For the manufacturing of mechanically strong and lightweight composite aerostructures reinforcement materials (e.g. carbon fibers, CFs) are the most convenient way. Therefore, sizing of carbon fibers is crucial for guiding them into service by protecting the CF’s surface. In this study, a novel sizing agent was developed and effects of this sizing on CFs’ physicochemical as well as surface properties were investigated. The impact on the fiber-matrix interphase behavior was analyzed. Results reveal that the surface free energy of CF was increased from 5.67 mJ/m2 to 13.13 mJ/m2 through sizing by enhancing the wettability property of CF. In addition, surface topography analyses indicate that the surface roughness Ra is 3.70 ± 2.59 nm for neat CF; 1.01 ± 0.65 nm for Polyetherimide (PEI) sized CF; and 1.71 ± 1.14 nm for PEI-Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) sized CF. Finally, it was concluded that an increment in the wettability can be related with chemical changes on the fiber’s surface.
{"title":"Investigation of sizing materials for carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites","authors":"Zelal Yavuz, Yahya Öz, Remzi Ecmel Ece, Fahrettin Öztürk","doi":"10.1177/08927057241284794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241284794","url":null,"abstract":"For the manufacturing of mechanically strong and lightweight composite aerostructures reinforcement materials (e.g. carbon fibers, CFs) are the most convenient way. Therefore, sizing of carbon fibers is crucial for guiding them into service by protecting the CF’s surface. In this study, a novel sizing agent was developed and effects of this sizing on CFs’ physicochemical as well as surface properties were investigated. The impact on the fiber-matrix interphase behavior was analyzed. Results reveal that the surface free energy of CF was increased from 5.67 mJ/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> to 13.13 mJ/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> through sizing by enhancing the wettability property of CF. In addition, surface topography analyses indicate that the surface roughness Ra is 3.70 ± 2.59 nm for neat CF; 1.01 ± 0.65 nm for Polyetherimide (PEI) sized CF; and 1.71 ± 1.14 nm for PEI-Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) sized CF. Finally, it was concluded that an increment in the wettability can be related with chemical changes on the fiber’s surface.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142264978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1177/08927057241274332
Nguyen Duy Phon, Tran Ngoc Doan, Duong Van Quang, Phung Van Minh
. This study focuses on performing static analysis of FG-CNTRC cylinder shells with various boundary restrictions, including thermomechanical responses. The governing equations are developed by taking into account the temperature-dependent material features, the quasi-3D high-order shear deformation hypothesis, and the normal transverse stress effect. The temperature gradient inside the thickness is expected to fluctuate, and the distribution pattern is derived by using the heat transfer equation and considering the temperature boundary limitations. A singular trigonometric series and the Laplace transform are used in an analytics solution to address basic equations. This study primarily examines the stress levels at the border region. The findings indicate that it is crucial to take into account the abrupt rise in stress at the boundary area, particularly when the shell’s relative length is small. The reciprocal impact of pressure and temperature load is also emphasized. Significant findings indicate that thermal load may either augment or diminish stress levels, contingent upon the orientation of the pressure and thermal load effect. The results of the study of this issue serve as the foundation for the calculation and design of relevant structures in practical applications. Furthermore, this serves as a foundation for the creation of more intricate issues in the forthcoming.
