Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1177/08927057241274346
Imen Ksouri, Olivier De Almeida, Nader Haddar
The current paper aims to study the behavior of Polyamide 6 (PA6) and Polyamide 6 reinforced with 30% of short glass fibers (PA6GF30) under glycol water (GW) mixture used for cars as coolant fluid. Samples were fully immersed in the mixture of GW (20:80) at 50°C, 70°C and 90°C for up to 80 days and periodically weighted. Results gathered revealed the occurrence of substantial changes especially for PA6 samples aged at 90°C. The long term ageing leads to the formation of ester species due to thermo-oxidation as pointed out by Infrared spectroscopy analysis. Moreover, dynamic mechanical analysis measurements showed that glycol water acted as an effective plasticizer in lowering the Tg of the polyamide 6. This plasticizer effect was confirmed by the gain of ductility at early stage of ageing for both materials (PA6 and PA6GF30). Nevertheless, after 80 days of ageing the effect of glycol water ageing is no longer physical in nature and an overall loss of mechanical properties was noticed. Indeed, an embrittlement of PA6 was measured that can be attributed to a decrease of the level of entanglements within the polymer. Nevertheless, for PA6GF30 material, the loss of strength and stiffness was the result of the interfacial debonding between the fibers and the matrix.
{"title":"The impact of glycol water exposure on PA6/GF30 properties","authors":"Imen Ksouri, Olivier De Almeida, Nader Haddar","doi":"10.1177/08927057241274346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241274346","url":null,"abstract":"The current paper aims to study the behavior of Polyamide 6 (PA6) and Polyamide 6 reinforced with 30% of short glass fibers (PA6GF30) under glycol water (GW) mixture used for cars as coolant fluid. Samples were fully immersed in the mixture of GW (20:80) at 50°C, 70°C and 90°C for up to 80 days and periodically weighted. Results gathered revealed the occurrence of substantial changes especially for PA6 samples aged at 90°C. The long term ageing leads to the formation of ester species due to thermo-oxidation as pointed out by Infrared spectroscopy analysis. Moreover, dynamic mechanical analysis measurements showed that glycol water acted as an effective plasticizer in lowering the Tg of the polyamide 6. This plasticizer effect was confirmed by the gain of ductility at early stage of ageing for both materials (PA6 and PA6GF30). Nevertheless, after 80 days of ageing the effect of glycol water ageing is no longer physical in nature and an overall loss of mechanical properties was noticed. Indeed, an embrittlement of PA6 was measured that can be attributed to a decrease of the level of entanglements within the polymer. Nevertheless, for PA6GF30 material, the loss of strength and stiffness was the result of the interfacial debonding between the fibers and the matrix.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.1177/08927057241270791
Narain kumar Sivakumar, Kaaviya J, Sabarinathan Palaniyappan, Mohammed Azeem P, S. Basavarajappa, Ihab M. Moussa, Mohamed Ibrahim Hashem
The utilization of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology for developing sandwich structures proves to be an effective approach, enabling the rapid construction of intricate profiles and gaining widespread recognition for diverse structural applications. In this study, hexagon lattice-cored sandwich structures are created by situating the lattice core at the center of the PLA polymeric specimens. The performance is assessed by varying 3D-Printing Factors (3D-PFs), including Nozzle Temperature (NT), Layer Height (LH), Printing Speed (PS), and Line Width (LW). The levels of 3D-PFs are manipulated as follows: NT (180, 190, 200, 210°C), LH (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 mm), PS (15, 20, 25, 30 mm/sec), and LW (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mm). By employing a FFF 3D printer, the sandwich specimens are 3D-printed and their compression properties are assessed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). In this research, various Machine Learning (ML) models namely Bayesian Ridge regression (BRid), Elastic Net linear regression (EN), Quantile Regression (QR), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are utilized to predict the compressive strength/density property of the developed sandwich structure. This aids in determining the optimal levels of 3D-PFs to achieve enhanced compressive strength/density. The results reveal that the QR model, particularly when employed in the boosting ensemble technique, exhibits superior accuracy with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.26 × 104, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.21 × 104, and Median Absolute Error (MedAE) of 0.16 × 104. Utilizing the QR model within the boosting ensemble technique, the influence of 3D-PFs on resulting compressive strength/density is analyzed, facilitating the identification of optimized 3D-PF levels for improved compressive strength/density. Sandwich structures fabricated at these optimized levels demonstrate enhanced compressive properties, making them suitable for a variety of structural applications.
