The effect of intraperitonal exposure of dichlorvos an organophosphate (OP) pesticide, on haematology parameters and liver pathology of Wister rats was investigated. Thirty male albino rats grouped into six (6) of five rats each were injected with 0, 3.7, 7.4, 11.1, 14.8 and 18.5mg/kg of dichlorvos (DDVP) (1 ml/kg) respectively. The haematological parameters measured were red blood cells, haemoglobin; packed cell volume, total white blood cells count and platelet levels. Histological examination of liver tissue was investigated as well. The result of the haematological parameters of the dichlorvos treated rats showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the mean values of red blood cells, haemoglobin and packed cell volume and a significant increase (p<0.05) in the total white blood cell count and platelet count which was dose dependent. Changes observed in the liver architecture of the treated rat tissues were feathery looks, fatty changes and centrilobular necrosis. However there was no architectural distortion observed in the liver tissue of the control rats. Dichlorvos had dose dependent target toxicity. Key words: Liver, toxicity, dichlorvos, pestiscides, haematology.
{"title":"Haemato-pathological effect of dichlorvos on blood picture and liver cells of albino rats","authors":"H. Brown, B. Kenanagha, D. Onwuli","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2015.0327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2015.0327","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of intraperitonal exposure of dichlorvos an organophosphate (OP) pesticide, on haematology parameters and liver pathology of Wister rats was investigated. Thirty male albino rats grouped into six (6) of five rats each were injected with 0, 3.7, 7.4, 11.1, 14.8 and 18.5mg/kg of dichlorvos (DDVP) (1 ml/kg) respectively. The haematological parameters measured were red blood cells, haemoglobin; packed cell volume, total white blood cells count and platelet levels. Histological examination of liver tissue was investigated as well. The result of the haematological parameters of the dichlorvos treated rats showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the mean values of red blood cells, haemoglobin and packed cell volume and a significant increase (p<0.05) in the total white blood cell count and platelet count which was dose dependent. Changes observed in the liver architecture of the treated rat tissues were feathery looks, fatty changes and centrilobular necrosis. However there was no architectural distortion observed in the liver tissue of the control rats. Dichlorvos had dose dependent target toxicity. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Liver, toxicity, dichlorvos, pestiscides, haematology.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"18-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87138273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds are biomarkers of genotoxic events and chromosomal instability. In laboratory, these genome damages can be measured easily. The measurement of cytogenetic alterations in-vivo has considered an initial step in the risk assessment procedures by genotoxic agents. In fishes, micronucleus assay has shown useful in vivo techniques for genotoxicity testing, and potential for in situ monitoring of water quality. This paper evaluates the genotoxic effects of fungicide in fish erythrocytes, with emphasis on the induction of micronuclei formation. The binucleate/mononucleate cells ratio in peripheral erythrocytes exposed to propiconazole (1.11 and 2.23 mg/L) has also been used to evaluate the time-dependent response. Micronucleus frequencies induced by fungicide is significantly greater than their respective control (p < 0.05) for the fish species Clarias batrachus throughout all treatment periods. This paper is directed to assisting laboratories in the development of micronucleus test for assays of genotoxic potential of chemicals. Key words: Micronucleus assay, propiconazole, genotoxicity, binucleate/mononucleate cells.
