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The impact of glycol water exposure on PA6/GF30 properties 乙二醇水暴露对 PA6/GF30 性能的影响
IF 3.3 4区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1177/08927057241274346
Imen Ksouri, Olivier De Almeida, Nader Haddar
The current paper aims to study the behavior of Polyamide 6 (PA6) and Polyamide 6 reinforced with 30% of short glass fibers (PA6GF30) under glycol water (GW) mixture used for cars as coolant fluid. Samples were fully immersed in the mixture of GW (20:80) at 50°C, 70°C and 90°C for up to 80 days and periodically weighted. Results gathered revealed the occurrence of substantial changes especially for PA6 samples aged at 90°C. The long term ageing leads to the formation of ester species due to thermo-oxidation as pointed out by Infrared spectroscopy analysis. Moreover, dynamic mechanical analysis measurements showed that glycol water acted as an effective plasticizer in lowering the Tg of the polyamide 6. This plasticizer effect was confirmed by the gain of ductility at early stage of ageing for both materials (PA6 and PA6GF30). Nevertheless, after 80 days of ageing the effect of glycol water ageing is no longer physical in nature and an overall loss of mechanical properties was noticed. Indeed, an embrittlement of PA6 was measured that can be attributed to a decrease of the level of entanglements within the polymer. Nevertheless, for PA6GF30 material, the loss of strength and stiffness was the result of the interfacial debonding between the fibers and the matrix.
本文旨在研究聚酰胺 6(PA6)和 30% 短玻璃纤维增强聚酰胺 6(PA6GF30)在乙二醇水(GW)混合物(用作汽车冷却液)中的行为。将样品完全浸入 50°C、70°C 和 90°C 的 GW(20:80)混合物中长达 80 天,并定期称重。收集的结果表明,尤其是在 90°C 老化的 PA6 样品发生了很大的变化。红外光谱分析显示,长期老化会导致热氧化形成酯类物质。此外,动态机械分析测量结果表明,乙二醇水是一种有效的增塑剂,可降低聚酰胺 6 的 Tg。两种材料(PA6 和 PA6GF30)在老化初期的延展性增加证实了这种增塑作用。然而,经过 80 天的老化后,乙二醇水老化的影响不再是物理性的,而是机械性能的整体损失。事实上,PA6 材料的脆化现象可归因于聚合物内部缠结程度的降低。然而,对于 PA6GF30 材料来说,强度和刚度的损失是纤维与基体之间界面脱粘的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Research on temperature control of CF-PP induction heating based on improved particle swarm fuzzy PID 基于改进粒子群模糊 PID 的 CF-PP 感应加热温度控制研究
IF 3.3 4区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1177/08927057241271776
Tianyu Fu, Shan Yan, Yunfei Gu
Achieving precise temperature control during the heating process of carbon fibre-reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic composite (CF-PP) using electromagnetic induction heating is crucial for the consolidation effectiveness of the material. This paper begins by constructing a finite element microscopic model for induction heating that incorporates the actual fiber structure and matrix. It systematically analyzes the heating mechanism, temperature field distribution, and surface temperature hysteresis of CF-PP with different fiber weave structures during the heating process. Based on the observed temperature distribution and variation patterns during material heating, an improved particle swarm Fuzzy PID control method is proposed, which effectively reduces temperature overshoot and enhances the system’s resistance to disturbances. Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of this algorithm for controlling the temperature of CF-PP plates during the induction heating process. This research offers an effective control strategy and research approach to enhance the accuracy of temperature control during the CF-PP induction heating process, contributing to improved outcomes in the field.