{"title":"Machine learning-based approach for predicting the compressive strength of 3D printed hexagon lattice-cored sandwich structures","authors":"Narain kumar Sivakumar, Kaaviya J, Sabarinathan Palaniyappan, Mohammed Azeem P, S. Basavarajappa, Ihab M. Moussa, Mohamed Ibrahim Hashem","doi":"10.1177/08927057241270791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241270791","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology for developing sandwich structures proves to be an effective approach, enabling the rapid construction of intricate profiles and gaining widespread recognition for diverse structural applications. In this study, hexagon lattice-cored sandwich structures are created by situating the lattice core at the center of the PLA polymeric specimens. The performance is assessed by varying 3D-Printing Factors (3D-PFs), including Nozzle Temperature (NT), Layer Height (LH), Printing Speed (PS), and Line Width (LW). The levels of 3D-PFs are manipulated as follows: NT (180, 190, 200, 210°C), LH (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 mm), PS (15, 20, 25, 30 mm/sec), and LW (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mm). By employing a FFF 3D printer, the sandwich specimens are 3D-printed and their compression properties are assessed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). In this research, various Machine Learning (ML) models namely Bayesian Ridge regression (BRid), Elastic Net linear regression (EN), Quantile Regression (QR), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are utilized to predict the compressive strength/density property of the developed sandwich structure. This aids in determining the optimal levels of 3D-PFs to achieve enhanced compressive strength/density. The results reveal that the QR model, particularly when employed in the boosting ensemble technique, exhibits superior accuracy with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.26 × 104, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.21 × 104, and Median Absolute Error (MedAE) of 0.16 × 104. Utilizing the QR model within the boosting ensemble technique, the influence of 3D-PFs on resulting compressive strength/density is analyzed, facilitating the identification of optimized 3D-PF levels for improved compressive strength/density. Sandwich structures fabricated at these optimized levels demonstrate enhanced compressive properties, making them suitable for a variety of structural applications.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.1177/08927057241270791
Narain kumar Sivakumar, Kaaviya J, Sabarinathan Palaniyappan, Mohammed Azeem P, S. Basavarajappa, Ihab M. Moussa, Mohamed Ibrahim Hashem
The utilization of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology for developing sandwich structures proves to be an effective approach, enabling the rapid construction of intricate profiles and gaining widespread recognition for diverse structural applications. In this study, hexagon lattice-cored sandwich structures are created by situating the lattice core at the center of the PLA polymeric specimens. The performance is assessed by varying 3D-Printing Factors (3D-PFs), including Nozzle Temperature (NT), Layer Height (LH), Printing Speed (PS), and Line Width (LW). The levels of 3D-PFs are manipulated as follows: NT (180, 190, 200, 210°C), LH (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 mm), PS (15, 20, 25, 30 mm/sec), and LW (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mm). By employing a FFF 3D printer, the sandwich specimens are 3D-printed and their compression properties are assessed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). In this research, various Machine Learning (ML) models namely Bayesian Ridge regression (BRid), Elastic Net linear regression (EN), Quantile Regression (QR), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are utilized to predict the compressive strength/density property of the developed sandwich structure. This aids in determining the optimal levels of 3D-PFs to achieve enhanced compressive strength/density. The results reveal that the QR model, particularly when employed in the boosting ensemble technique, exhibits superior accuracy with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.26 × 104, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.21 × 104, and Median Absolute Error (MedAE) of 0.16 × 104. Utilizing the QR model within the boosting ensemble technique, the influence of 3D-PFs on resulting compressive strength/density is analyzed, facilitating the identification of optimized 3D-PF levels for improved compressive strength/density. Sandwich structures fabricated at these optimized levels demonstrate enhanced compressive properties, making them suitable for a variety of structural applications.