{"title":"Evidence of micronuclei in fish blood as a biomarker of genotoxicity due to surface run off agricultural fungicide (Propiconazole)","authors":"P. Srivastava, A. Singh","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2015.0325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2015.0325","url":null,"abstract":"Micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds are biomarkers of genotoxic events and chromosomal instability. In laboratory, these genome damages can be measured easily. The measurement of cytogenetic alterations in-vivo has considered an initial step in the risk assessment procedures by genotoxic agents. In fishes, micronucleus assay has shown useful in vivo techniques for genotoxicity testing, and potential for in situ monitoring of water quality. This paper evaluates the genotoxic effects of fungicide in fish erythrocytes, with emphasis on the induction of micronuclei formation. The binucleate/mononucleate cells ratio in peripheral erythrocytes exposed to propiconazole (1.11 and 2.23 mg/L) has also been used to evaluate the time-dependent response. Micronucleus frequencies induced by fungicide is significantly greater than their respective control (p < 0.05) for the fish species Clarias batrachus throughout all treatment periods. This paper is directed to assisting laboratories in the development of micronucleus test for assays of genotoxic potential of chemicals. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Micronucleus assay, propiconazole, genotoxicity, binucleate/mononucleate cells.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"90 1","pages":"4-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77221040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
India is an agricultural country; animal husbandry has always been associated with agriculture. People still thrive upon animal products such as milk, meat and manure intensely for their essentialities. India has a huge cattle population and most of them graze in areas close to forests and their fringes competing for their pastoral needs with other wild animals. This then leads to human-wildlife conflicts, which tends to culminate in a number of tragic outcomes, including wild animal poisoning. Poisoning is perceived as an easy way for people to rid themselves of wild animals. Numerous factors, including the type of agriculture practices conducted, public knowledge regarding toxicity of a specific product, cost, availability in the local market place and physical properties such as color, taste and odor determine the extent to which specific pesticides are used to deliberately poison wild animals. This paper deals with a case of phorate poisoning, which is an agrochemical, in a leopard in Sholerock Estate, Coonoor, Nilgiris district. An empty sachet of phorate was found close by. This was confirmed by the result from Regional Forensic Science Laboratory (RFSL). Leopard is however more versatile and can adapt to diverse conditions. It is often observed within the core and in the buffer zones surrounding protected areas and managed forests. It can tolerate human presence to a point. There have been several incidences where leopards have preyed on livestock, dogs, children and even adult humans leading to conflict. Therefore, the loss of an apex predator, that holds a significant position in the upper trophic level, will have deleterious effect on the balance, ultimately threatening human survival directly and indirectly. Key words: Conflict, phorate, poisoning.
{"title":"Phorate poisoning of a leopard (Panthera pardus) in the Nilgiris","authors":"B. Allwin, S. Vedamanickam","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2015.0328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2015.0328","url":null,"abstract":"India is an agricultural country; animal husbandry has always been associated with agriculture. People still thrive upon animal products such as milk, meat and manure intensely for their essentialities. India has a huge cattle population and most of them graze in areas close to forests and their fringes competing for their pastoral needs with other wild animals. This then leads to human-wildlife conflicts, which tends to culminate in a number of tragic outcomes, including wild animal poisoning. Poisoning is perceived as an easy way for people to rid themselves of wild animals. Numerous factors, including the type of agriculture practices conducted, public knowledge regarding toxicity of a specific product, cost, availability in the local market place and physical properties such as color, taste and odor determine the extent to which specific pesticides are used to deliberately poison wild animals. This paper deals with a case of phorate poisoning, which is an agrochemical, in a leopard in Sholerock Estate, Coonoor, Nilgiris district. An empty sachet of phorate was found close by. This was confirmed by the result from Regional Forensic Science Laboratory (RFSL). Leopard is however more versatile and can adapt to diverse conditions. It is often observed within the core and in the buffer zones surrounding protected areas and managed forests. It can tolerate human presence to a point. There have been several incidences where leopards have preyed on livestock, dogs, children and even adult humans leading to conflict. Therefore, the loss of an apex predator, that holds a significant position in the upper trophic level, will have deleterious effect on the balance, ultimately threatening human survival directly and indirectly. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Conflict, phorate, poisoning.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77383114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Dutta, M. Ali, Azim Najam, Ranjit Kumar, Arun Kumar
In the present study, the ameliorative effect of an aqueous extract of Pterocarpus santalinus against coragen induced haematological changes, biochemical alterations and oxidative damage in Charles foster rats was undertaken. Coragen administration (1000 mg kg-1 body weight orally for 6 weeks) was associated with significant rise in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, urea, uric acid and creatinine and enhanced lipid peroxidation which is evident by significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Furthermore, significant changes in the haematological indices (red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin percentage, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume of RBCs, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and white blood cell (WBC) count) were observed. Treatment with aqueous seed extract of P. santalinus (300 mg kg-1 body weight orally for 30 days) attenuated the oxidative stress and improved haematological as well as biochemical alterations evoked by Coragen. Thus, P. santalinus possesses ameliorative effect against coragen induced toxicity. Key words: Pterocarpus santalinus, coragen, lipid peroxidation, oxidative damage, MDA.
