The growing population coupled with a reduction in available agricultural land per capita necessitates smart management practices to boost production per unit area and enhance overall land productivity, ultimately ensuring food security. Thus, evaluating soil fertility and productivity is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This study aims to assess the chemical fertility status of the soils within the irrigated perimeter of la Mina, a region in Algeria known for Durum Wheat production. Thirty-two soil samples were collected from the study area and subjected to analysis for total N, available P and K, and organic matter (OM) concentration. All the soils were basic (pH 7.63–8.95), had low concentrations of total N (0.04 and 0.19 %), low concentrations of available P (7.36 – 30 mg kg−1), low concentrations of available K (<0.4 Cmol kg−1) and low concentrations of OM (0.67–2.37 % by weight). Using a Nutrient Index classification, the overall classification of the soils of the irrigated perimeter of la Mina were low for N, P, K and OM. In addition, the Soil Fertility Index revealed three levels of fertility with a dominance of fertility level 5 (low). Application of the FertiliCalc software for the evaluation of nutrient requirements of Durum Wheat showed average requirements of 183 kg ha−1 for N, 65.8 kg ha−1 for P and 579 kg ha−1 for K. In light of these findings, appropriate agricultural practices, including the addition of fertilizers, are required to build and maintain the needs of Durum Wheat in the study area.
不断增长的人口加上人均可用农业用地的减少，需要明智的管理实践，以提高单位面积产量，提高整体土地生产力，最终确保粮食安全。因此，评估土壤肥力和生产力对可持续农业至关重要。本研究旨在评估阿尔及利亚以生产硬粒小麦而闻名的拉米娜地区灌溉范围内土壤的化学肥力状况。在研究区采集32个土壤样品，进行全氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质（OM）浓度分析。所有土壤均为碱性土壤（pH值为7.63 ~ 8.95），全氮低浓度（0.04% ~ 0.19%），有效磷低浓度（7.36 ~ 30 mg kg - 1），有效钾低浓度（0.4 Cmol kg - 1）， OM低浓度（0.67 ~ 2.37%）。利用养分指数分类，拉米娜灌区土壤的总体分类为N、P、K和OM较低。土壤肥力指数呈现3个肥力等级，以5级（低）肥力为主。应用FertiliCalc软件对硬粒小麦的养分需求进行评估，结果表明，研究区硬粒小麦对氮、磷和钾的平均需求分别为183 kg ha - 1、65.8 kg ha - 1和579 kg ha - 1。根据这些发现，需要采取适当的农业措施，包括添加肥料，以建立和维持硬粒小麦的需求。
{"title":"Mapping nutrient and soil fertility indexes for Durum Wheat in the La Mina region of Algeria","authors":"Abdelkader Laribi , Rafida Thelaidjia , Zahida Dehnoun","doi":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing population coupled with a reduction in available agricultural land per capita necessitates smart management practices to boost production per unit area and enhance overall land productivity, ultimately ensuring food security. Thus, evaluating soil fertility and productivity is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This study aims to assess the chemical fertility status of the soils within the irrigated perimeter of la Mina, a region in Algeria known for Durum Wheat production. Thirty-two soil samples were collected from the study area and subjected to analysis for total N, available P and K, and organic matter (OM) concentration. All the soils were basic (pH 7.63–8.95), had low concentrations of total N (0.04 and 0.19 %), low concentrations of available P (7.36 – 30 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), low concentrations of available K (<0.4 Cmol kg<sup>−1</sup>) and low concentrations of OM (0.67–2.37 % by weight). Using a Nutrient Index classification, the overall classification of the soils of the irrigated perimeter of la Mina were low for N, P, K and OM. In addition, the Soil Fertility Index revealed three levels of fertility with a dominance of fertility level 5 (low). Application of the FertiliCalc software for the evaluation of nutrient requirements of Durum Wheat showed average requirements of 183 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> for N, 65.8 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> for P and 579 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> for K. In light of these findings, appropriate agricultural practices, including the addition of fertilizers, are required to build and maintain the needs of Durum Wheat in the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 8","pages":"Pages 563-568"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141701705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.004
Nora M. Al Aboud
The majority of secondary metabolites (SMs) are derived from plant defense, and they are crucial for the research and development of novel drugs. This article is an extensive investigation of the intricate link between genes and how those relationships affect a plant’s capacity to develop secondary metabolites. Genetics, transcriptional regulation, epigenetics the study of how genetic variation governs metabolite generation, and the identification of critical genes for improving the synthesis of secondary metabolites are all included in the research. This work highlights the role of state-of-the-art tools in genetics such as CRISPR/Cas9, RNA interference, and synthetic biology that are very important for site-specific gene alteration and metabolic engineering. On the other hand, transcriptional control and its consequences for secondary metabolism can be explained by referring to the importance of transcription factors as well as epigenetic changes. Methods of fine-tuning metabolic pathways genes to elevate metabolite yields are also highlighted in this study. The article illustrates successful genetic approaches, while at the same time discussing the challenges, environmental concerns, ethical dilemmas, barriers, and future research objectives within this fast-developing field of genetics.