{"title":"Thermoelastic analysis of FG-CNTRC cylindrical shells with various boundary conditions and temperature-dependent characteristics using quasi-3D higher-order shear deformation theory","authors":"Nguyen Duy Phon, Tran Ngoc Doan, Duong Van Quang, Phung Van Minh","doi":"10.1177/08927057241274332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241274332","url":null,"abstract":". This study focuses on performing static analysis of FG-CNTRC cylinder shells with various boundary restrictions, including thermomechanical responses. The governing equations are developed by taking into account the temperature-dependent material features, the quasi-3D high-order shear deformation hypothesis, and the normal transverse stress effect. The temperature gradient inside the thickness is expected to fluctuate, and the distribution pattern is derived by using the heat transfer equation and considering the temperature boundary limitations. A singular trigonometric series and the Laplace transform are used in an analytics solution to address basic equations. This study primarily examines the stress levels at the border region. The findings indicate that it is crucial to take into account the abrupt rise in stress at the boundary area, particularly when the shell’s relative length is small. The reciprocal impact of pressure and temperature load is also emphasized. Significant findings indicate that thermal load may either augment or diminish stress levels, contingent upon the orientation of the pressure and thermal load effect. The results of the study of this issue serve as the foundation for the calculation and design of relevant structures in practical applications. Furthermore, this serves as a foundation for the creation of more intricate issues in the forthcoming.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1177/08927057241283339
Mehmet Akif Dundar
Most experimental and numerical studies are limited to examining the effect of strain rate on the compressive and tensile yield behavior of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS), an amorphous material of significant industrial relevance, rather than its shear yield behavior; therefore, this study is dedicated to addressing this notable gap in the literature by exploring the effect of strain rate on the shear yield behavior of ABS. To this end, shear tests were carried out using the Wyoming version of the Iosipescu (V-notched) shear test fixture at five distinct loading rates, ranging from 5 × 10−3 to 1 × 101 mm/s, which correspond to strain rates between 5.5 × 10−4 s−1 and 7 × 10−1 s−1. Shear strain distributions in the specimens were measured using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The shear test results not only revealed a substantial increase in the shear yield strength of ABS with increasing strain rate, but also demonstrated that the shear yield strength of ABS is more sensitive to strain rate than its compressive and tensile yield strengths. The findings of the study also suggested that using shear-tension test data pairs at the same strain rates is more effective for determining the hydrostatic pressure sensitivity parameter than using tension-compression and shear-compression test data pairs. The experimental results were validated against numerical predictions obtained through finite element analyses employing an elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model, which comprehensively accounted for non-linear material properties, geometric complexities, and non-linearities arising from boundary contacts.
{"title":"Exploring the strain rate influence on shear yield behavior of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene: Experimental and numerical study","authors":"Mehmet Akif Dundar","doi":"10.1177/08927057241283339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241283339","url":null,"abstract":"Most experimental and numerical studies are limited to examining the effect of strain rate on the compressive and tensile yield behavior of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS), an amorphous material of significant industrial relevance, rather than its shear yield behavior; therefore, this study is dedicated to addressing this notable gap in the literature by exploring the effect of strain rate on the shear yield behavior of ABS. To this end, shear tests were carried out using the Wyoming version of the Iosipescu (V-notched) shear test fixture at five distinct loading rates, ranging from 5 × 10<jats:sup>−3</jats:sup> to 1 × 10<jats:sup>1</jats:sup> mm/s, which correspond to strain rates between 5.5 × 10<jats:sup>−4</jats:sup> s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> and 7 × 10<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. Shear strain distributions in the specimens were measured using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The shear test results not only revealed a substantial increase in the shear yield strength of ABS with increasing strain rate, but also demonstrated that the shear yield strength of ABS is more sensitive to strain rate than its compressive and tensile yield strengths. The findings of the study also suggested that using shear-tension test data pairs at the same strain rates is more effective for determining the hydrostatic pressure sensitivity parameter than using tension-compression and shear-compression test data pairs. The experimental results were validated against numerical predictions obtained through finite element analyses employing an elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model, which comprehensively accounted for non-linear material properties, geometric complexities, and non-linearities arising from boundary contacts.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1177/08927057241283346
Taner Coskun, Yavuz Selim Tarih, Adem Yar, Ömer Gündoğdu, Ömer Sinan Sahin