{"title":"Ameliorative effect of seed extract of Pterocarpus santalinus on coragen induced haematological alterations and serum biochemical changes in Charles Foster rats","authors":"K. Dutta, M. Ali, Azim Najam, Ranjit Kumar, Arun Kumar","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0324","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the ameliorative effect of an aqueous extract of Pterocarpus santalinus against coragen induced haematological changes, biochemical alterations and oxidative damage in Charles foster rats was undertaken. Coragen administration (1000 mg kg-1 body weight orally for 6 weeks) was associated with significant rise in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, urea, uric acid and creatinine and enhanced lipid peroxidation which is evident by significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Furthermore, significant changes in the haematological indices (red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin percentage, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume of RBCs, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and white blood cell (WBC) count) were observed. Treatment with aqueous seed extract of P. santalinus (300 mg kg-1 body weight orally for 30 days) attenuated the oxidative stress and improved haematological as well as biochemical alterations evoked by Coragen. Thus, P. santalinus possesses ameliorative effect against coragen induced toxicity. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Pterocarpus santalinus, coragen, lipid peroxidation, oxidative damage, MDA.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"194-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75001289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ninety six one-day-old broiler chickens were used to evaluate the effect of feeding naturally contaminated rations with low levels of fumonisins (FBs) and the protective effect of a commercial anti-mycotoxin additive (AMA) on circulating and intestinal immune cells, blood biochemistry, hematological variables and biomarkers of FBs exposure. Birds were assigned in three groups: Negative control (NC), positive control (PC) containing low level (17 ppm) of FBs (FB1 + FB2) in feed, and PC with AMA at 0,2% (AMA + PC). Blood was collected and used to quantify circulating leucocytes through flow cytometry, activity of aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and levels of uric acid (UA), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glb), Alb:Glb ratio, total leucocytes count (TLC) and hematocrit (Ht), as well as free esphinganine to esphinogosine ratio (SA:SO). On day 3, FBs reduced circulating CD4+TCRVβ1- and CD8+CD28- lymphocytes in PC; reduced B Llymphocytes and increased Kul-MHCII+ in both PC and PC+AMA, and increased Kul+MHCII+ cells in PC+AMA birds. On day 7, circulating CD4+TCRVβ1+ and CD8-CD28+ and CD3+ in jejunum were increased only in PC, while CD4-TCRVβ1+ were increased in both PC and PC+AMA birds. FBs reduced TLC and Alb:Glb in both PC and PC+AMA birds after 14 days and only in PC after 28 days, while increased Glb after 14 days in both PC and PC+AMA. On day 28, FBs increased Alb:Glb and reduced Ht only in PC birds, increasing Alb levels and GGT activity in both PC and PC+AMA birds. Serum SA:SO was increased only in PC birds on day 28. These results showed that low levels of naturally occurring FBs could induce rapid immune alterations and impaired liver function and blood homeostasis, which may reflect in a reduction in the overall birds’ competence to respond to challenges. Therefore, even if the regulatory standards of FBs are met, toxicity may occur and can be detected by sensitive markers. The use of an AMA was able to alleviate most of these effects. Key words: Fumonisins, broiler chickens, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, anti-mycotoxin additive.
