B. Ajiboye, Salawu S.O, B. Okezie, B. Oyinloye, A. Ojo, Onikanni S.A, Oso A.O, Asoso O.S, Obafemi T.O
This work was carried out to access the mitigating potential of Leea guineensis aqueous seed extract against dichlorovos (DDVP)-induced toxicity in Wistar rats for ten days. Twenty Wistar albino rats (weighing 90 to 106 g) were divided into four groups (Normal, DDVP-induced untreated, DDVP-induced treated with 200 mg/kg of L. guineensis seed and DDVP-induced treated with 400 mg/kg L. guineensis seed by oral gavage). DDVP was induced in the rats as a source of the main drinking water (5% v/v). The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein, albumin, bilirubin and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. The results revealed that exposure of rats to the pesticide water (DDVP) resulted in significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of MDA and bilirubin with significant decrease (p<0.05) in the levels of total protein, albumin and the activities of GPx, CAT, SOD, ALT and AST, while administration with L. guineensis seed showed ameliorative effects in all biochemical parameters evaluated. This showed that treatment with aqueous seed extract of L. guineensis (200 and 400 mg/kg), most especially 400 mg/kg could ameliorate the biochemical indices related to liver toxicity in the animals. Key words: Leea guineensis, dichlorovos, pesticide, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress.
{"title":"Mitigating potential and antioxidant properties of aqueous seed extract of Leea guineensis against dichlorovos-induced toxicity in Wistar rats","authors":"B. Ajiboye, Salawu S.O, B. Okezie, B. Oyinloye, A. Ojo, Onikanni S.A, Oso A.O, Asoso O.S, Obafemi T.O","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0312","url":null,"abstract":"This work was carried out to access the mitigating potential of Leea guineensis aqueous seed extract against dichlorovos (DDVP)-induced toxicity in Wistar rats for ten days. Twenty Wistar albino rats (weighing 90 to 106 g) were divided into four groups (Normal, DDVP-induced untreated, DDVP-induced treated with 200 mg/kg of L. guineensis seed and DDVP-induced treated with 400 mg/kg L. guineensis seed by oral gavage). DDVP was induced in the rats as a source of the main drinking water (5% v/v). The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total protein, albumin, bilirubin and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. The results revealed that exposure of rats to the pesticide water (DDVP) resulted in significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of MDA and bilirubin with significant decrease (p<0.05) in the levels of total protein, albumin and the activities of GPx, CAT, SOD, ALT and AST, while administration with L. guineensis seed showed ameliorative effects in all biochemical parameters evaluated. This showed that treatment with aqueous seed extract of L. guineensis (200 and 400 mg/kg), most especially 400 mg/kg could ameliorate the biochemical indices related to liver toxicity in the animals. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Leea guineensis, dichlorovos, pesticide, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"132-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80613115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. E. Sherly, V. Beena, Karim L. Razeena, Lal S. Seethal
Mystus gulio collected from the polluted waters of Veli lake in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala, India was subjected to histopathological observations to study the effect of the pollutants on the tissue of the fishes. The epithelial layer of the secondary lamellae was lifted and detached from the underlying tissue, and was also seen in a degenerative form. The hepatocytes have lost their shape and regular arrangement, and was seen accumulated in a syncitial mass. Pycnotic nuclei, enlargement of nuclei and condensation of nuclear material were observed all through. Brownish pigments were scattered throughout the tissue which shows the possibility of accumulation of heavy metals. Inflammatory reaction of the liver against a metacercarian cyst was also demonstrated.