Throughout their service life, composite materials may be subjected to impact loads, which can result in some damage mechanisms that cause degradation in mechanical and dynamic responses. Especially matrix-induced cracks and delamination can have significant effects on the final properties, and cause serious problems if the necessary precautions are not taken. In the current study, Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites interleaved with Fine Glass (FG), Polyetherimide (PEI), Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Polyimide (PI) and Poly-Phenylene Sulphide (PPS) thermoplastic veils were fabricated, and exposed to LVI tests under 25.2 J constant impact energy to determine how veils affect the dynamic properties. The selected veils are commercially available materials and are used for various purposes. In this regard, it was aimed to examine the usability of these commercially available veils as interlayers and to examine the impacts of the veils used as interlayers on the LVI characteristic of CFRP composites. According to the present study, it was found that veil interleaves significantly affect the composite stiffness, and accordingly, relevant LVI responses such as total impulse, bending stiffness, interaction times etc. For instance, approximately 21.2% reduction in the peak displacement and 73.23% increment in the bending stiffness were observed due to FG veil interleaves. On the other hand, when the effects of veil types were examined, the maximum and minimum variations in the LVI responses were observed for the FG and PEI interleaves, respectively, and FG veils were found to be the most effective veil types for the CFRP composites. It was also revealed that veil interleaves strengthen the interlaminar region between plies and delamination resistance, and thereby improved the Delamination Threshold Loads for all configurations.
{"title":"Influences of various thermoplastic veil interleaves upon carbon fiber-reinforced composites subjected to low-velocity impact","authors":"Taner Coskun, Yavuz Selim Tarih, Adem Yar, Ömer Gündoğdu, Ömer Sinan Sahin","doi":"10.1177/08927057241283346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241283346","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout their service life, composite materials may be subjected to impact loads, which can result in some damage mechanisms that cause degradation in mechanical and dynamic responses. Especially matrix-induced cracks and delamination can have significant effects on the final properties, and cause serious problems if the necessary precautions are not taken. In the current study, Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites interleaved with Fine Glass (FG), Polyetherimide (PEI), Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Polyimide (PI) and Poly-Phenylene Sulphide (PPS) thermoplastic veils were fabricated, and exposed to LVI tests under 25.2 J constant impact energy to determine how veils affect the dynamic properties. The selected veils are commercially available materials and are used for various purposes. In this regard, it was aimed to examine the usability of these commercially available veils as interlayers and to examine the impacts of the veils used as interlayers on the LVI characteristic of CFRP composites. According to the present study, it was found that veil interleaves significantly affect the composite stiffness, and accordingly, relevant LVI responses such as total impulse, bending stiffness, interaction times etc. For instance, approximately 21.2% reduction in the peak displacement and 73.23% increment in the bending stiffness were observed due to FG veil interleaves. On the other hand, when the effects of veil types were examined, the maximum and minimum variations in the LVI responses were observed for the FG and PEI interleaves, respectively, and FG veils were found to be the most effective veil types for the CFRP composites. It was also revealed that veil interleaves strengthen the interlaminar region between plies and delamination resistance, and thereby improved the Delamination Threshold Loads for all configurations.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1177/08927057241283312
Seyhmus Gunes, Osman Ulkir, Melih Kuncan
The use of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing in sensor technology is increasing daily because it can fabricate complex structures quickly and accurately. This study presents the modeling, fabrication, and characterization processes for the development of a resistance type flexible strain sensor. The finite element model of the sensor was developed using COMSOL software and was verified experimentally. The experimental results agreed well with the simulation results. The fabrication process was performed using the molding technique. The flexible substrate of the strain sensor was fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM), an AM method, with dimensions of 20 mm × 60 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. In this process, a flexible and durable elastomer material called thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was used. The liquid conductive silver was then injected into the mold channels. The characterization process was performed by establishing experimental and numerical setups. Studies were conducted to maximize sensitivity by changing the geometric properties of the sensor. At the 30% strain level, sensitivity increased by 9% when the sensor thickness decreased from 2 to 1.2 mm. As a result of the gradually applied force, the strain sensor showed a maximum displacement of 34.95 mm. Tensile tests were also conducted to examine the effects of stress accumulation on the flexible base. The results of this study show that the strain sensor exhibits high linearity-sensitivity and low hysteresis performance.