在使用电磁感应加热碳纤维增强聚丙烯热塑性复合材料(CF-PP)的加热过程中,实现精确的温度控制对材料的固结效果至关重要。本文首先构建了一个包含实际纤维结构和基体的感应加热有限元微观模型。系统分析了不同纤维编织结构的 CF-PP 在加热过程中的加热机理、温度场分布和表面温度滞后。根据观察到的材料加热过程中的温度分布和变化规律,提出了一种改进的粒子群模糊 PID 控制方法,该方法能有效降低温度过冲,增强系统的抗干扰能力。实验验证证明了该算法在感应加热过程中控制 CF-PP 板温度的有效性。这项研究为提高 CF-PP 感应加热过程中的温度控制精确度提供了有效的控制策略和研究方法,有助于改善现场结果。
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引用次数: 0
An enhancement in the tensile modulus and bending resistance of polylactic acid/carbon nanotube composite by optimizing FFF process parameters 通过优化 FFF 工艺参数提高聚乳酸/碳纳米管复合材料的拉伸模量和抗弯强度
IF 3.3 4区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1177/08927057241268831
Hatam Hardani, Mahmoud Afshari, Mohammad Reza Samadi, Hossein Afshari, Santi Ago López
Fused-filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most common 3D printing methods for thermoplastic polymers and composite materials because it is easy to use and is low-cost. The printed polymer parts for industrial applications require desirable mechanical properties. Therefore, in the present research, the process parameters of fused filament fabrication are optimized to enhance the Young’s modulus and bending resistance of polylactic acid/carbon nanotube (PLA/CNT) composite. For this purpose, the response surface method (RSM) and desirability function technique (DFT) are applied to find the optimal values of the effective parameters of CNT content, printing speed and nozzle temperature. The printed samples were examined by using DSC, TGA and SEM analyses. The results of DSC and TGA analyses indicated that the addition of CNT into PLA enhanced the thermal stability of PLA/CNT composite. It was also observed from the optimization results that the Young’s modulus and bending resistance of PLA/CNT composite improved at CNT content of 2.9 wt%, printing speed of 20 mm/s and nozzle temperature of 210°C.
熔融长丝制造(FFF)是热塑性聚合物和复合材料最常见的三维打印方法之一,因为它易于使用且成本低廉。用于工业应用的打印聚合物部件需要理想的机械性能。因此,本研究对熔融长丝制造的工艺参数进行了优化,以提高聚乳酸/碳纳米管(PLA/CNT)复合材料的杨氏模量和抗弯强度。为此,应用响应面法(RSM)和可取函数技术(DFT)找到了 CNT 含量、印刷速度和喷嘴温度等有效参数的最佳值。印刷样品通过 DSC、TGA 和 SEM 分析进行检测。DSC 和 TGA 分析结果表明,在聚乳酸中添加 CNT 增强了聚乳酸/CNT 复合材料的热稳定性。优化结果还表明,当 CNT 含量为 2.9 wt%、打印速度为 20 mm/s、喷嘴温度为 210°C 时,聚乳酸/CNT 复合材料的杨氏模量和抗弯强度都有所提高。
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引用次数: 0
Navigating the frontier: Additive Manufacturing’s role in synthesizing piezoelectric materials for flexible electronics 领航前沿:快速成型技术在合成用于柔性电子器件的压电材料中的作用
IF 3.3 4区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1177/08927057241270729
Sudhir Kumar, Ravinder Kumar Duvedi, Sandeep Kumar Sharma, Ajay Batish
Additive manufacturing (AM) has significantly transformed the fabrication of functional materials, particularly in electronics and biomedical engineering. This study reviews stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), direct ink writing (DIW), and inkjet printing for flexible electronic applications. The review highlights SLA-based 3D printing’s better ability to optimize material compositions, printing procedures, and post-processing methods to improve material characteristics. Photosensitive materials and shrinkage-induced internal tensions seems to be its major constraint. Additionally, SLS 3D printing has improved composite materials' electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. It has drawbacks including permeable structures and internal tensions. In FDM 3D printing, mechanical and electrical qualities are improved for piezoelectric sensor manufacture. Warping and nozzle blockage require additional study. DIW’s versatility in constructing complicated structures with increased features for energy harvesting and sensor development is also mentioned. We identify ink development and printer nozzle clogging issues. The review concludes that inkjet printing can provide a variety of materials for flexible electronics. Since it integrates the latest discoveries with technological developments, this study may help guide future research and promote innovation in the sector. Overall, additive manufacturing methods provide a new era of sensor technology by offering unrivalled flexibility and versatility.