{"title":"Response of liver and gills of Mystus gulioto the heavy metal pollutants and metacercarian infection","authors":"W. E. Sherly, V. Beena, Karim L. Razeena, Lal S. Seethal","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0304","url":null,"abstract":"Mystus gulio collected from the polluted waters of Veli lake in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala, India was subjected to histopathological observations to study the effect of the pollutants on the tissue of the fishes. The epithelial layer of the secondary lamellae was lifted and detached from the underlying tissue, and was also seen in a degenerative form. The hepatocytes have lost their shape and regular arrangement, and was seen accumulated in a syncitial mass. Pycnotic nuclei, enlargement of nuclei and condensation of nuclear material were observed all through. Brownish pigments were scattered throughout the tissue which shows the possibility of accumulation of heavy metals. Inflammatory reaction of the liver against a metacercarian cyst was also demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"120-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77494963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presence of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and derivatives in the Clarius werneri of Uganda’s major urban wetland ecosystems was investigated. Solid dispersion extraction method for extraction, florisil column method for clean-up, gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) for analysis and gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) for confirmation of results were used in this study. The major DDT contaminants detected in the samples were p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDT which were found in 25, 22 and 21% of the samples, respectively. o,p’-DDD was detected in 19% and o,p’-DDT in 13% of the samples. For o,p’-DDE there were no measurable values since the levels were below limit of quantitation (LOQ). The concentrations of DDT derivatives ranged between ND-0.478 µg/kg for p,p’-DDE, ND-0.387 µg/kg for o,p’-DDD, ND-0.476 µg/kg for p,p’-DDD, ND-0.345 µg/kg o,p’-DDT and ND-0.556 µg/kg for p,p’-DDT. The concentration of total DDT in C. werneri was in the range of 1.111 to 1.328 µg/kg dry wt. Generally, all the samples had DDT derivative levels below the maximum residue limit recommended by Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Codex Alimentarius Commission. Key words: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), DDT derivatives, Clarius werneri, Uganda, wetlands.
{"title":"1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its derivatives in marketed Clarius werneri caught from Ugandas major urban wetlands","authors":"Proscovia Nnamuyomba, J. Mbabazi, M. Ntale","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0311","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and derivatives in the Clarius werneri of Uganda’s major urban wetland ecosystems was investigated. Solid dispersion extraction method for extraction, florisil column method for clean-up, gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) for analysis and gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) for confirmation of results were used in this study. The major DDT contaminants detected in the samples were p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDT which were found in 25, 22 and 21% of the samples, respectively. o,p’-DDD was detected in 19% and o,p’-DDT in 13% of the samples. For o,p’-DDE there were no measurable values since the levels were below limit of quantitation (LOQ). The concentrations of DDT derivatives ranged between ND-0.478 µg/kg for p,p’-DDE, ND-0.387 µg/kg for o,p’-DDD, ND-0.476 µg/kg for p,p’-DDD, ND-0.345 µg/kg o,p’-DDT and ND-0.556 µg/kg for p,p’-DDT. The concentration of total DDT in C. werneri was in the range of 1.111 to 1.328 µg/kg dry wt. Generally, all the samples had DDT derivative levels below the maximum residue limit recommended by Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Codex Alimentarius Commission. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), DDT derivatives, Clarius werneri, Uganda, wetlands.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"113-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81939332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Kan, X. Jian, Zhong-chen Zhang, Qian Zhou, Jie-ru Wang, G. Yu, Jing Sun
Paraquat poisoning is characterized by multi-organ failure and pulmonary fibrosis with respiratory failure, resulting in high mortality and morbidity. To serious paraquat patients, the effectiveness of conventional treatments is unsuccessful. Whole lung lavage is a technique that was developed in the 1960s with the purpose of removing lipoproteinaceous material that accumulates in the bronchi of patients with alveolar proteinosis, leading to clinical and functional improvement. Pneumoconioses are characterized as irreversible, progressive respiratory diseases. No effective therapy exists to prevent progression of these diseases. Whole lung lavage might limit the rate of disease progression through the removal of dust, inflammatory cells, and cytokines. Whole lung lavage is also used successfully to treat other lung diseases such as endogenous lipoid pneumonia and mineral oil lipoid pneumonia. Paraquat poisoning could not be controlled by only one method and combined therapies are needed. So, we hypothesized that whole lung lavage will provide a new therapy of acute lung injury caused by paraquat. On the base of conventional therapy for paraquat poisoning, whole lung lavage could be considered in the early time of poisoning and then followed by glucocorticoid for patients with moderate to severe paraquat poisoning. Key words: Paraquat, poisoning, acute lung injury, whole lung lavage.