快速成型制造（AM）或 3D 打印技术可以快速、准确地制造复杂结构，因此在传感器技术中的应用与日俱增。本研究介绍了电阻式柔性应变传感器的建模、制造和表征过程。传感器的有限元模型是使用 COMSOL 软件开发的，并经过了实验验证。实验结果与模拟结果完全吻合。制造过程采用模塑技术。应变传感器的柔性基板是通过熔融沉积建模（FDM）（一种 AM 方法）制造的，尺寸为 20 mm × 60 mm，厚度为 2 mm。在此过程中，使用了一种名为热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）的柔性耐用弹性体材料。然后将液态导电银注入模具通道。表征过程是通过建立实验和数值设置来完成的。研究通过改变传感器的几何特性来最大限度地提高灵敏度。在 30% 应变水平下，当传感器厚度从 2 毫米减小到 1.2 毫米时，灵敏度提高了 9%。由于施加的力逐渐增大，应变传感器显示出 34.95 毫米的最大位移。此外，还进行了拉伸试验，以检验应力累积对柔性底座的影响。研究结果表明，应变传感器具有高线性灵敏度和低滞后性能。
{"title":"Modelling and fabrication of flexible strain sensor using the 3D printing technology","authors":"Seyhmus Gunes, Osman Ulkir, Melih Kuncan","doi":"10.1177/08927057241283312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241283312","url":null,"abstract":"The use of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing in sensor technology is increasing daily because it can fabricate complex structures quickly and accurately. This study presents the modeling, fabrication, and characterization processes for the development of a resistance type flexible strain sensor. The finite element model of the sensor was developed using COMSOL software and was verified experimentally. The experimental results agreed well with the simulation results. The fabrication process was performed using the molding technique. The flexible substrate of the strain sensor was fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM), an AM method, with dimensions of 20 mm × 60 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. In this process, a flexible and durable elastomer material called thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was used. The liquid conductive silver was then injected into the mold channels. The characterization process was performed by establishing experimental and numerical setups. Studies were conducted to maximize sensitivity by changing the geometric properties of the sensor. At the 30% strain level, sensitivity increased by 9% when the sensor thickness decreased from 2 to 1.2 mm. As a result of the gradually applied force, the strain sensor showed a maximum displacement of 34.95 mm. Tensile tests were also conducted to examine the effects of stress accumulation on the flexible base. The results of this study show that the strain sensor exhibits high linearity-sensitivity and low hysteresis performance.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"2010 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laser texturing is an effective method to enhance the fusion joining of aluminum alloy (Al) to carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics composite (CFRTP). The enhancement effect is related to the morphology and spacing of the microstructures on Al surface. However, because of the correlation between the morphology and the spacing of the microstructures, excessive dense microstructures change the morphology, leading to a reduction in the enhancement effect, while sparse microstructures are also difficult to significantly enhance the joint. To this end, this paper proposes an improved laser texturing process to enhance fusion joints, through the investigation of the recast layer formation process during laser texturing on the Al surface, which comprehensively reveals the synergistic effects of microstructural morphology and spacing on joint properties. The results indicated that the increase of the number of laser processes and the microstructure spacing increased the height of the recast layer, with the difference that the microstructure spacing had less effect after increasing to a certain value. With the increase of microstructure spacing, the morphology of the microstructure on the Al surface transformed from the serrated microstructure to the double-scale microstructure, and finally to the independent microstructure, affected by the recast layer on sides of the microstructure. Once the dual-scale microstructures were formed on the Al surface, the shear strength of the Al/CFRTP fusion joint was the highest with a value of 25.05 MPa. The findings could provide a basis for laser texturing pretreatment for fusion joining.
