerless than on drum-type models. Apart from these environmental factors, the form of drying treatment is thought to affect the level of fungal contamination in washing machines with drying devices. The paper also discusses methods of controlling fungal contamination in washing machines with drying devices.","PeriodicalId":17443,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Living and Health Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"90-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91320307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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