{"title":"Whole lung lavage therapy: Treatment for lung injury caused by paraquat poisoning","authors":"B. Kan, X. Jian, Zhong-chen Zhang, Qian Zhou, Jie-ru Wang, G. Yu, Jing Sun","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0306","url":null,"abstract":"Paraquat poisoning is characterized by multi-organ failure and pulmonary fibrosis with respiratory failure, resulting in high mortality and morbidity. To serious paraquat patients, the effectiveness of conventional treatments is unsuccessful. Whole lung lavage is a technique that was developed in the 1960s with the purpose of removing lipoproteinaceous material that accumulates in the bronchi of patients with alveolar proteinosis, leading to clinical and functional improvement. Pneumoconioses are characterized as irreversible, progressive respiratory diseases. No effective therapy exists to prevent progression of these diseases. Whole lung lavage might limit the rate of disease progression through the removal of dust, inflammatory cells, and cytokines. Whole lung lavage is also used successfully to treat other lung diseases such as endogenous lipoid pneumonia and mineral oil lipoid pneumonia. Paraquat poisoning could not be controlled by only one method and combined therapies are needed. So, we hypothesized that whole lung lavage will provide a new therapy of acute lung injury caused by paraquat. On the base of conventional therapy for paraquat poisoning, whole lung lavage could be considered in the early time of poisoning and then followed by glucocorticoid for patients with moderate to severe paraquat poisoning. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Paraquat, poisoning, acute lung injury, whole lung lavage.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"187 1","pages":"99-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89726248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ansoumane Kourouma, D. Peng, Quan Chao, T. YaimaM.Lopez, Liu Changjiang, Wang Chengmin, Fu Wenjuan, Qi Suqin, Yuan Tingting, Yang Kedi
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, induced by Bisphenol A (BPA) may cause mammalian sperm damage according to research findings. BPA is a known contaminant that with increased exposure in the body can exert both toxic and estrogenic effects in mammalians cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BPA-induced oxidative stress in the liver on epididymal semen quality in adult rat. BPA was mixed in corn oil and intra-peritoneally administered for 20 days in dose dependent manner. After 24 h of the last treatment, rats were weighed, sacrificed and organs harvested for analysis. BPA caused a reduction in the epididymal semen quality and sperm count in a dose dependent manner. Sperm analyses results showed that there was oligozoospermia (˂20 × 106 spermatozoids/ml) and asthenozoospermia (motility ˂50%) in the treatment group compared to the control groups. The levels malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly in the treatment group compared to the control group (P ˂ 0.05; P ˂ 0.01, respectively). While, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) decreased in the treatment group compared to the control group (P ˂ 0.01). These results indicate that exposure of graded doses of BPA may elicit depletion of antioxidant system and induce oxidative stress in epididymal sperm of rat thereby decreasing sperm count and quality. These findings provide a possible toxicological evidence of an adverse effect of BPA on semen quality. Key words: Bisphenol A (BPA, 2, 2-bis (4-hidroxyphenyl) propane), semen quality, oxidative stress, sperm count, rat, reactive oxygen species (ROS).