快速成型制造(AM)极大地改变了功能材料的制造,尤其是在电子和生物医学工程领域。本研究综述了用于柔性电子应用的立体光刻(SLA)、选择性激光烧结(SLS)、熔融沉积建模(FDM)、直接墨水写入(DIW)和喷墨打印技术。综述重点介绍了基于 SLA 的 3D 打印技术在优化材料成分、打印程序和后处理方法以改善材料特性方面的更佳能力。光敏材料和收缩引起的内部张力似乎是其主要制约因素。此外,SLS 三维打印技术还改善了复合材料的电气、机械和热性能。但它也存在渗透结构和内部张力等缺点。在 FDM 三维打印中,压电传感器制造的机械和电气性能得到了改善。翘曲和喷嘴堵塞问题需要进一步研究。此外,我们还提到了 DIW 在构建复杂结构方面的多功能性,可增加能量收集和传感器开发所需的功能。我们发现了墨水开发和打印机喷嘴堵塞问题。综述的结论是,喷墨打印可为柔性电子产品提供多种材料。由于本研究将最新发现与技术发展融为一体,因此有助于指导未来的研究并促进该领域的创新。总之,增材制造方法提供了无与伦比的灵活性和多功能性,开创了传感器技术的新纪元。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of thermoplastic composite joints fabricated by the combined refill friction stir spot welding and riveting process 通过组合式填充摩擦搅拌点焊和铆接工艺制造的热塑性复合材料接头的特性分析
IF 3.3 4区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1177/08927057241270859
Ryoji Ohashi, Ryoichi Hatano, Shunsuke Haruna
Carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics have been extensively studied to reduce the weight of transportation equipment. In this study, to enhance the interlocking effect of Ti-6Al-4V rivets, the new riveting process combined with refill friction stir spot welding (FSSW) was attempted. Consequently, the successful combination of refill FSSW and riveting resulted in a flared trumpet-shaped rivet, expanding the diameter of its tip significantly. Tensile shear tests exhibited both the stirred zone induced by refill FSSW and the flared rivet affected the fracture behavior. The cross-sectional observations revealed the existence of cracks at the boundary between the stirred zone and base material during tensile shear tests. Furthermore, a unique arrangement of the fiber caused by the stirring action was identified by observing the fracture surface using scanning electron microscopy. The study findings clarify the advantages of combining refill FSSW with riveting, providing insights into the potential implementation of this combined process in thermoplastic composites.
为减轻运输设备的重量,人们对碳纤维增强热塑性塑料进行了广泛的研究。在这项研究中,为了增强 Ti-6Al-4V 铆钉的互锁效果,尝试了结合填充式搅拌摩擦点焊(FSSW)的新型铆接工艺。结果,成功地将填充式摩擦搅拌点焊与铆接结合在一起,形成了喇叭形铆钉,并显著扩大了铆钉尖端的直径。拉伸剪切试验结果表明,由填充高速钢引起的搅拌区和喇叭形铆钉都对断裂行为产生了影响。横截面观察结果表明,在拉伸剪切试验中,搅拌区和基体材料之间的边界存在裂缝。此外,通过使用扫描电子显微镜观察断裂表面,还发现了由搅拌作用引起的纤维独特排列。研究结果阐明了将填充式无缝钢管与铆接相结合的优势,为在热塑性复合材料中采用这种组合工艺的可能性提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of cadmium sulfide spheres on structural, mechanical, and optical properties of polyvinyl butyral/cadmium sulfide nanocomposite films 硫化镉球对聚乙烯醇缩丁醛/硫化镉纳米复合薄膜的结构、机械和光学性能的影响
IF 3.3 4区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1177/08927057241270750
Mohammed O Alziyadi, Asma Alkabsh, Basmat Amal M Said, Mustafa S. Shalaby
Herein, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanospheres were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and then inserted into a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) matrix at different concentrations (0%, 2%, and 4% wt.) using the solution casting method. This work examines the effects of varying percentages of CdS spheres on the structural characteristics, mechanical properties, surface/volume energy loss functions, dielectric constants, and linear/non-linear optical properties of PVB nanocomposite films. The findings confirmed the successful synthesis of sphere-like CdS with a cubic structural phase. The stress-strain curves of PVB and its composites with nano CdS spheres were examined. The PVB has a direct/indirect energy gap of 5.1 eV (4.1 eV). With a CdS doping level of 2% and 4%, the values correspondingly decreased to 4.76 eV (3.36 eV) and 4.49 eV (2.45 eV). The EU values for PVB, PVB-2 wt.% CdS, and PVB-4 wt.% CdS nanocomposite are 15.3, 11.2, and 14.1 meV, respectively. CdS nanospheres decreased the volume and surface energy losses (VELF & SELF) of PVB films. The research demonstrates that the mechanical properties and optical parameters of PVB/CdS nanocomposite films positively correlate with the concentration of CdS nanospheres. These attributes make them well-suited for incorporation into flexible electronic devices.