{"title":"Influence of laser texturing on the properties of fusion joints between aluminum alloys and carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites","authors":"Fuji Wang, Yongkang Yu, Rao Fu, Likun Si, Qi Wang, Chaoyang Luo, Ziming Wang","doi":"10.1177/08927057241274980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241274980","url":null,"abstract":"Laser texturing is an effective method to enhance the fusion joining of aluminum alloy (Al) to carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics composite (CFRTP). The enhancement effect is related to the morphology and spacing of the microstructures on Al surface. However, because of the correlation between the morphology and the spacing of the microstructures, excessive dense microstructures change the morphology, leading to a reduction in the enhancement effect, while sparse microstructures are also difficult to significantly enhance the joint. To this end, this paper proposes an improved laser texturing process to enhance fusion joints, through the investigation of the recast layer formation process during laser texturing on the Al surface, which comprehensively reveals the synergistic effects of microstructural morphology and spacing on joint properties. The results indicated that the increase of the number of laser processes and the microstructure spacing increased the height of the recast layer, with the difference that the microstructure spacing had less effect after increasing to a certain value. With the increase of microstructure spacing, the morphology of the microstructure on the Al surface transformed from the serrated microstructure to the double-scale microstructure, and finally to the independent microstructure, affected by the recast layer on sides of the microstructure. Once the dual-scale microstructures were formed on the Al surface, the shear strength of the Al/CFRTP fusion joint was the highest with a value of 25.05 MPa. The findings could provide a basis for laser texturing pretreatment for fusion joining.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"376 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1177/08927057241259756
Michael Wenninger, Karin Kloiber, Christian Marschik, Gernot Hochleitner, Gerald Berger-Weber, Georg Steinbichler
Originally developed for biomedical applications and diagnosis, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has recently been demonstrated to be a powerful non-destructive and non-invasive measurement method for detecting defects in glass-fiber reinforced polymer composites. While previous studies have focused mainly on the use of OCT in the analysis of thermoset composites, we were able to show in offline experiments that OCT can be used to quickly detect typical defects (e.g., dry fiber regions, gaps and fiber breakage) in thermoplastic unidirectional (UD) tapes at high resolution. To investigate the applicability of OCT to inline monitoring, we advanced our previously published approach in two major steps: First, we incorporated the OCT system into an industrial-scale UD-tape production line, and derived optimal settings for inline detection of dry region defects from a comprehensive design of experiments (DoE) to find an optimal balance between accuracy and data size for a stationary tape sample by varying A-scan sampling rate, A-scan averaging and OCT transverse travel velocity. Second, using these optimal settings, we went on to investigate moving tapes over a range of industrially relevant take-off speeds. Microscopy was used for validation in both cases. We developed a fast and robust statistical analysis of B-scans that visualizes the quality of full cross-sections in an interpretable manner for potential use in a real-time setting. Within an industrially relevant production speed range of up to 15 m/min, we are thus now able to investigate 120 mm wide (and potentially wider) UD tapes inline at a transverse resolution of 22 µm, producing only 21 MB of data per measurement.
