Yantang Wang, Chunming Hao, Kaikai He, Ying-Hui Peng, Ximeng Sun, Min Liu
To date, few systematic studies have been conducted of the spatial distribution, formation mechanism, and health risks of high-fluoride (F−) shallow groundwater in humid and semi-humid areas of the Xikuangshan antimony mine, Hunan Province, China. In this study, during March and April 2022, a total of 39 shallow groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using factor analysis, principal component analysis, and health risk assessment. F− concentrations in the shallow groundwater were found in the range of 0.08–15.00 mg/L (mean: 1.21 mg/L), with 25.64% of the samples having F− concentrations higher than in the Chinese national standard for drinking water (1.00 mg/L). Principal component analysis revealed that the main source of F− in the shallow groundwater samples is cation exchange, accounting for 73.40%, followed by the dissolution and precipitation of F-bearing minerals (15.10%) and human influence (11.50%). Among different age groups, children had the highest percentage of individuals (36.38%) with an F− intake above the health risk quotient safety limit, followed by adult males (23.12%), teenagers (22.21%), and infants (21.22%). The findings of this study will contribute to devising strategies for the provision of safe drinking water and the management of the geological environment.
{"title":"Spatial distribution, formation mechanism, and health risk assessment of high-fluoride groundwater at the largest antimony mine in Hunan Province, China","authors":"Yantang Wang, Chunming Hao, Kaikai He, Ying-Hui Peng, Ximeng Sun, Min Liu","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.194","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To date, few systematic studies have been conducted of the spatial distribution, formation mechanism, and health risks of high-fluoride (F−) shallow groundwater in humid and semi-humid areas of the Xikuangshan antimony mine, Hunan Province, China. In this study, during March and April 2022, a total of 39 shallow groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using factor analysis, principal component analysis, and health risk assessment. F− concentrations in the shallow groundwater were found in the range of 0.08–15.00 mg/L (mean: 1.21 mg/L), with 25.64% of the samples having F− concentrations higher than in the Chinese national standard for drinking water (1.00 mg/L). Principal component analysis revealed that the main source of F− in the shallow groundwater samples is cation exchange, accounting for 73.40%, followed by the dissolution and precipitation of F-bearing minerals (15.10%) and human influence (11.50%). Among different age groups, children had the highest percentage of individuals (36.38%) with an F− intake above the health risk quotient safety limit, followed by adult males (23.12%), teenagers (22.21%), and infants (21.22%). The findings of this study will contribute to devising strategies for the provision of safe drinking water and the management of the geological environment.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76764557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highly accurate rainfall prediction can provide a reliable scientific basis for human production and life. For the characteristics of occasional and sudden changes of rainfall in coastal hilly areas, this article chooses four cities in the eastern Zhejiang Province as the object of the study and establishes a rainfall prediction model based on variational mode decomposition (VMD), reptile search algorithm (RSA), and differentiable neural computer (DNC). The VMD algorithm reduces the complexity of the sequence data; RSA is used to find the best-fit function; and DNC combines the advantages of the recurrent neural network and computational processing to improve the problem of memory forgetting of long short-term memory. To verify the prediction accuracy of the model, the prediction results are compared with the other three models, and the results show that the VMD–RSA–DNC model has the best prediction with the maximum and minimum relative errors of 9.62 and 0.17%, respectively, the average root-mean-square error of 5.43, the average mean absolute percentage error of 3.59%, and the average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.95 for predicting four cities in the coastal hilly area. This study innovatively optimizes the DNC with RSA, which provides a new reference method for the advancement of rainfall prediction models.