本文采用水热法合成了硫化镉(CdS)纳米球,然后采用溶液浇注法将不同浓度(0%、2% 和 4% wt.)的 CdS 球放入聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)基体中。这项研究考察了不同比例的 CdS 球体对 PVB 纳米复合薄膜的结构特征、机械性能、表面/体积能量损失函数、介电常数以及线性/非线性光学性能的影响。研究结果证实成功合成了具有立方结构相的球状 CdS。研究还考察了 PVB 及其与纳米 CdS 球复合材料的应力-应变曲线。PVB 的直接/间接能隙为 5.1 eV (4.1 eV)。当 CdS 掺杂水平为 2% 和 4% 时,其值相应地降至 4.76 eV (3.36 eV) 和 4.49 eV (2.45 eV)。PVB、PVB-2 wt.% CdS 和 PVB-4 wt.% CdS 纳米复合材料的 EU 值分别为 15.3、11.2 和 14.1 meV。CdS 纳米球降低了 PVB 薄膜的体积和表面能量损失(VELF & SELF)。研究表明,PVB/CdS 纳米复合薄膜的机械性能和光学参数与 CdS 纳米球的浓度呈正相关。这些特性使它们非常适合集成到柔性电子设备中。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing the mechanical and electrical properties of irradiated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/magnetite nanocomposites for electromagnetic shielding applications 增强辐照丙烯腈丁二烯橡胶/磁铁矿纳米复合材料在电磁屏蔽应用中的机械和电气性能
IF 3.3 4区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1177/08927057241270832
Rania Mounir, MM El Zayat, A Sharaf, AA El-Gamal
By using a traditional roll mill, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/magnetite nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference shielding applications were successfully prepared. The synthesized magnetite nanoparticles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The results from these techniques emphasis the preparation of Fe3O4 with a diameter range between 3.8 nm and 19 nm. Before and after gamma irradiation at different doses the impact of adding different contents of magnetite nanoparticles in NBR was carefully examined through mechanical and electrical measurements for all samples at room temperature. The mechanical parameters and the electrical properties of NBR were enhanced after adding Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI) for all fabricated nanocomposites before and after gamma-ray irradiation under the same conditions of pressure, humidity and temperature was performed as a promising application for these materials in practical life. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) of the prepared samples was measured in the X-band of the radio frequency range. There are three global maxima around 9.4 GHz, 10.4 GHz, and 11.4 GHz. Subsequent reinforcement of Fe3O4 nanoparticles into NBR produced higher shielding effectiveness for radio frequency signals. Furthermore, applied gamma radiation doses improved the shielding properties of the fabricated nanocomposites.
通过使用传统的辊轧机,成功制备了用于电磁干扰屏蔽的丁腈橡胶(NBR)/磁铁矿纳米复合材料。利用 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、傅立叶变换红外 (FTIR)、透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 和能量色散 X 射线 (EDX) 技术对合成的磁铁矿纳米粒子进行了分析。这些技术的结果表明,制备出的 Fe3O4 直径范围在 3.8 纳米到 19 纳米之间。在室温下对所有样品进行不同剂量的伽马射线辐照前后,通过机械和电气测量仔细研究了在丁腈橡胶中添加不同含量的磁铁矿纳米粒子的影响。加入 Fe3O4 纳米粒子后,丁腈橡胶的机械参数和电气性能都得到了提高。在相同的压力、湿度和温度条件下,对所有制备的纳米复合材料进行伽马射线辐照前后的电磁干扰屏蔽(EMI)测试,结果表明这些材料在实际生活中的应用前景广阔。在射频范围的 X 波段测量了所制备样品的电磁屏蔽效能(SE)。在 9.4 GHz、10.4 GHz 和 11.4 GHz 附近有三个全局最大值。在丁腈橡胶中添加 Fe3O4 纳米粒子后,可产生更高的射频信号屏蔽效果。此外,应用伽马辐射剂量也提高了纳米复合材料的屏蔽性能。
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引用次数: 0
Valorizing recycled paper through chitosan and glyoxal-chitosan treatments: Synergistic effects on mechanical and physical properties 通过壳聚糖和乙二醛-壳聚糖处理使再生纸增值:对机械和物理特性的协同效应
IF 3.3 4区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1177/08927057241271760
Elahe Chiani, Hossein Jalali Torshizi, Alireza Ashori, Hamidreza Rudi, Mohammad Reza Nabid