{"title":"Machine learning-based approach for predicting the compressive strength of 3D printed hexagon lattice-cored sandwich structures","authors":"Narain kumar Sivakumar, Kaaviya J, Sabarinathan Palaniyappan, Mohammed Azeem P, S. Basavarajappa, Ihab M. Moussa, Mohamed Ibrahim Hashem","doi":"10.1177/08927057241270791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241270791","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology for developing sandwich structures proves to be an effective approach, enabling the rapid construction of intricate profiles and gaining widespread recognition for diverse structural applications. In this study, hexagon lattice-cored sandwich structures are created by situating the lattice core at the center of the PLA polymeric specimens. The performance is assessed by varying 3D-Printing Factors (3D-PFs), including Nozzle Temperature (NT), Layer Height (LH), Printing Speed (PS), and Line Width (LW). The levels of 3D-PFs are manipulated as follows: NT (180, 190, 200, 210°C), LH (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 mm), PS (15, 20, 25, 30 mm/sec), and LW (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mm). By employing a FFF 3D printer, the sandwich specimens are 3D-printed and their compression properties are assessed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). In this research, various Machine Learning (ML) models namely Bayesian Ridge regression (BRid), Elastic Net linear regression (EN), Quantile Regression (QR), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are utilized to predict the compressive strength/density property of the developed sandwich structure. This aids in determining the optimal levels of 3D-PFs to achieve enhanced compressive strength/density. The results reveal that the QR model, particularly when employed in the boosting ensemble technique, exhibits superior accuracy with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.26 × 104, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.21 × 104, and Median Absolute Error (MedAE) of 0.16 × 104. Utilizing the QR model within the boosting ensemble technique, the influence of 3D-PFs on resulting compressive strength/density is analyzed, facilitating the identification of optimized 3D-PF levels for improved compressive strength/density. Sandwich structures fabricated at these optimized levels demonstrate enhanced compressive properties, making them suitable for a variety of structural applications.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1177/08927057241264464
Eliasu Issaka, Blessing Tornyeava, Enock Adjei Agyekum, Michael Enyan, Jesse Nii Okai Amu-Darko, Hither Tariro Chimuza
Biomimetic nanoparticles (BioM NPs) are an innovative strategy for nanomedicine (NanoMed) that combines the advantages of artificial materials with the biological functioning of natural systems. Ongoing research attempts to enhance their design, and stability, and solve problems for broader applications in medicine and biotechnology. NanoMed ideas are intensively researched in preclinical research because they provide unique advantages in disease management. It has developed novel therapeutic strategies for combating viral infections and increasing treatment success rates. The creation of novel nanocarriers and drug delivery systems is critical to the evolution of NanoMed, but there is still much to learn about this quickly evolving field. To contribute to existing knowledge and cover knowledge gaps, our present review article will discuss the state-of-the-art of BioM NPs in NanoMed in three sections. First, the methods of BioM NP production and their synergistic interactions with human cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems will be discussed. Followed by a discussion of BioM NPs) for several NanoMeds (wound healing, targeted drug delivery, theranostics, cancer therapy, and bone formation and/or regeneration), and concluding with the novel application of BioM NPs, challenges associated with these novel applications, and prospects.