{"title":"Rainfall prediction in coastal hilly areas based on VMD–RSA–DNC","authors":"Xianqi Zhang, Qiuwen Yin, Fang Liu, Haiyang Li, Haiyang Chen","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.191","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Highly accurate rainfall prediction can provide a reliable scientific basis for human production and life. For the characteristics of occasional and sudden changes of rainfall in coastal hilly areas, this article chooses four cities in the eastern Zhejiang Province as the object of the study and establishes a rainfall prediction model based on variational mode decomposition (VMD), reptile search algorithm (RSA), and differentiable neural computer (DNC). The VMD algorithm reduces the complexity of the sequence data; RSA is used to find the best-fit function; and DNC combines the advantages of the recurrent neural network and computational processing to improve the problem of memory forgetting of long short-term memory. To verify the prediction accuracy of the model, the prediction results are compared with the other three models, and the results show that the VMD–RSA–DNC model has the best prediction with the maximum and minimum relative errors of 9.62 and 0.17%, respectively, the average root-mean-square error of 5.43, the average mean absolute percentage error of 3.59%, and the average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.95 for predicting four cities in the coastal hilly area. This study innovatively optimizes the DNC with RSA, which provides a new reference method for the advancement of rainfall prediction models.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86435412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarvin Zamanzad-Ghavidel, R. Sobhani, Sina Fazeli, L. Noto, C. De Michele, D. Pumo
The evaluation of groundwater quality plays an important role in the management of groundwater. The main objectives of the present work are to develop a novel soft computing framework including Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Wavelet-ANFIS (WANFIS), Gene Expression Programming (GEP), and Wavelet-GEP (WGEP) for the temporal and spatial estimation of groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) in the East Azerbaijan province, Iran over 2001–2020. The results demonstrate the importance of wavelet transform application; the performance percentage enhancement of the WANFIS and WGEP models compared to the ANFIS and GEP, using the RMSE criterion, ranged from 15.48 to 51.09% and from 5.06 to 86.95%, respectively. All the developed models showed the WGEP superior compared to others. The impact of land use characteristics, climatic conditions, and geological features on groundwater quality showed that there is a direct relationship between the extent of agricultural land, semi-arid climate conditions and groundwater EC amounts. The results demonstrated that the values of EC increase from east to west, indicating the direct exchange of surface and groundwater in the study area. Moreover, groundwater quality changes significantly across the width of the fault, with groundwater EC in the northern part of the fault higher than that in the southern part.
{"title":"Temporal and spatial estimation of groundwater electrical conductivity using soft computing approaches: analysis of East Azerbaijan Province, Iran","authors":"Sarvin Zamanzad-Ghavidel, R. Sobhani, Sina Fazeli, L. Noto, C. De Michele, D. Pumo","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.195","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The evaluation of groundwater quality plays an important role in the management of groundwater. The main objectives of the present work are to develop a novel soft computing framework including Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Wavelet-ANFIS (WANFIS), Gene Expression Programming (GEP), and Wavelet-GEP (WGEP) for the temporal and spatial estimation of groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) in the East Azerbaijan province, Iran over 2001–2020. The results demonstrate the importance of wavelet transform application; the performance percentage enhancement of the WANFIS and WGEP models compared to the ANFIS and GEP, using the RMSE criterion, ranged from 15.48 to 51.09% and from 5.06 to 86.95%, respectively. All the developed models showed the WGEP superior compared to others. The impact of land use characteristics, climatic conditions, and geological features on groundwater quality showed that there is a direct relationship between the extent of agricultural land, semi-arid climate conditions and groundwater EC amounts. The results demonstrated that the values of EC increase from east to west, indicating the direct exchange of surface and groundwater in the study area. Moreover, groundwater quality changes significantly across the width of the fault, with groundwater EC in the northern part of the fault higher than that in the southern part.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80408340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban rivers are the origin of civilizations, the source of water supply, and the center of recreational and sports activities. The role of rivers can be investigated from various political, cultural, security, drought, economic, and health aspects. This study was conducted in order to identify the influencing components of urban rivers on ecosystem sustainability. The weight coefficients of climatic, social, economic, and ecological components were evaluated through dynamic cluster analysis, and their role in ecosystem sustainability was quantified. In addition, the relationship between water-based factors and environmental components was determined in finding the best components of river ecosystem evaluation for future decisions. The provided analysis can increase the stability of the urban river ecosystem and can rank the priority of the impact factors. Ecological environment statistics, nature measures, economic parameters, and land cover rate substantially affected the visual influence of the urban river ecosystem. Results showed that the proposed evaluation provided a reasonable framework to evaluate the sustainability of the urban river ecosystem and visual perception to improve the design efficiency by decision-makers.