光学相干断层扫描（OCT）最初是为生物医学应用和诊断而开发的，最近已被证明是一种强大的非破坏性和非侵入性测量方法，可用于检测玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料中的缺陷。虽然以前的研究主要集中在使用 OCT 分析热固性复合材料，但我们能够在离线实验中显示，OCT 可以用于以高分辨率快速检测热塑性单向 (UD) 胶带中的典型缺陷（如干纤维区域、间隙和纤维断裂）。为了研究 OCT 对在线监测的适用性，我们通过两个主要步骤推进了之前发布的方法：首先，我们将 OCT 系统集成到工业规模的 UD 胶带生产线中，并通过综合实验设计 (DoE) 得出了在线检测干区缺陷的最佳设置，通过改变 A 扫描采样率、A 扫描平均值和 OCT 横向移动速度，找到静态胶带样本的精度和数据量之间的最佳平衡。其次，利用这些最佳设置，我们继续研究了在一系列工业相关起飞速度下的移动磁带。在这两种情况下都使用了显微镜进行验证。我们开发了一种快速、稳健的 B 扫描统计分析方法，以可解释的方式直观显示全横截面的质量，可用于实时环境。因此，在最高 15 米/分钟的工业相关生产速度范围内，我们现在能够以 22 微米的横向分辨率在线检测 120 毫米宽（甚至可能更宽）的 UD 带，每次测量仅产生 21 MB 的数据。
{"title":"Applying optical coherence tomography to inline quality monitoring of unidirectional glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic tapes","authors":"Michael Wenninger, Karin Kloiber, Christian Marschik, Gernot Hochleitner, Gerald Berger-Weber, Georg Steinbichler","doi":"10.1177/08927057241259756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241259756","url":null,"abstract":"Originally developed for biomedical applications and diagnosis, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has recently been demonstrated to be a powerful non-destructive and non-invasive measurement method for detecting defects in glass-fiber reinforced polymer composites. While previous studies have focused mainly on the use of OCT in the analysis of thermoset composites, we were able to show in offline experiments that OCT can be used to quickly detect typical defects (e.g., dry fiber regions, gaps and fiber breakage) in thermoplastic unidirectional (UD) tapes at high resolution. To investigate the applicability of OCT to inline monitoring, we advanced our previously published approach in two major steps: First, we incorporated the OCT system into an industrial-scale UD-tape production line, and derived optimal settings for inline detection of dry region defects from a comprehensive design of experiments (DoE) to find an optimal balance between accuracy and data size for a stationary tape sample by varying A-scan sampling rate, A-scan averaging and OCT transverse travel velocity. Second, using these optimal settings, we went on to investigate moving tapes over a range of industrially relevant take-off speeds. Microscopy was used for validation in both cases. We developed a fast and robust statistical analysis of B-scans that visualizes the quality of full cross-sections in an interpretable manner for potential use in a real-time setting. Within an industrially relevant production speed range of up to 15 m/min, we are thus now able to investigate 120 mm wide (and potentially wider) UD tapes inline at a transverse resolution of 22 µm, producing only 21 MB of data per measurement.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1177/08927057241275637
Abhinav Shard, Vishal Gupta, Mohinder Pal Garg
Polyetherimide Composite (PEC) is among the least dense and most compliant materials which possesses the properties of high heat resistance, durability, resistant to wear and corrosion as well as better tribological characteristics. These outstanding properties lead to its diverse applications in automobiles, aerospace, robots, sports equipment. PEC is machined by the conventional machining techniques like cutting, drilling, power hacksaw etc. Some of the limitations observed in conventional machining of these such as tool jamming, damage to surface topology, and fibres. To overcome the aforesaid limitations, in this work attempts to introduce rotary ultrasonic drilling (RUD) as viable option for machining of PEC. This work carries out the investigational study of input control factors on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR). The outcomes of the study reveal that the with right selection of drilling control factors, better quality holes with superior topography as compared to conventional drilling, good surface finish, small exit chip sizes, low overcut errors are obtained. Interacting levels of higher spindle speed and a lower feed rate generated better surface characteristics. While drilling with the RUD as compared to normal drilling, there is a drop of 59.01 % at 550 rpm and 60 .9 % at 2550 rpm in SR.