{"title":"Naturally contaminated feed with low levels of fumonisins with anti-mycotoxin additive and its impact in the immune cells and blood variables in broiler chickens","authors":"T. F. Filho, M. Ingberman, L. Caron","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0321","url":null,"abstract":"Ninety six one-day-old broiler chickens were used to evaluate the effect of feeding naturally contaminated rations with low levels of fumonisins (FBs) and the protective effect of a commercial anti-mycotoxin additive (AMA) on circulating and intestinal immune cells, blood biochemistry, hematological variables and biomarkers of FBs exposure. Birds were assigned in three groups: Negative control (NC), positive control (PC) containing low level (17 ppm) of FBs (FB1 + FB2) in feed, and PC with AMA at 0,2% (AMA + PC). Blood was collected and used to quantify circulating leucocytes through flow cytometry, activity of aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and levels of uric acid (UA), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin (Glb), Alb:Glb ratio, total leucocytes count (TLC) and hematocrit (Ht), as well as free esphinganine to esphinogosine ratio (SA:SO). On day 3, FBs reduced circulating CD4+TCRVβ1- and CD8+CD28- lymphocytes in PC; reduced B Llymphocytes and increased Kul-MHCII+ in both PC and PC+AMA, and increased Kul+MHCII+ cells in PC+AMA birds. On day 7, circulating CD4+TCRVβ1+ and CD8-CD28+ and CD3+ in jejunum were increased only in PC, while CD4-TCRVβ1+ were increased in both PC and PC+AMA birds. FBs reduced TLC and Alb:Glb in both PC and PC+AMA birds after 14 days and only in PC after 28 days, while increased Glb after 14 days in both PC and PC+AMA. On day 28, FBs increased Alb:Glb and reduced Ht only in PC birds, increasing Alb levels and GGT activity in both PC and PC+AMA birds. Serum SA:SO was increased only in PC birds on day 28. These results showed that low levels of naturally occurring FBs could induce rapid immune alterations and impaired liver function and blood homeostasis, which may reflect in a reduction in the overall birds’ competence to respond to challenges. Therefore, even if the regulatory standards of FBs are met, toxicity may occur and can be detected by sensitive markers. The use of an AMA was able to alleviate most of these effects. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Fumonisins, broiler chickens, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, anti-mycotoxin additive.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"507 1","pages":"203-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80070768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present communication deal with the analysis of water samples from Bhoj wetland to detect three pesticides (chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos and endosulfan) and to assess their individual toxicity to the phytoplankton community. Higher concentration of most of the pesticides was found to be in the pre-monsoon (March to May) 0.9 µg/l (monocrotophos) and post-monsoon (September to December) 1 µg/l (monocrotophos and chlorpyrifos) period. Among the aquatic organisms, phytoplankton communities are the key targets for the pesticides because of their ecophysiological similarities with terrestrial plants. A standard 96 h static algal bioassay was followed to determine pesticide effects on the population growth rate of phytoplankton. At higher concentrations of all the pesticides elicited a significant effect on population growth rate by maximum inhibition of the cell division, but toxicity would not be expected at typical environmental concentrations. The population growth rate EC50 average values determined for Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Bacillariophyceae varied in the range of 16.1 to 32.3 µg/l for chlorpyrifos, 8.6 to 14.3 µg/l for monocrotophos and 4.2 to 15 µg/l for endosulfan, respectively. Therefore, decrease in phytoplankton populations resulting from pesticide exposure could occur at higher concentrations in aquatic systems where pesticides are present in mixture. Detrimental effects on phytoplankton population growth rate could impact nutrient cycling rates and food availability to higher trophic levels. Characterizing the toxicity of chemical mixtures likely to be encountered in the environment may benefit the pesticide registration and regulation processes. Key words: Pesticides, monsoon, phytoplankton, toxicity.