{"title":"Dynamic cluster analysis of urban river ecosystem using water, climate, and economy nexus","authors":"Xuebo Yan, Xuelong Gao, Zhifa Jiang, Jiehui Zhang","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.192","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Urban rivers are the origin of civilizations, the source of water supply, and the center of recreational and sports activities. The role of rivers can be investigated from various political, cultural, security, drought, economic, and health aspects. This study was conducted in order to identify the influencing components of urban rivers on ecosystem sustainability. The weight coefficients of climatic, social, economic, and ecological components were evaluated through dynamic cluster analysis, and their role in ecosystem sustainability was quantified. In addition, the relationship between water-based factors and environmental components was determined in finding the best components of river ecosystem evaluation for future decisions. The provided analysis can increase the stability of the urban river ecosystem and can rank the priority of the impact factors. Ecological environment statistics, nature measures, economic parameters, and land cover rate substantially affected the visual influence of the urban river ecosystem. Results showed that the proposed evaluation provided a reasonable framework to evaluate the sustainability of the urban river ecosystem and visual perception to improve the design efficiency by decision-makers.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81216008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When the requirements for water pressure and quantity of drinking water for residents and industrial buildings exceed the capacity of the urban water distribution system, a secondary water supply system (SWSS) is supplied to users by pipelines through storage, pressurization, and other facilities. In China, SWSS has been installed in 97% of residential buildings and the operation of SWSS is directly related to the water pressure and water quality of the users' tap water. In this paper, the operation optimization objectives for the SWSS with storage facilities were proposed, and deep Q-learning network (DQN) was applied to optimize the control of SWSS. In this study, the pressure, the water age in the roof water tank, and the power consumption of the pumps were selected as the optimization objectives. The equation for the qualitative selection of the key hyperparameter (Gamma) was proposed and verified by the experiments in a community of City S in East China. The results indicated that with the decrease in the volume of the water tank, the larger Gamma value was recommended, and the more future conditions were considered. It is hoped that the result can be used as a reference in SWSS operation optimization.
{"title":"Study on Gamma selection in the optimal operation of secondary water supply system based on deep Q-learning network","authors":"Weimin Geng, Jun Yan, Shanbin Xie, Dian Zhang","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.188","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 When the requirements for water pressure and quantity of drinking water for residents and industrial buildings exceed the capacity of the urban water distribution system, a secondary water supply system (SWSS) is supplied to users by pipelines through storage, pressurization, and other facilities. In China, SWSS has been installed in 97% of residential buildings and the operation of SWSS is directly related to the water pressure and water quality of the users' tap water. In this paper, the operation optimization objectives for the SWSS with storage facilities were proposed, and deep Q-learning network (DQN) was applied to optimize the control of SWSS. In this study, the pressure, the water age in the roof water tank, and the power consumption of the pumps were selected as the optimization objectives. The equation for the qualitative selection of the key hyperparameter (Gamma) was proposed and verified by the experiments in a community of City S in East China. The results indicated that with the decrease in the volume of the water tank, the larger Gamma value was recommended, and the more future conditions were considered. It is hoped that the result can be used as a reference in SWSS operation optimization.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85471844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Asri, A. Naghizadeh, A. Hasani, Sobhan Mortazavi, A. Javid, Ali Yousefinia
In the process of sanitizing drinking water, humic acid present in drinking water sources reacts with chlorine disinfectant and forms mutagenic, defective, and carcinogenic disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia tree bark was used for the synthesis of ZnFe2O4@TiO2 nanocomposite and then properties and structural elements and diagnostic features of nanoparticles were analyzed. According to the results, the ZnFe2O4@TiO2 nanocomposites have an average crystalline size of ∼65–250 nm. Also, the effects of pH (3–11), nanoparticle dose (0.005–0.1 g/L), and humic acid concentration (2–15 mg/L) were examined up to 120 min of time. From the results, the highest removal percentages achieved about 100% at optimal conditions (pH = 3, nanocomposite dose = 0.05 g/L and humic acid initial concentration = 2 mg/L). The results of this research showed that the efficiency of nanocomposite at the highest concentration of humic acid that was investigated in this research (15 mg/L) was about 95.67%. Therefore, it can be concluded that this nanocomposite, while being cost-effective and environmentally friendly, is also very effective in removing humic acid from an aqueous solution.