{"title":"Bisphenol A induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the liver and affect epididymal semen quality in adults Sprague-Dawley rats","authors":"Ansoumane Kourouma, D. Peng, Quan Chao, T. YaimaM.Lopez, Liu Changjiang, Wang Chengmin, Fu Wenjuan, Qi Suqin, Yuan Tingting, Yang Kedi","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2014.0309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2014.0309","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, induced by Bisphenol A (BPA) may cause mammalian sperm damage according to research findings. BPA is a known contaminant that with increased exposure in the body can exert both toxic and estrogenic effects in mammalians cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BPA-induced oxidative stress in the liver on epididymal semen quality in adult rat. BPA was mixed in corn oil and intra-peritoneally administered for 20 days in dose dependent manner. After 24 h of the last treatment, rats were weighed, sacrificed and organs harvested for analysis. BPA caused a reduction in the epididymal semen quality and sperm count in a dose dependent manner. Sperm analyses results showed that there was oligozoospermia (˂20 × 106 spermatozoids/ml) and asthenozoospermia (motility ˂50%) in the treatment group compared to the control groups. The levels malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly in the treatment group compared to the control group (P ˂ 0.05; P ˂ 0.01, respectively). While, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) decreased in the treatment group compared to the control group (P ˂ 0.01). These results indicate that exposure of graded doses of BPA may elicit depletion of antioxidant system and induce oxidative stress in epididymal sperm of rat thereby decreasing sperm count and quality. These findings provide a possible toxicological evidence of an adverse effect of BPA on semen quality. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Bisphenol A (BPA, 2, 2-bis (4-hidroxyphenyl) propane), semen quality, oxidative stress, sperm count, rat, reactive oxygen species (ROS).","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"46 1","pages":"103-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75028094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urea formaldehyde, that is, trimethylol urea (TMU) resin was synthesized and blended with polystyrene waste (PS) to develop TMU/PS copolymer binder for emulsion paint formulation. The resulting copolymer was analysed for formaldehyde emission and other physical properties such as viscosity, gel time, density, turbidity, refractive index, melting point and moisture uptake, elongation at break and solubility in water. Infrared (IR) analysis of TMU, PS and TMU/PS showed chemical interaction between TMU and PS resins. The level of formaldehyde emission and moisture uptake were found to decrease with increase in PS concentration while, that of elongation at break on the other hand increase with increase in PS concentration. The three problems (hardness, low water resistant and formaldehyde emission) traditionally associated with TMU resin can be addressed with TMU/PS copolymer. Some physical properties of the copolymer are in agreement with the literature values of other type of binders use in paints with values within the acceptable level in the coating industry. Thus this study provides urea formaldehyde and polystyrene as a potential binder for the coating industry. Polystyrene which leads to polymer wastes is recycled and utilised for coating application. Key words: Binder, blending, polystyrene waste, solid waste, urea formaldehyde.
{"title":"Development of urea formaldehyde and polystyrene waste as copolymer binder for emulsion paint formulation","authors":"S. Osemeahon, B. J. Dimas","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0285","url":null,"abstract":"Urea formaldehyde, that is, trimethylol urea (TMU) resin was synthesized and blended with polystyrene waste (PS) to develop TMU/PS copolymer binder for emulsion paint formulation. The resulting copolymer was analysed for formaldehyde emission and other physical properties such as viscosity, gel time, density, turbidity, refractive index, melting point and moisture uptake, elongation at break and solubility in water. Infrared (IR) analysis of TMU, PS and TMU/PS showed chemical interaction between TMU and PS resins. The level of formaldehyde emission and moisture uptake were found to decrease with increase in PS concentration while, that of elongation at break on the other hand increase with increase in PS concentration. The three problems (hardness, low water resistant and formaldehyde emission) traditionally associated with TMU resin can be addressed with TMU/PS copolymer. Some physical properties of the copolymer are in agreement with the literature values of other type of binders use in paints with values within the acceptable level in the coating industry. Thus this study provides urea formaldehyde and polystyrene as a potential binder for the coating industry. Polystyrene which leads to polymer wastes is recycled and utilised for coating application. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Binder, blending, polystyrene waste, solid waste, urea formaldehyde.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":"75-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80968278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. D. Emmanueul, I. Adamu, A. Ejila, M. I. Ja’afaru, A. Yabaya, B. Habila
An attempt was made to monitor the level of chromium from chrome buffing dust waste (CBD) from Nilest tannery through preliminary investigation of the physicochemical characteristic of dried buffing dust (CBD) waste: pH, temperature (°C), alkalinity (mg/L), ash content (%), crude fibre (%) for example, using effluent and reference water sample as (control). Comparative study of the mean values of CBD, effluent and reference water sample were also assessed. Comparative studies of fungal isolates from CBD, effluent and reference water were also assessed in situ. A total of four fungi species were observed from CBD: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus with fungal count of 5.43 × 103 CFU/ml, followed by effluent sample: A. niger and A. flavus with fungal count of 2.48 × 103 CFU/ml and none was observed in reference water sample. The study recommended the combination of pyrolysis incineration and bioremediation methods for effective treatment of chrome buffing dust (CBD). Key words: Buffing dust, physical properties, pathogenic fungi.