{"title":"Nature-inspired solutions: A comprehensive review of biomimetic nanoparticles in nanomedicine","authors":"Eliasu Issaka, Blessing Tornyeava, Enock Adjei Agyekum, Michael Enyan, Jesse Nii Okai Amu-Darko, Hither Tariro Chimuza","doi":"10.1177/08927057241264464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241264464","url":null,"abstract":"Biomimetic nanoparticles (BioM NPs) are an innovative strategy for nanomedicine (NanoMed) that combines the advantages of artificial materials with the biological functioning of natural systems. Ongoing research attempts to enhance their design, and stability, and solve problems for broader applications in medicine and biotechnology. NanoMed ideas are intensively researched in preclinical research because they provide unique advantages in disease management. It has developed novel therapeutic strategies for combating viral infections and increasing treatment success rates. The creation of novel nanocarriers and drug delivery systems is critical to the evolution of NanoMed, but there is still much to learn about this quickly evolving field. To contribute to existing knowledge and cover knowledge gaps, our present review article will discuss the state-of-the-art of BioM NPs in NanoMed in three sections. First, the methods of BioM NP production and their synergistic interactions with human cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems will be discussed. Followed by a discussion of BioM NPs) for several NanoMeds (wound healing, targeted drug delivery, theranostics, cancer therapy, and bone formation and/or regeneration), and concluding with the novel application of BioM NPs, challenges associated with these novel applications, and prospects.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1177/08927057241270890
E. Kuram, B. Ozcelik, H. Koçoğlu, Hamza Ayas, Mehmet Dogan
Polymeric materials usage is rising, and they are exposed to some effects such as temperature, light, water throughout their lifetime. Increase in use of polymer has led to waste problems. From an environmental point of view, recycling (reprocessing) of polymers is one of the viable solutions to diminish waste issues. Thus, in this work, the effect of reprocessing for aged glass fiber reinforced polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) composites having different glass fiber content was determined on the mechanical properties (tensile, impact, flexural), melt flow index and morphology. Virgin glass fiber reinforced PC/ABS specimens were exposed to two environments, namely artificial accelerated ageing in a QUV chamber for up to 336 h and natural ageing in Gebze (Turkey) for up to 1 year between January 2018 and January 2019 to determine the influence of a long-term outdoor exposure on the properties. After these ageing steps, naturally and UV aged specimens were ground and the ground specimens were mixed with virgin glass fiber reinforced PC/ABS at ratios of 25%, 50% and 75% by weight. The mixed materials were re-molded to fabricate test specimens and then characterized. In brief, in current research, the mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties of virgin, aged in outdoors for 12 months, aged in UV chamber for 336 h and blends of virgin-aged glass fiber reinforced PC/ABS composites were studied. Because there is no research regarding natural and UV ageing of PC/ABS having different glass fiber content, this study represents an important contribution to determining behavior of these composites after ageing. From experimental study, in general, it was found that mechanical properties decreased with natural and UV ageing, but some retention in properties could be achieved with the incorporation of pure polymer.
{"title":"UV and outdoor weathering of glass fiber reinforced polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene composites and recycling of aged composites","authors":"E. Kuram, B. Ozcelik, H. Koçoğlu, Hamza Ayas, Mehmet Dogan","doi":"10.1177/08927057241270890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241270890","url":null,"abstract":"Polymeric materials usage is rising, and they are exposed to some effects such as temperature, light, water throughout their lifetime. Increase in use of polymer has led to waste problems. From an environmental point of view, recycling (reprocessing) of polymers is one of the viable solutions to diminish waste issues. Thus, in this work, the effect of reprocessing for aged glass fiber reinforced polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) composites having different glass fiber content was determined on the mechanical properties (tensile, impact, flexural), melt flow index and morphology. Virgin glass fiber reinforced PC/ABS specimens were exposed to two environments, namely artificial accelerated ageing in a QUV chamber for up to 336 h and natural ageing in Gebze (Turkey) for up to 1 year between January 2018 and January 2019 to determine the influence of a long-term outdoor exposure on the properties. After these ageing steps, naturally and UV aged specimens were ground and the ground specimens were mixed with virgin glass fiber reinforced PC/ABS at ratios of 25%, 50% and 75% by weight. The mixed materials were re-molded to fabricate test specimens and then characterized. In brief, in current research, the mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties of virgin, aged in outdoors for 12 months, aged in UV chamber for 336 h and blends of virgin-aged glass fiber reinforced PC/ABS composites were studied. Because there is no research regarding natural and UV ageing of PC/ABS having different glass fiber content, this study represents an important contribution to determining behavior of these composites after ageing. From experimental study, in general, it was found that mechanical properties decreased with natural and UV ageing, but some retention in properties could be achieved with the incorporation of pure polymer.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141925186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1177/08927057241271776
Tianyu Fu, Shan Yan, Yunfei Gu
Achieving precise temperature control during the heating process of carbon fibre-reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic composite (CF-PP) using electromagnetic induction heating is crucial for the consolidation effectiveness of the material. This paper begins by constructing a finite element microscopic model for induction heating that incorporates the actual fiber structure and matrix. It systematically analyzes the heating mechanism, temperature field distribution, and surface temperature hysteresis of CF-PP with different fiber weave structures during the heating process. Based on the observed temperature distribution and variation patterns during material heating, an improved particle swarm Fuzzy PID control method is proposed, which effectively reduces temperature overshoot and enhances the system’s resistance to disturbances. Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of this algorithm for controlling the temperature of CF-PP plates during the induction heating process. This research offers an effective control strategy and research approach to enhance the accuracy of temperature control during the CF-PP induction heating process, contributing to improved outcomes in the field.