{"title":"Exploring efficient photocatalytic degradation of humic acid from aqueous solution with plant-based ZnFe2O4@TiO2 magnetic nanocomposite using Elaeagnus angustifolia tree bark methanolic extract","authors":"M. Asri, A. Naghizadeh, A. Hasani, Sobhan Mortazavi, A. Javid, Ali Yousefinia","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.193","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In the process of sanitizing drinking water, humic acid present in drinking water sources reacts with chlorine disinfectant and forms mutagenic, defective, and carcinogenic disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia tree bark was used for the synthesis of ZnFe2O4@TiO2 nanocomposite and then properties and structural elements and diagnostic features of nanoparticles were analyzed. According to the results, the ZnFe2O4@TiO2 nanocomposites have an average crystalline size of ∼65–250 nm. Also, the effects of pH (3–11), nanoparticle dose (0.005–0.1 g/L), and humic acid concentration (2–15 mg/L) were examined up to 120 min of time. From the results, the highest removal percentages achieved about 100% at optimal conditions (pH = 3, nanocomposite dose = 0.05 g/L and humic acid initial concentration = 2 mg/L). The results of this research showed that the efficiency of nanocomposite at the highest concentration of humic acid that was investigated in this research (15 mg/L) was about 95.67%. Therefore, it can be concluded that this nanocomposite, while being cost-effective and environmentally friendly, is also very effective in removing humic acid from an aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76710047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Yellow River Delta is considered one of the most water-stressed regions in China as the competition for water between various industrial sectors and agriculture is increasing. Since 2007, the regional governments have taken a leading role in agricultural water-saving planning by upgrading irrigation systems and constructing water-saving facilities. In this study, the effects of water-saving irrigation strategies on the groundwater table and quality, including both phreatic surface and deep confined aquifers were investigated in the Yellow River basin during the last two decades. The average phreatic water level of bore-wells was monitored as 13.47 m during 2011–2020 in comparison with the level of 12.09 m during 2011–2020. Besides, the depth of the deep confined aquifer dropped dramatically during 2001–2013 with a declining rate of 2.55 m/a compared to the value of 0.385 m/a after 2014, suggesting the reduced exploitation of deep groundwater and increased availability of groundwater after the water-saving campaign. In addition, the physicochemical parameters of both phreatic water and deep confined aquifer indicated improved water quality. Consequently, understanding how the water-saving planning influences the groundwater availability is important, which would provide an insightful guidance for the water managers to protect the groundwater environment in the Yellow River Delta.
黄河三角洲被认为是中国水资源最紧张的地区之一，因为各种工业部门和农业之间对水资源的竞争正在加剧。2007年以来，自治区政府在农业节水规划中发挥主导作用，改造灌溉系统，建设节水设施。本文研究了近20年来黄河流域不同节水灌溉策略对地下水位和水质的影响，包括浅层和深承压含水层。2011-2020年监测井平均潜水水位为13.47 m, 2011-2020年监测井平均潜水水位为12.09 m。此外，2001-2013年深层承压含水层深度急剧下降，下降幅度为2.55 m/a，而2014年之后的下降幅度为0.385 m/a，表明节水运动减少了深层地下水的开采，增加了地下水的可利用性。此外，潜水和深层承压含水层的理化参数均表明水质有所改善。因此，了解节水规划对地下水可利用性的影响，对黄河三角洲水资源管理者保护地下水环境具有重要的指导意义。
{"title":"Effects of water-saving irrigation planning on the underground water in the low area of Yellow River, China","authors":"Qian Zhao, Jinhe Wang, Taiping Zhang, Qiang Wang, Huanliang Chen, Ruihua Zhang, Hongjun Zhang, Yan Xu, Shenting Gang, Wen Wang, Changsuo Li, Jingtao Xu, Zhipeng Xu, Yanfeng Shi, Jingjing Li","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.185","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The Yellow River Delta is considered one of the most water-stressed regions in China as the competition for water between various industrial sectors and agriculture is increasing. Since 2007, the regional governments have taken a leading role in agricultural water-saving planning by upgrading irrigation systems and constructing water-saving facilities. In this study, the effects of water-saving irrigation strategies on the groundwater table and quality, including both phreatic surface and deep confined aquifers were investigated in the Yellow River basin during the last two decades. The average phreatic water level of bore-wells was monitored as 13.47 m during 2011–2020 in comparison with the level of 12.09 m during 2011–2020. Besides, the depth of the deep confined aquifer dropped dramatically during 2001–2013 with a declining rate of 2.55 m/a compared to the value of 0.385 m/a after 2014, suggesting the reduced exploitation of deep groundwater and increased availability of groundwater after the water-saving campaign. In addition, the physicochemical parameters of both phreatic water and deep confined aquifer indicated improved water quality. Consequently, understanding how the water-saving planning influences the groundwater availability is important, which would provide an insightful guidance for the water managers to protect the groundwater environment in the Yellow River Delta.