{"title":"Characterization of chrome buffing dust (CBD) generated from NILEST tannery associated with pathogenic fungi","authors":"S. D. Emmanueul, I. Adamu, A. Ejila, M. I. Ja’afaru, A. Yabaya, B. Habila","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0293","url":null,"abstract":"An attempt was made to monitor the level of chromium from chrome buffing dust waste (CBD) from Nilest tannery through preliminary investigation of the physicochemical characteristic of dried buffing dust (CBD) waste: pH, temperature (°C), alkalinity (mg/L), ash content (%), crude fibre (%) for example, using effluent and reference water sample as (control). Comparative study of the mean values of CBD, effluent and reference water sample were also assessed. Comparative studies of fungal isolates from CBD, effluent and reference water were also assessed in situ. A total of four fungi species were observed from CBD: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus with fungal count of 5.43 × 103 CFU/ml, followed by effluent sample: A. niger and A. flavus with fungal count of 2.48 × 103 CFU/ml and none was observed in reference water sample. The study recommended the combination of pyrolysis incineration and bioremediation methods for effective treatment of chrome buffing dust (CBD). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Buffing dust, physical properties, pathogenic fungi.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"108 1","pages":"89-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87742131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fundamental objective of water treatment is the protection of consumers from pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorination of drinking water is essential to prevent waterborne disease. However, chlorine reacts with organic matter present in surface waters to form various by-products suspected of being carcinogenic. In the last decade, several epidemiological studies have been conducted to determine the connection between exposure to these chlorination by-products and human health defects. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the genotoxicity of drinking water of Annaba city. The study have been carried out in different points of water distribution and in the station of treatment, using two tests of determination of genotoxic risk by means of SOS chromotest (using the strain Escherichia coli PQ37). SOS chromotest showed genotoxic effect of the sample collected from the exit of treatment station. Key words: Drinking water, genotoxicity, SOS chromotest, Escherichia coli PQ37.
{"title":"Undesirable effects of drinking water chlorination by-products","authors":"Benouareth Djamel Eddine, Khallef Messaouda, Merabet Rym","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0283","url":null,"abstract":"The fundamental objective of water treatment is the protection of consumers from pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorination of drinking water is essential to prevent waterborne disease. However, chlorine reacts with organic matter present in surface waters to form various by-products suspected of being carcinogenic. In the last decade, several epidemiological studies have been conducted to determine the connection between exposure to these chlorination by-products and human health defects. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the genotoxicity of drinking water of Annaba city. The study have been carried out in different points of water distribution and in the station of treatment, using two tests of determination of genotoxic risk by means of SOS chromotest (using the strain Escherichia coli PQ37). SOS chromotest showed genotoxic effect of the sample collected from the exit of treatment station. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Drinking water, genotoxicity, SOS chromotest, Escherichia coli PQ37.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"26-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81858105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of taurine on biochemical parameters in male Wistar rats co-exposed to chlorpyrifos and lead. Fifty rats were divided into five groups of ten rats each. The distilled water (DW) group received distilled water and the soya oil (SO) group received soya oil (1 ml/kg). Other groups were treated sequentially with taurine (50 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (4.25 mg/kg, 1/20th LD50) and lead (233.25 mg/kg, 1/20th LD50), and the last group received taurine (50 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (4.25 mg/kg) and lead (233.25 mg/kg). The treatments were administered once daily by oral gavage. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected after 16 weeks. The serum samples were analyzed for proteins, enzymes, urea and creatinine concentration. The hepatic and renal malondialdehyde concentration and activities of hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. The results indicated that chronic co-administration of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and lead acetate (LA) induced biochemical alterations in the rats. It is proposed that taurine antioxidant (TA) decreased the alterations in the biochemical parameters partly through its antioxidant, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties. It is concluded that taurine is a useful prophylactic agent against biochemical toxicity in individuals that are constantly co-exposed to chlorpyrifos and lead in the environment. Key words: Taurine, chlorpyrifos, lead, oxidative stress, biochemical effects.