{"title":"Occurrence of some pesticides in Bhoj wetland Bhopal and their effect on phytoplankton community: An ecological perspective","authors":"A. A. Naik, A. Wanganeo","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0322","url":null,"abstract":"The present communication deal with the analysis of water samples from Bhoj wetland to detect three pesticides (chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos and endosulfan) and to assess their individual toxicity to the phytoplankton community. Higher concentration of most of the pesticides was found to be in the pre-monsoon (March to May) 0.9 µg/l (monocrotophos) and post-monsoon (September to December) 1 µg/l (monocrotophos and chlorpyrifos) period. Among the aquatic organisms, phytoplankton communities are the key targets for the pesticides because of their ecophysiological similarities with terrestrial plants. A standard 96 h static algal bioassay was followed to determine pesticide effects on the population growth rate of phytoplankton. At higher concentrations of all the pesticides elicited a significant effect on population growth rate by maximum inhibition of the cell division, but toxicity would not be expected at typical environmental concentrations. The population growth rate EC50 average values determined for Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Bacillariophyceae varied in the range of 16.1 to 32.3 µg/l for chlorpyrifos, 8.6 to 14.3 µg/l for monocrotophos and 4.2 to 15 µg/l for endosulfan, respectively. Therefore, decrease in phytoplankton populations resulting from pesticide exposure could occur at higher concentrations in aquatic systems where pesticides are present in mixture. Detrimental effects on phytoplankton population growth rate could impact nutrient cycling rates and food availability to higher trophic levels. Characterizing the toxicity of chemical mixtures likely to be encountered in the environment may benefit the pesticide registration and regulation processes. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Pesticides, monsoon, phytoplankton, toxicity.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"170-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74899338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the genotoxicity of the artificial sweeteners acesulfame potassium, aspartame, saccharin, and sorbitol, which are used in food industry and by patients with diabetes, was investigated in human peripheral lymphocyte cells using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) technique. Human lymphocyte cells were treated with the substances for three hour at each of the three dosages (1.25, 2.5, and 5 ppm). The chemical additives were studied, and the related DNA damages in the study group were compared to the control group for each of the treatment dosages. The DNA breakages observed in the comet assay were assessed in terms of tail moment and tail DNA percent using the comet parameters. The statistical and photographic analyses were performed using SPSS 15 and BAB BS 200 Pro software, respectively. Based on the results for the short-term in vitro treatments, the 4 different food flavorings were found to have genotoxic effects. Key words: Comet assay, DNA damages, artificial sweeteners, human peripheral lymphocytes.
{"title":"Determination of the effects of some artificial sweeteners on human peripheral lymphocytes using the comet assay","authors":"Zeynep Findikli, Ş. Turkoglu","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0313","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the genotoxicity of the artificial sweeteners acesulfame potassium, aspartame, saccharin, and sorbitol, which are used in food industry and by patients with diabetes, was investigated in human peripheral lymphocyte cells using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) technique. Human lymphocyte cells were treated with the substances for three hour at each of the three dosages (1.25, 2.5, and 5 ppm). The chemical additives were studied, and the related DNA damages in the study group were compared to the control group for each of the treatment dosages. The DNA breakages observed in the comet assay were assessed in terms of tail moment and tail DNA percent using the comet parameters. The statistical and photographic analyses were performed using SPSS 15 and BAB BS 200 Pro software, respectively. Based on the results for the short-term in vitro treatments, the 4 different food flavorings were found to have genotoxic effects. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Comet assay, DNA damages, artificial sweeteners, human peripheral lymphocytes.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"117 1","pages":"147-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79379878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. A. Soewu, O. Agbolade, R. Oladunjoye, I. A. Ayodele
Wild animals have provided complimentary protein for human populations across the world over the centuries. This study investigated on bioaccumulation of heavy metals in different organs of cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) and the health implications of its consumption. Four carcasses were collected from each of the four ecotomes (Mosinmi, Agbara, Omo forest reserve and Ibese) and concentrations of 7 heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cr, Zn) were examined in four organs (skin, liver, lung and kidney) from each specimen used by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference (P>0.05) in the concentration of metals in the animal except Fe and Cu, while significant variation exists when specimens were compared across different ecotomes. Total mean concentrations were Fe (400.512±60.0107), Cu (8.569±1.0396), Cd (0.06±0.040), Pb (0.3156±0.1175), Mn (9.4200±1.0383), Cr (1.3013±0.2739) and Zn (72.771±10.5672). Average mean concentration for all the metals in the study area was found to be higher than the recommended level which suggests that consumption of animals from this ecotomes are hazardous to human health and no single organ is completely safe for human consumption. Key words: Bioaccumulation, Thryonomys swinderianus, cane rat, bush meat, heavy metals, wildlife consumption, animal toxicity.