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74375046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water erosion is a serious challenge in Algeria, because it affects ecosystems, contributes to soil degradation, and leads to the silting of dams; moreover, this process is complex and needs costly field equipment and trip reconnaissance. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the sensitivity of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to rainfall erosivity in the Ksob watershed in Algeria, using six empirical formulas of rainfall erosivity. The RUSLE model with the Geographic Information System produces highly variable specific soil loss ranging from 11.35 to 22.85 t ha−1 year−1 throughout the watershed, depending on the erosivity R factor. To validate the results, the soil loss is compared with the silting volume data of the Ksob dam, which is located at the outflow of the basin. The best result is obtained using the Diodato R factor formula with a relative error of 21% and a specific soil loss of 11.35 t ha−1 year−1. Moreover, over 81% of the watershed area is exposed to low erosion (<20 t ha−1 year−1), and less than 5% are affected by high erosion (>50 t ha−1 year−1).
在阿尔及利亚，水土流失是一个严重的挑战，因为它影响生态系统，导致土壤退化，并导致水坝淤积;此外，这一过程很复杂，需要昂贵的现场设备和行程侦察。本文的主要目的是利用降雨侵蚀力的六个经验公式，评估阿尔及利亚Ksob流域修订通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)模型对降雨侵蚀力的敏感性。基于地理信息系统的RUSLE模型根据侵蚀力R因子的不同，在整个流域产生了高度可变的比土壤流失量，范围为11.35至22.85吨/公顷。为了验证结果，将土壤流失量与位于流域出水口的Ksob大坝的淤积量数据进行了比较。采用didato R因子公式计算结果最佳，相对误差为21%，比土壤流失量为11.35 t / h - 1年- 1。此外，超过81%的流域面积遭受低侵蚀(50 t / ha - 1年- 1年)。
{"title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity of the RUSLE erosion model to rainfall erosivity: a case study of the Ksob watershed in central Algeria","authors":"Fouad Sakhraoui, M. Hasbaia","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.182","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Water erosion is a serious challenge in Algeria, because it affects ecosystems, contributes to soil degradation, and leads to the silting of dams; moreover, this process is complex and needs costly field equipment and trip reconnaissance. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the sensitivity of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to rainfall erosivity in the Ksob watershed in Algeria, using six empirical formulas of rainfall erosivity. The RUSLE model with the Geographic Information System produces highly variable specific soil loss ranging from 11.35 to 22.85 t ha−1 year−1 throughout the watershed, depending on the erosivity R factor. To validate the results, the soil loss is compared with the silting volume data of the Ksob dam, which is located at the outflow of the basin. The best result is obtained using the Diodato R factor formula with a relative error of 21% and a specific soil loss of 11.35 t ha−1 year−1. Moreover, over 81% of the watershed area is exposed to low erosion (<20 t ha−1 year−1), and less than 5% are affected by high erosion (>50 t ha−1 year−1).","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86454328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ebrahimi, Mahmood Reza Shaghaghian, Z. Ghadampour
The present study proposed an algorithm to design a pressure gauge network in a water distribution system by employing the entropy concept in the pressure residual vector method. Firstly, the temporal pattern of water consumption was determined by collecting real-time information through 39 automatic electromechanical water meters. The observational process was performed over 1 year, and hourly statistical parameters were calculated for the log-normal probability density function. Afterwards, imposing the synthetic leakage in each pipe, determining the average entropy of water head variations in the nodes, and performing a combinatorial optimization process, a pressure gauge network (PGN) in a WDS was suggested. The proposed procedure of designing a PGN was tested for both regular and irregular WDS at different leakage parameters (pressure exponents 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, and emitter coefficient between 0 and 0.8 m3/s). It was observed that the entropy content does not increase significantly after a convincing number of pressure gauges, which can be considered the required number of pressure gauges in the PGN. Furthermore, the monitoring time required to obtain 70% of the entropy content of the water head was about 40 h. However, the time to get 80% of the entropy content had to increase by 80 h, which severely impairs the method's efficiency.