{"title":"Rotary ultrasonic drilling of polyetherimide composite to enhance the surface roughness and MRR: Experimental investigations and statistical approach","authors":"Abhinav Shard, Vishal Gupta, Mohinder Pal Garg","doi":"10.1177/08927057241275637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241275637","url":null,"abstract":"Polyetherimide Composite (PEC) is among the least dense and most compliant materials which possesses the properties of high heat resistance, durability, resistant to wear and corrosion as well as better tribological characteristics. These outstanding properties lead to its diverse applications in automobiles, aerospace, robots, sports equipment. PEC is machined by the conventional machining techniques like cutting, drilling, power hacksaw etc. Some of the limitations observed in conventional machining of these such as tool jamming, damage to surface topology, and fibres. To overcome the aforesaid limitations, in this work attempts to introduce rotary ultrasonic drilling (RUD) as viable option for machining of PEC. This work carries out the investigational study of input control factors on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR). The outcomes of the study reveal that the with right selection of drilling control factors, better quality holes with superior topography as compared to conventional drilling, good surface finish, small exit chip sizes, low overcut errors are obtained. Interacting levels of higher spindle speed and a lower feed rate generated better surface characteristics. While drilling with the RUD as compared to normal drilling, there is a drop of 59.01 % at 550 rpm and 60 .9 % at 2550 rpm in SR.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1177/08927057241274265
A Rahimli, A Huseynova, N Musayeva, R Alekperov, M Jafarov
In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) were successfully incorporated into polystyrene (PS) using a combination of solution mixing and hot-pressing methods, yielding a range of PS/ZnO nanocomposites. Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), impedance spectroscopy (IS), Raman spectroscopy (RS), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed distinct features. XRD analysis of nanocomposites showed both weak and high-intensity peaks at different scattering angles (2θ = 8°–11° and 20°–22°), indicating amorphous phases PS phases with varying sizes of nanoparticles. It has been proved that the addition of higher amounts of ZnO leads to the disappearance of the maximum of weak intensity in the studied substance (PS/10%ZnO), which is due to the formation of microcrystalline regions that lead to the formation of sharp maxima with high intensity. It was determined that the increase in the concentration of ZnO up tp 5 % volume content enhances the dielectric permeability (ε) and polarization capacity of polystyrene. It is believed that, depending on the ZnO concentration, the increased dielectric permeability and polarizability are attributed to phases with different charge densities at the boundaries between the ZnO nanoparticles and the matrix, which promotes additional polarization and contributes to the overall enhanced permittivity. This formation of interfacial boundaries is evident from the stepwise shape of the thermogravimetric (TG) curve with increasing ZnO content. The introduction of ZnO nanoparticles into PS results in the formation of new phases, altering the intensity and position of peaks observed at frequencies of 376 cm⁻1 and 485 cm⁻1 in the Raman scattering spectrum, partially shifting towards higher frequencies.
{"title":"Insights into dielectric and thermal properties of polystyrene-zinc oxide nanocomposites: A multifaceted characterization approach","authors":"A Rahimli, A Huseynova, N Musayeva, R Alekperov, M Jafarov","doi":"10.1177/08927057241274265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241274265","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) were successfully incorporated into polystyrene (PS) using a combination of solution mixing and hot-pressing methods, yielding a range of PS/ZnO nanocomposites. Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), impedance spectroscopy (IS), Raman spectroscopy (RS), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed distinct features. XRD analysis of nanocomposites showed both weak and high-intensity peaks at different scattering angles (2θ = 8°–11° and 20°–22°), indicating amorphous phases PS phases with varying sizes of nanoparticles. It has been proved that the addition of higher amounts of ZnO leads to the disappearance of the maximum of weak intensity in the studied substance (PS/10%ZnO), which is due to the formation of microcrystalline regions that lead to the formation of sharp maxima with high intensity. It was determined that the increase in the concentration of ZnO up tp 