{"title":"Research on temperature control of CF-PP induction heating based on improved particle swarm fuzzy PID","authors":"Tianyu Fu, Shan Yan, Yunfei Gu","doi":"10.1177/08927057241271776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241271776","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving precise temperature control during the heating process of carbon fibre-reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic composite (CF-PP) using electromagnetic induction heating is crucial for the consolidation effectiveness of the material. This paper begins by constructing a finite element microscopic model for induction heating that incorporates the actual fiber structure and matrix. It systematically analyzes the heating mechanism, temperature field distribution, and surface temperature hysteresis of CF-PP with different fiber weave structures during the heating process. Based on the observed temperature distribution and variation patterns during material heating, an improved particle swarm Fuzzy PID control method is proposed, which effectively reduces temperature overshoot and enhances the system’s resistance to disturbances. Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of this algorithm for controlling the temperature of CF-PP plates during the induction heating process. This research offers an effective control strategy and research approach to enhance the accuracy of temperature control during the CF-PP induction heating process, contributing to improved outcomes in the field.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1177/08927057241268831
Hatam Hardani, Mahmoud Afshari, Mohammad Reza Samadi, Hossein Afshari, Santi Ago López
Fused-filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most common 3D printing methods for thermoplastic polymers and composite materials because it is easy to use and is low-cost. The printed polymer parts for industrial applications require desirable mechanical properties. Therefore, in the present research, the process parameters of fused filament fabrication are optimized to enhance the Young’s modulus and bending resistance of polylactic acid/carbon nanotube (PLA/CNT) composite. For this purpose, the response surface method (RSM) and desirability function technique (DFT) are applied to find the optimal values of the effective parameters of CNT content, printing speed and nozzle temperature. The printed samples were examined by using DSC, TGA and SEM analyses. The results of DSC and TGA analyses indicated that the addition of CNT into PLA enhanced the thermal stability of PLA/CNT composite. It was also observed from the optimization results that the Young’s modulus and bending resistance of PLA/CNT composite improved at CNT content of 2.9 wt%, printing speed of 20 mm/s and nozzle temperature of 210°C.
{"title":"An enhancement in the tensile modulus and bending resistance of polylactic acid/carbon nanotube composite by optimizing FFF process parameters","authors":"Hatam Hardani, Mahmoud Afshari, Mohammad Reza Samadi, Hossein Afshari, Santi Ago López","doi":"10.1177/08927057241268831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241268831","url":null,"abstract":"Fused-filament fabrication (FFF) is one of the most common 3D printing methods for thermoplastic polymers and composite materials because it is easy to use and is low-cost. The printed polymer parts for industrial applications require desirable mechanical properties. Therefore, in the present research, the process parameters of fused filament fabrication are optimized to enhance the Young’s modulus and bending resistance of polylactic acid/carbon nanotube (PLA/CNT) composite. For this purpose, the response surface method (RSM) and desirability function technique (DFT) are applied to find the optimal values of the effective parameters of CNT content, printing speed and nozzle temperature. The printed samples were examined by using DSC, TGA and SEM analyses. The results of DSC and TGA analyses indicated that the addition of CNT into PLA enhanced the thermal stability of PLA/CNT composite. It was also observed from the optimization results that the Young’s modulus and bending resistance of PLA/CNT composite improved at CNT content of 2.9 wt%, printing speed of 20 mm/s and nozzle temperature of 210°C.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive manufacturing (AM) has significantly transformed the fabrication of functional materials, particularly in electronics and biomedical engineering. This study reviews stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), direct ink writing (DIW), and inkjet printing for flexible electronic applications. The review highlights SLA-based 3D printing’s better ability to optimize material compositions, printing procedures, and post-processing methods to improve material characteristics. Photosensitive materials and shrinkage-induced internal tensions seems to be its major constraint. Additionally, SLS 3D printing has improved composite materials' electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. It has drawbacks including permeable structures and internal tensions. In FDM 3D printing, mechanical and electrical qualities are improved for piezoelectric sensor manufacture. Warping and nozzle blockage require additional study. DIW’s versatility in constructing complicated structures with increased features for energy harvesting and sensor development is also mentioned. We identify ink development and printer nozzle clogging issues. The review concludes that inkjet printing can provide a variety of materials for flexible electronics. Since it integrates the latest discoveries with technological developments, this study may help guide future research and promote innovation in the sector. Overall, additive manufacturing methods provide a new era of sensor technology by offering unrivalled flexibility and versatility.