{"title":"Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) in Ogun State, Nigeria","authors":"D. A. Soewu, O. Agbolade, R. Oladunjoye, I. A. Ayodele","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0310","url":null,"abstract":"Wild animals have provided complimentary protein for human populations across the world over the centuries. This study investigated on bioaccumulation of heavy metals in different organs of cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) and the health implications of its consumption. Four carcasses were collected from each of the four ecotomes (Mosinmi, Agbara, Omo forest reserve and Ibese) and concentrations of 7 heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cr, Zn) were examined in four organs (skin, liver, lung and kidney) from each specimen used by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference (P>0.05) in the concentration of metals in the animal except Fe and Cu, while significant variation exists when specimens were compared across different ecotomes. Total mean concentrations were Fe (400.512±60.0107), Cu (8.569±1.0396), Cd (0.06±0.040), Pb (0.3156±0.1175), Mn (9.4200±1.0383), Cr (1.3013±0.2739) and Zn (72.771±10.5672). Average mean concentration for all the metals in the study area was found to be higher than the recommended level which suggests that consumption of animals from this ecotomes are hazardous to human health and no single organ is completely safe for human consumption. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bioaccumulation, Thryonomys swinderianus, cane rat, bush meat, heavy metals, wildlife consumption, animal toxicity.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"os-24 1","pages":"154-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87403723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susanna H Wegner, Xiaozhong Yu, Heeyeon Kim, Sean M. Harris, W. Griffith, Sungwoo Hong, E. Faustman
Exposure to phthalate esters is associated with changes in steroidogenesis, leading to the hypothesis that this is a primary mechanism of phthalate reproductive toxicity. However, some phthalate-induced male reproductive toxicity has been demonstrated in the absence of changes to testosterone production, suggesting additional mechanisms of action. There is evidence that phthalate exposure increases expression of the inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (cox-2). Furthermore, inhibition of cox-2 enhances expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which mediates the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. This study hypothesized that phthalate-induced toxicity and testosterone perturbation are mediated in part by cox-2. A 3D in vitro rat testis co-culture to explore the role of cox-2 in phthalate toxicity was employed. Cells were treated with 100 µM dipentyl phthalate (DPP) with and without pre-treatment with the specific cox-2 inhibitor NS-398. Effects were evaluated after 8, 24, and 72 h. DPP exposure significantly increased cox-2 expression at 8 and 24 h (p<0.01) and resulted in significant, dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Pre-treatment with NS-398 significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of DPP at 8 and 24 h (p<0.01). NS-398 also mitigated the effects of DPP on testosterone regulation. Total testosterone concentrations in cell culture media were significantly increased following 8 and 24 hr of DPP exposure (p<0.001) and NS-398 reduced this effect (p<0.05). Simultaneously, DPP significantly decreased StAR protein expression after 8 h (p<0.01) and this effect was significantly attenuated by the presence of NS-398 (p<0.01). These results suggest that the DPP-induced changes in testosterone regulation observed in this experiment are mediated in part by an inflammatory response that is cox-2 dependent. Key words: dipentyl phthalate, testosterone, cyclooxygenase 2, in vitro toxicology
{"title":"Effect of dipentyl phthalate in 3-dimensional in vitro testis co-culture is attenuated by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition","authors":"Susanna H Wegner, Xiaozhong Yu, Heeyeon Kim, Sean M. Harris, W. Griffith, Sungwoo Hong, E. Faustman","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0314","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to phthalate esters is associated with changes in steroidogenesis, leading to the hypothesis that this is a primary mechanism of phthalate reproductive toxicity. However, some phthalate-induced male reproductive toxicity has been demonstrated in the absence of changes to testosterone production, suggesting additional mechanisms of action. There is evidence that phthalate exposure increases expression of the inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (cox-2). Furthermore, inhibition of cox-2 enhances expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which