{"title":"Taurine alleviated biochemical alterations in male Wistar rats co-exposed to chlorpyrifos and lead","authors":"M. Akande, Y. Aliu, S. Ambali, J. Ayo","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0291","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of taurine on biochemical parameters in male Wistar rats co-exposed to chlorpyrifos and lead. Fifty rats were divided into five groups of ten rats each. The distilled water (DW) group received distilled water and the soya oil (SO) group received soya oil (1 ml/kg). Other groups were treated sequentially with taurine (50 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (4.25 mg/kg, 1/20th LD50) and lead (233.25 mg/kg, 1/20th LD50), and the last group received taurine (50 mg/kg), chlorpyrifos (4.25 mg/kg) and lead (233.25 mg/kg). The treatments were administered once daily by oral gavage. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected after 16 weeks. The serum samples were analyzed for proteins, enzymes, urea and creatinine concentration. The hepatic and renal malondialdehyde concentration and activities of hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. The results indicated that chronic co-administration of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and lead acetate (LA) induced biochemical alterations in the rats. It is proposed that taurine antioxidant (TA) decreased the alterations in the biochemical parameters partly through its antioxidant, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties. It is concluded that taurine is a useful prophylactic agent against biochemical toxicity in individuals that are constantly co-exposed to chlorpyrifos and lead in the environment. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Taurine, chlorpyrifos, lead, oxidative stress, biochemical effects.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"64 1","pages":"13-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83244140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Ogechukwu, Ngokere Anthony Ajuluchukwu, Ogenyi Samuel Ifedioranma, Onyemelukwe Anulika Obianuju
Crude oil is found in water and soil due to pollution resulting from oil exploration and exploitation. It is used as traditional medicine in some countries, especially among rural dwellers in the south-south and south-eastern Nigeria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Escravos crude oil on serum cholesterol, estradiol and progesterone in the ovary of Chinchilla rabbits. A total of thirty female Chinchilla rabbits of age twelve to fourteen weeks and weighing 1.2 to 1.45 kg were used. Crude oil was orally given at the dose of 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/kg body weight, corresponding to groups B, C, D and E, respectively for 28 days while group A was the Control. The results showed a significant increase in serum levels of estradiol, cholesterol and ovary weight (p < 0.05) while a significant decrease in serum level of progesterone (p < 0.05) was observed. The histological findings include: ovarian cysts, fibrosis, marked lymphocytic infiltrations and hydropic cells. Therefore, Escravos crude oil could be considered as a potential endocrine disruptor which can affect the tissue architecture and the endocrine functions of the ovary. Key words: Chinchilla rabbits, Escravos crude oil, estradiol, fibrosis, hydropic cells, progesterone, ovarian cysts, total cholesterol.
{"title":"Histopathological and hormonal disrupting effects of Escravos crude oil on the ovary of Chinchilla rabbits","authors":"O. Ogechukwu, Ngokere Anthony Ajuluchukwu, Ogenyi Samuel Ifedioranma, Onyemelukwe Anulika Obianuju","doi":"10.5897/JTEHS2013.0298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS2013.0298","url":null,"abstract":"Crude oil is found in water and soil due to pollution resulting from oil exploration and exploitation. It is used as traditional medicine in some countries, especially among rural dwellers in the south-south and south-eastern Nigeria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Escravos crude oil on serum cholesterol, estradiol and progesterone in the ovary of Chinchilla rabbits. A total of thirty female Chinchilla rabbits of age twelve to fourteen weeks and weighing 1.2 to 1.45 kg were used. Crude oil was orally given at the dose of 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/kg body weight, corresponding to groups B, C, D and E, respectively for 28 days while group A was the Control. The results showed a significant increase in serum levels of estradiol, cholesterol and ovary weight (p < 0.05) while a significant decrease in serum level of progesterone (p < 0.05) was observed. The histological findings include: ovarian cysts, fibrosis, marked lymphocytic infiltrations and hydropic cells. Therefore, Escravos crude oil could be considered as a potential endocrine disruptor which can affect the tissue architecture and the endocrine functions of the ovary. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Chinchilla rabbits, Escravos crude oil, estradiol, fibrosis, hydropic cells, progesterone, ovarian cysts, total cholesterol.","PeriodicalId":17507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences","volume":"17 1","pages":"31-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81798785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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