快速成型制造（AM）极大地改变了功能材料的制造，尤其是在电子和生物医学工程领域。本研究综述了用于柔性电子应用的立体光刻（SLA）、选择性激光烧结（SLS）、熔融沉积建模（FDM）、直接墨水写入（DIW）和喷墨打印技术。综述重点介绍了基于 SLA 的 3D 打印技术在优化材料成分、打印程序和后处理方法以改善材料特性方面的更佳能力。光敏材料和收缩引起的内部张力似乎是其主要制约因素。此外，SLS 三维打印技术还改善了复合材料的电气、机械和热性能。但它也存在渗透结构和内部张力等缺点。在 FDM 三维打印中，压电传感器制造的机械和电气性能得到了改善。翘曲和喷嘴堵塞问题需要进一步研究。此外，我们还提到了 DIW 在构建复杂结构方面的多功能性，可增加能量收集和传感器开发所需的功能。我们发现了墨水开发和打印机喷嘴堵塞问题。综述的结论是，喷墨打印可为柔性电子产品提供多种材料。由于本研究将最新发现与技术发展融为一体，因此有助于指导未来的研究并促进该领域的创新。总之，增材制造方法提供了无与伦比的灵活性和多功能性，开创了传感器技术的新纪元。
{"title":"Navigating the frontier: Additive Manufacturing’s role in synthesizing piezoelectric materials for flexible electronics","authors":"Sudhir Kumar, Ravinder Kumar Duvedi, Sandeep Kumar Sharma, Ajay Batish","doi":"10.1177/08927057241270729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241270729","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) has significantly transformed the fabrication of functional materials, particularly in electronics and biomedical engineering. This study reviews stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), direct ink writing (DIW), and inkjet printing for flexible electronic applications. The review highlights SLA-based 3D printing’s better ability to optimize material compositions, printing procedures, and post-processing methods to improve material characteristics. Photosensitive materials and shrinkage-induced internal tensions seems to be its major constraint. Additionally, SLS 3D printing has improved composite materials' electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. It has drawbacks including permeable structures and internal tensions. In FDM 3D printing, mechanical and electrical qualities are improved for piezoelectric sensor manufacture. Warping and nozzle blockage require additional study. DIW’s versatility in constructing complicated structures with increased features for energy harvesting and sensor development is also mentioned. We identify ink development and printer nozzle clogging issues. The review concludes that inkjet printing can provide a variety of materials for flexible electronics. Since it integrates the latest discoveries with technological developments, this study may help guide future research and promote innovation in the sector. Overall, additive manufacturing methods provide a new era of sensor technology by offering unrivalled flexibility and versatility.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/08927057241270859
Ryoji Ohashi, Ryoichi Hatano, Shunsuke Haruna
Carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics have been extensively studied to reduce the weight of transportation equipment. In this study, to enhance the interlocking effect of Ti-6Al-4V rivets, the new riveting process combined with refill friction stir spot welding (FSSW) was attempted. Consequently, the successful combination of refill FSSW and riveting resulted in a flared trumpet-shaped rivet, expanding the diameter of its tip significantly. Tensile shear tests exhibited both the stirred zone induced by refill FSSW and the flared rivet affected the fracture behavior. The cross-sectional observations revealed the existence of cracks at the boundary between the stirred zone and base material during tensile shear tests. Furthermore, a unique arrangement of the fiber caused by the stirring action was identified by observing the fracture surface using scanning electron microscopy. The study findings clarify the advantages of combining refill FSSW with riveting, providing insights into the potential implementation of this combined process in thermoplastic composites.