5 % volume content enhances the dielectric permeability (ε) and polarization capacity of polystyrene. It is believed that, depending on the ZnO concentration, the increased dielectric permeability and polarizability are attributed to phases with different charge densities at the boundaries between the ZnO nanoparticles and the matrix, which promotes additional polarization and contributes to the overall enhanced permittivity. This formation of interfacial boundaries is evident from the stepwise shape of the thermogravimetric (TG) curve with increasing ZnO content. The introduction of ZnO nanoparticles into PS results in the formation of new phases, altering the intensity and position of peaks observed at frequencies of 376 cm⁻<jats:sup>1</jats:sup> and 485 cm⁻<jats:sup>1</jats:sup> in the Raman scattering spectrum, partially shifting towards higher frequencies.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1177/08927057241274357
Bashar Azerang, Taher Azdast, Ali Doniavi, Rezgar Hasanzadeh
The advancement of polymeric nanocomposite foams for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding can be credited to two main factors: the multiple deflections of the incoming electromagnetic waves within the shield and the formation of conductive pathways by the nanofillers. In this research, chemical foaming is employed in injection molding machine to create foams made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). By incorporating a 1 wt% concentration of MWCNT, applying a pressure time of 2 s, and allowing for a cooling time of 60 s, foamed nanocomposite samples demonstrated a remarkable total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of SET = 16.25 dB. This SE value surpassed the EMI SE values of the remaining samples across the X-band frequency range. Upon comparing foamed samples of pure and nanocomposite materials with identical cell density, it was observed that the enhancement of SET for the nanocomposite foamed sample reached 21.2% in contrast to the pure foamed sample operating at 11.52 GHz. The research revealed that incorporating a microcellular structure had a notable impact on the electrical conductivity, relative permittivity, dielectric loss, relative permeability, and magnetic loss in ABS/MWCNT nanocomposites. Furthermore, the nanocomposite foams demonstrated significantly greater EMI SE in comparison to their solid counterparts.
用于电磁干扰（EMI）屏蔽的聚合物纳米复合泡沫的进步主要归功于两个因素：传入电磁波在屏蔽内的多重偏转和纳米填料形成的导电通道。在这项研究中，化学发泡被应用于注塑成型机，以制造由丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）和多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）制成的泡沫。通过加入浓度为 1 wt%的多壁碳纳米管，加压时间为 2 秒，冷却时间为 60 秒，发泡纳米复合材料样品显示出显著的总 EMI 屏蔽效果（SE），即 SET = 16.25 dB。在 X 波段频率范围内，该 SE 值超过了其余样品的 EMI SE 值。在比较具有相同单元密度的纯泡沫材料和纳米复合材料泡沫样品时发现，与工作频率为 11.52 GHz 的纯泡沫样品相比，纳米复合材料泡沫样品的 SET 增强了 21.2%。研究表明，微孔结构对 ABS/MWCNT 纳米复合材料的电导率、相对介电率、介电损耗、相对磁导率和磁损耗有显著影响。此外，与固体泡沫相比，纳米复合泡沫的电磁干扰 SE 明显更大。
{"title":"Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite foams for electromagnetic interference shielding with optimized performance","authors":"Bashar Azerang, Taher Azdast, Ali Doniavi, Rezgar Hasanzadeh","doi":"10.1177/08927057241274357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241274357","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of polymeric nanocomposite foams for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding can be credited to two main factors: the multiple deflections of the incoming electromagnetic waves within the shield and the formation of conductive pathways by the nanofillers. In this research, chemical foaming is employed in injection molding machine to create foams made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). By incorporating a 1 wt% concentration of MWCNT, applying a pressure time of 2 s, and allowing for a cooling time of 60 s, foamed nanocomposite samples demonstrated a remarkable total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of SE<jats:sub>T</jats:sub> = 16.25 dB. This SE value surpassed the EMI SE values of the remaining samples across the X-band frequency range. Upon comparing foamed samples of pure and nanocomposite materials with identical cell density, it was observed that the enhancement of SE<jats:sub>T</jats:sub> for the nanocomposite foamed sample reached 21.2% in contrast to the pure foamed sample operating at 11.52 GHz. The research revealed that incorporating a microcellular structure had a notable impact on the electrical conductivity, relative permittivity, dielectric loss, relative permeability, and magnetic loss in ABS/MWCNT nanocomposites. Furthermore, the nanocomposite foams demonstrated significantly greater EMI SE in comparison to their solid counterparts.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":"405 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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