The present study investigates the efficacy of chitosan and glyoxal-crosslinked chitosan (Chi-Gly) as reinforcing agents for enhancing the mechanical, physical, and functional properties of recycled paper. The research aims to evaluate the comparative performance of these two forms of chitosan in imparting strength characteristics and improved functionality to recycled paper substrates. Chitosan and Chi-Gly solutions prepared via glyoxal crosslinking were incorporated into recycled pulp suspensions at varying dosages. Laboratory handsheets were fabricated, and their properties were systematically evaluated through mechanical testing, morphological analysis, wettability measurements, and antibacterial assays. The results demonstrated significant improvements in the tensile index, burst index, and bending resistance for the chitosan and Chi-Gly treated papers, with the Chi-Gly exhibiting superior reinforcement. Notably, the Chi-Gly treated paper exhibited a higher wet tensile index and lower water absorption capacity than the control. SEM analysis revealed a denser, more cohesive fiber network facilitated by chitosan and Chi-Gly, aiding the reinforcement. The treated papers exhibited reduced hydrophobicity and pronounced antibacterial activity against E. coli (a gram-negative bacterium) and S. aureus (a gram-positive bacterium), with the Chi-Gly treatment outperforming chitosan. Notably, the treatments improved the functional properties without negatively impacting optical brightness. The findings highlight the synergistic effects of glyoxal crosslinking on chitosan’s reinforcing ability and the potential of these biopolymers as sustainable and multifunctional additives for the recycled paper industry.
本研究调查了壳聚糖和乙二醛交联壳聚糖(Chi-Gly)作为增强剂在提高再生纸的机械、物理和功能特性方面的功效。研究旨在评估这两种形式的壳聚糖在赋予再生纸基材强度特性和改进功能性方面的比较性能。将通过乙二醛交联制备的壳聚糖和 Chi-Gly 溶液以不同的剂量加入回收纸浆悬浮液中。通过机械测试、形态分析、润湿性测量和抗菌试验,对实验室手纸的性能进行了系统评估。结果表明,壳聚糖和 Chi-Gly 处理过的纸张在拉伸指数、爆裂指数和抗弯强度方面都有明显改善,其中 Chi-Gly 的强化效果更佳。值得注意的是,与对照组相比,经 Chi-Gly 处理的纸张湿抗张指数更高,吸水能力更低。SEM 分析表明,壳聚糖和 Chi-Gly 使纤维网更致密、更有凝聚力,从而增强了纸张的强度。处理后的纸张疏水性降低,对大肠杆菌(一种革兰氏阴性细菌)和金黄色葡萄球菌(一种革兰氏阳性细菌)的抗菌活性明显提高,其中 Chi-Gly 处理效果优于壳聚糖。值得注意的是,这些处理方法在改善功能特性的同时不会对光学亮度产生负面影响。研究结果凸显了乙二醛交联对壳聚糖增强能力的协同作用,以及这些生物聚合物作为再生纸行业可持续多功能添加剂的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
A novel polymer based on ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer/chloroprene rubber thermoplastic vulcanizates with rapid thermo-responsive shape memory property 一种基于乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物/氯丁橡胶热塑性硫化弹性体的新型聚合物,具有快速热响应形状记忆特性
IF 3.3 4区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1177/08927057241270891
Dazhi Zhu, Wanwu Ma, Jianqiang Chu, Zhiyuan Gong, Zhaobo Wang
A simple and effective strategy for preparing thermo-responsive shape memory polymers (TSMPs) can be designed where the novel TSMPs based on ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA) and chlorinated polyethylene rubber (CR) thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) were prepared using dynamic vulcanization. The morphology of the EMA/CR TPVs exhibited a sea-island structure obviously; moreover, the EMA served as the continuous phase and mainly provided the shape fixation (SF) capability of the blend, while the highly elastic CR was acted as the dispersed phase and provided the primary driving force during the shape recovery (SR) process. The SF and SR behaviors of the EMA/CR TPVs can be effectively controlled by varying the weight ratio of EMA/CR blends. Increasing the weight ratio of EMA/CR, the SF% of the EMA/CR TPVs was enhanced while the SR% was decreased remarkably. The shape memory behaviors of EMA/CR TPVs were significantly influenced by temperature. Notably, when the fixation and recovery temperatures were all set at 95°C, both the SF% and SR% of the EMA/CR TPVs with a weight ratio of 80/20 exceeded 95%, and the SR time was 15∼20s, demonstrating the excellent shape memory property.