{"title":"Characterization of thermoplastic composite joints fabricated by the combined refill friction stir spot welding and riveting process","authors":"Ryoji Ohashi, Ryoichi Hatano, Shunsuke Haruna","doi":"10.1177/08927057241270859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241270859","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics have been extensively studied to reduce the weight of transportation equipment. In this study, to enhance the interlocking effect of Ti-6Al-4V rivets, the new riveting process combined with refill friction stir spot welding (FSSW) was attempted. Consequently, the successful combination of refill FSSW and riveting resulted in a flared trumpet-shaped rivet, expanding the diameter of its tip significantly. Tensile shear tests exhibited both the stirred zone induced by refill FSSW and the flared rivet affected the fracture behavior. The cross-sectional observations revealed the existence of cracks at the boundary between the stirred zone and base material during tensile shear tests. Furthermore, a unique arrangement of the fiber caused by the stirring action was identified by observing the fracture surface using scanning electron microscopy. The study findings clarify the advantages of combining refill FSSW with riveting, providing insights into the potential implementation of this combined process in thermoplastic composites.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141883718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1177/08927057241270750
Mohammed O Alziyadi, Asma Alkabsh, Basmat Amal M Said, Mustafa S. Shalaby
Herein, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanospheres were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and then inserted into a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) matrix at different concentrations (0%, 2%, and 4% wt.) using the solution casting method. This work examines the effects of varying percentages of CdS spheres on the structural characteristics, mechanical properties, surface/volume energy loss functions, dielectric constants, and linear/non-linear optical properties of PVB nanocomposite films. The findings confirmed the successful synthesis of sphere-like CdS with a cubic structural phase. The stress-strain curves of PVB and its composites with nano CdS spheres were examined. The PVB has a direct/indirect energy gap of 5.1 eV (4.1 eV). With a CdS doping level of 2% and 4%, the values correspondingly decreased to 4.76 eV (3.36 eV) and 4.49 eV (2.45 eV). The EU values for PVB, PVB-2 wt.% CdS, and PVB-4 wt.% CdS nanocomposite are 15.3, 11.2, and 14.1 meV, respectively. CdS nanospheres decreased the volume and surface energy losses (VELF & SELF) of PVB films. The research demonstrates that the mechanical properties and optical parameters of PVB/CdS nanocomposite films positively correlate with the concentration of CdS nanospheres. These attributes make them well-suited for incorporation into flexible electronic devices.
{"title":"Effect of cadmium sulfide spheres on structural, mechanical, and optical properties of polyvinyl butyral/cadmium sulfide nanocomposite films","authors":"Mohammed O Alziyadi, Asma Alkabsh, Basmat Amal M Said, Mustafa S. Shalaby","doi":"10.1177/08927057241270750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241270750","url":null,"abstract":"Herein, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanospheres were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and then inserted into a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) matrix at different concentrations (0%, 2%, and 4% wt.) using the solution casting method. This work examines the effects of varying percentages of CdS spheres on the structural characteristics, mechanical properties, surface/volume energy loss functions, dielectric constants, and linear/non-linear optical properties of PVB nanocomposite films. The findings confirmed the successful synthesis of sphere-like CdS with a cubic structural phase. The stress-strain curves of PVB and its composites with nano CdS spheres were examined. The PVB has a direct/indirect energy gap of 5.1 eV (4.1 eV). With a CdS doping level of 2% and 4%, the values correspondingly decreased to 4.76 eV (3.36 eV) and 4.49 eV (2.45 eV). The E<jats:sub>U</jats:sub> values for PVB, PVB-2 wt.% CdS, and PVB-4 wt.% CdS nanocomposite are 15.3, 11.2, and 14.1 meV, respectively. CdS nanospheres decreased the volume and surface energy losses (VELF & SELF) of PVB films. The research demonstrates that the mechanical properties and optical parameters of PVB/CdS nanocomposite films positively correlate with the concentration of CdS nanospheres. These attributes make them well-suited for incorporation into flexible electronic devices.","PeriodicalId":17446,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141883717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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