mediates the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. This study hypothesized that phthalate-induced toxicity and testosterone perturbation are mediated in part by cox-2. A 3D in vitro rat testis co-culture to explore the role of cox-2 in phthalate toxicity was employed. Cells were treated with 100 µM dipentyl phthalate (DPP) with and without pre-treatment with the specific cox-2 inhibitor NS-398. Effects were evaluated after 8, 24, and 72 h. DPP exposure significantly increased cox-2 expression at 8 and 24 h (p<0.01) and resulted in significant, dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Pre-treatment with NS-398 significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of DPP at 8 and 24 h (p<0.01). NS-398 also mitigated the effects of DPP on testosterone regulation. Total testosterone concentrations in cell culture media were significantly increased following 8 and 24 hr of DPP exposure (p<0.001) and NS-398 reduced this effect (p<0.05). Simultaneously, DPP significantly decreased StAR protein expression after 8 h (p<0.01) and this effect was significantly attenuated by the presence of NS-398 (p<0.01). These results suggest that the DPP-induced changes in testosterone regulation observed in this experiment are mediated in part by an inflammatory response that is cox-2 dependent. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: dipentyl phthalate, testosterone, cyclooxygenase 2, in vitro toxicology","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"161-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78896407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nine heavy metals were studied in locally prepared drinks, namely, “Zobo” and “Kunnu Zaki”. The samples were prepared from the outer covering (calyx) of the fruits of roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa and cereals (millet or guinea corn), respectively. Twenty samples of “Zobo” coded Zb1-Zb20 and twenty samples of “Kunnu Zaki” coded Kz1-Kz20 were bought from different parts of Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria. The qualitative analysis of the samples was by official methods and were quantitatively analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) were detected in most Zb and Kz samples, while Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Silver (Ag), Mercury (Hg) and Bismuth (Bi) were absent in all the samples. The Fe values ranged from 3.13 to 5.48 mg/L; Cu ranged from 0.12 to 0.62 mg/L, Zn ranged from 0.02 to 0.22 mg/L and Pb ranged from 0.54 to 1.28 mg/L in Zb samples. The Fe values for Kz samples ranged from 18.63 to 31.25 mg/L, Cu ranged from 0.03 to 0.11 mg/L, Zn ranged from 0.08 to 0.39 mg/L and Pb ranged from 0.80 to 1.55 mg/L. The higher values detected in Fe, Zn and Pb for Kz samples compared with Zb samples could be due to the different materials used in their preparation. The implication of the results in public health is discussed. Key words: Cereals, drinks, heavy metals, samples, Hibiscus sabdariffa.
{"title":"Identification and quantification of heavy metals in local drinks in Northern Zone of Nigeria","authors":"M. T. Bakare-Odunola, K. Mustapha","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0316","url":null,"abstract":"Nine heavy metals were studied in locally prepared drinks, namely, “Zobo” and “Kunnu Zaki”. The samples were prepared from the outer covering (calyx) of the fruits of roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa and cereals (millet or guinea corn), respectively. Twenty samples of “Zobo” coded Zb1-Zb20 and twenty samples of “Kunnu Zaki” coded Kz1-Kz20 were bought from different parts of Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria. The qualitative analysis of the samples was by official methods and were quantitatively analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) were detected in most Zb and Kz samples, while Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Silver (Ag), Mercury (Hg) and Bismuth (Bi) were absent in all the samples. The Fe values ranged from 3.13 to 5.48 mg/L; Cu ranged from 0.12 to 0.62 mg/L, Zn ranged from 0.02 to 0.22 mg/L and Pb ranged from 0.54 to 1.28 mg/L in Zb samples. The Fe values for Kz samples ranged from 18.63 to 31.25 mg/L, Cu ranged from 0.03 to 0.11 mg/L, Zn ranged from 0.08 to 0.39 mg/L and Pb ranged from 0.80 to 1.55 mg/L. The higher values detected in Fe, Zn and Pb for Kz samples compared with Zb samples could be due to the different materials used in their preparation. The implication of the results in public health is discussed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cereals, drinks, heavy metals, samples, Hibiscus sabdariffa.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"126-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90410625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：