利用动态硫化法制备了基于乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物(EMA)和氯化聚乙烯橡胶(CR)热塑性硫化弹性体(TPVs)的新型热响应形状记忆聚合物(TSMPs),设计了一种简单有效的热响应形状记忆聚合物(TSMPs)制备策略。EMA/CR 热塑性硫化弹性体的形貌明显呈现海岛结构;此外,EMA 作为连续相,主要提供共混物的形状固定(SF)能力,而高弹性 CR 作为分散相,在形状恢复(SR)过程中提供主要驱动力。通过改变 EMA/CR 共混物的重量比,可以有效控制 EMA/CR 热塑性硫化弹性体的 SF 和 SR 行为。随着 EMA/CR 重量比的增加,EMA/CR 热塑性硫化弹性体的 SF% 得到提高,而 SR% 则明显下降。EMA/CR 热塑性硫化弹性体的形状记忆行为受温度的影响很大。值得注意的是,当固定温度和恢复温度都设定为 95°C 时,重量比为 80/20 的 EMA/CR 热塑性硫化弹性体的 SF% 和 SR% 都超过了 95%,SR 时间为 15∼20s,显示出优异的形状记忆特性。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the low velocity impact response of additively manufactured tri-material composite structure with application on helmet 研究快速成型三材料复合结构的低速冲击响应,并将其应用于头盔
IF 3.3 4区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1177/08927057241268839
Ammar M Al-Areqi, Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Bandar A. Aloyaydi, Fahad A. Al-Mufadi
Additively manufactured composite structures can be utilized in the production of engineering materials with enhanced mechanical properties. In this work, mono-, bi-, and tri-material structures (MMS, BMS, and TMS, respectively) were fabricated using additively manufactured PLA (poly-lactic acid) lattice frames embedded with Polyurethane (PU) foam and milled glass fibers (MGFs). TMS samples were reinforced with MGFs at 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5.0 vol%, indicated as TMS-1, TMS-2, TMS-3, and TMS-4, respectively. The mechanical response of these composite structures was tested by applying a low-velocity impact load. The effects of MGF content and variations in applied impact energy, and variation in microstructure on the composite samples were investigated. Results revealed an enhanced mechanical response of TMS samples compared to MMS and BMS. Additionally, with increasing applied impact energy, the TMS samples showed an improved corresponding response, with a peak absorbed energy of 96.03% of the applied 60 J energy. Furthermore, to study the applicability of the composite structures in real-life applications, helmet prototypes made of MMS, BMS, and TMS were designed and tested under the applied low-velocity load, showing an improved response of TMS helmet samples compared to the other composite structures.
快速成型复合材料结构可用于生产具有更强机械性能的工程材料。在这项工作中,使用嵌入聚氨酯(PU)泡沫和研磨玻璃纤维(MGF)的添加剂制造聚乳酸(PLA)晶格框架,分别制造了单材料、双材料和三材料结构(MMS、BMS 和 TMS)。用 1.25、2.5、3.75 和 5.0 Vol% 的 MGF 增强了 TMS 样品,分别称为 TMS-1、TMS-2、TMS-3 和 TMS-4。通过施加低速冲击载荷测试了这些复合材料结构的机械响应。研究了 MGF 含量、施加的冲击能量变化以及微观结构变化对复合材料样品的影响。结果表明,与 MMS 和 BMS 相比,TMS 样品的机械响应更强。此外,随着施加冲击能量的增加,TMS 样品的相应响应也有所改善,吸收能量峰值为施加 60 J 能量的 96.03%。此外,为了研究复合结构在实际应用中的适用性,我们设计了由 MMS、BMS 和 TMS 制成的头盔原型,并在施加的低速载荷下进行了测试,结果表明与其他复合结构相比,TMS 头盔样品的响应更好。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
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