{"title":"Pressure gauge network design for leakage detection in water distribution systems using a combination of the pressure residual vector method and the entropy concept","authors":"M. Ebrahimi, Mahmood Reza Shaghaghian, Z. Ghadampour","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.186","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present study proposed an algorithm to design a pressure gauge network in a water distribution system by employing the entropy concept in the pressure residual vector method. Firstly, the temporal pattern of water consumption was determined by collecting real-time information through 39 automatic electromechanical water meters. The observational process was performed over 1 year, and hourly statistical parameters were calculated for the log-normal probability density function. Afterwards, imposing the synthetic leakage in each pipe, determining the average entropy of water head variations in the nodes, and performing a combinatorial optimization process, a pressure gauge network (PGN) in a WDS was suggested. The proposed procedure of designing a PGN was tested for both regular and irregular WDS at different leakage parameters (pressure exponents 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, and emitter coefficient between 0 and 0.8 m3/s). It was observed that the entropy content does not increase significantly after a convincing number of pressure gauges, which can be considered the required number of pressure gauges in the PGN. Furthermore, the monitoring time required to obtain 70% of the entropy content of the water head was about 40 h. However, the time to get 80% of the entropy content had to increase by 80 h, which severely impairs the method's efficiency.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88508593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gang Lei, Hongbao Huang, Xiongan Fan, Junan Su, Qingxiang Wang, Xiaoliang Wang, K. Peng, Jianmin Zhang
The hydraulic characteristics of the lock chamber section in a bottom outlet are complex. Particularly, cavitation is a prominent problem when the flow in the tunnel transitions from pressurized to unpressurized conditions. As a countermeasure, sidewall contractions are often installed at the end of the pressurized section. In this paper, with numerical simulations and vacuum tank experiments, we analyzed the design parameters of several prototype projects and studied the flow properties and cavitation characteristics of the transition section. The four main factors that influence cavitation risks are the contraction ratio of the transition section, the top press slope, the length of the transition section, and the shape of the orifice. The study of a real-world project demonstrates that by implementing a severe constriction degree, the top press slope can be slowed down, and the pressurized transition section can be extended, thereby reducing cavitation risks and improving flow patterns. These research results provide a reference for the optimal design of hydraulic structures.
{"title":"Influence of the transition section shape on the cavitation characteristics at the bottom outlet","authors":"Gang Lei, Hongbao Huang, Xiongan Fan, Junan Su, Qingxiang Wang, Xiaoliang Wang, K. Peng, Jianmin Zhang","doi":"10.2166/ws.2023.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.181","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The hydraulic characteristics of the lock chamber section in a bottom outlet are complex. Particularly, cavitation is a prominent problem when the flow in the tunnel transitions from pressurized to unpressurized conditions. As a countermeasure, sidewall contractions are often installed at the end of the pressurized section. In this paper, with numerical simulations and vacuum tank experiments, we analyzed the design parameters of several prototype projects and studied the flow properties and cavitation characteristics of the transition section. The four main factors that influence cavitation risks are the contraction ratio of the transition section, the top press slope, the length of the transition section, and the shape of the orifice. The study of a real-world project demonstrates that by implementing a severe constriction degree, the top press slope can be slowed down, and the pressurized transition section can be extended, thereby reducing cavitation risks and improving flow patterns. These research results provide a reference for the optimal design of hydraulic structures.","PeriodicalId":17553,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-aqua","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91236625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：