{"title":"Unlocking the genetic potential: Strategies for enhancing secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants","authors":"Nora M. Al Aboud","doi":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The majority of secondary metabolites (SMs) are derived from plant defense, and they are crucial for the research and development of novel drugs. This article is an extensive investigation of the intricate link between genes and how those relationships affect a plant’s capacity to develop secondary metabolites. Genetics, transcriptional regulation, epigenetics the study of how genetic variation governs metabolite generation, and the identification of critical genes for improving the synthesis of secondary metabolites are all included in the research. This work highlights the role of state-of-the-art tools in genetics such as CRISPR/Cas9, RNA interference, and synthetic biology that are very important for site-specific gene alteration and metabolic engineering. On the other hand, transcriptional control and its consequences for secondary metabolism can be explained by referring to the importance of transcription factors as well as epigenetic changes. Methods of fine-tuning metabolic pathways genes to elevate metabolite yields are also highlighted in this study. The article illustrates successful genetic approaches, while at the same time discussing the challenges, environmental concerns, ethical dilemmas, barriers, and future research objectives within this fast-developing field of genetics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 8","pages":"Pages 542-554"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.002
Fransiska Renita Anon Basundari , Endang Sulistyaningsih , Rudi Hari Murti , Tri Rini Nuringtyas
Tuk-Tuk and Sanren F1 are two shallot cultivars that exhibit divergent bulb multiplication traits. Tuk-Tuk typically produces one bulb. In contrast, Sanren F1 tends to produce multiple bulbs. This study used metabolomics during bulb development and harvesting. The objective of the study was to identify the metabolites that might affect the bulb multiplication of shallot. The initial samples of both cultivars were collected during the bulbs developmental stage i.e, 11 weeks after sowing (WAS), while the second sample was gathered during harvesting stage (16 WAS). The Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) analysis was applied to freeze-dried shallot bulbs for metabolomics analysis. Multivariate analysis utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) followed by Orthogonal Projections Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) were conducted using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. The 1H NMR spectra revealed 28 putative metabolites. All data, including both cultivars during development and harvesting, was not clearly separated by PCA. However in the development stage, Sanren F1 was observed to have higher histidine than Tuk-Tuk, indicating the involvement of histidine kinase signaling system in the bulb multiplication. Hence, histidine kinase known for its role in the cytokinin signaling which contributing in the cell division regulation and may affect Sanren F1 bulb multiplication. Four metabolites i.e., sucrose, arginine, acetic acid, and myricetin were higher in Tuk-Tuk than Sanren F1, a cultivar tends to produce a single bulb. Valine, phenylalanine, formic acid, and α-linolenic acid were considerably higher in Sanren F1 than Tuk-Tuk during harvesting. There were also several metabolites with greater relative concentrations than the others. Though not all of those metabolites significantly differed amongst the examined cultivars, it was thought that they had an impact on bulb development. It would be of great interest to ascertain whether metabolites detected in Sanren F1 at higher levels have the potential to function as chemical markers for distinguishing shallot cultivars that are capable of producing multiple bulbs.
{"title":"Comparative metabolite profiling in single and multiple bulb cultivars of shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group)","authors":"Fransiska Renita Anon Basundari , Endang Sulistyaningsih , Rudi Hari Murti , Tri Rini Nuringtyas","doi":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tuk-Tuk and Sanren F1 are two shallot cultivars that exhibit divergent bulb multiplication traits. Tuk-Tuk typically produces one bulb. In contrast, Sanren F1 tends to produce multiple bulbs. This study used metabolomics during bulb development and harvesting. The objective of the study was to identify the metabolites that might affect the bulb multiplication of shallot. The initial samples of both cultivars were collected during the bulbs developmental stage i.e, 11 weeks after sowing (WAS), while the second sample was gathered during harvesting stage (16 WAS). The Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR) analysis was applied to freeze-dried shallot bulbs for<!--> <!-->metabolomics analysis. Multivariate analysis utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) followed by Orthogonal Projections Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) were conducted using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. The <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra revealed 28 putative metabolites. All data, including both cultivars during development and harvesting, was not clearly separated by PCA. However in the development stage, Sanren F1 was observed to have higher histidine than Tuk-Tuk, indicating the involvement of histidine kinase signaling system in the bulb multiplication. Hence, histidine kinase known for its role in the cytokinin signaling which contributing in the cell division regulation and may affect Sanren F1 bulb multiplication. Four metabolites i.e., sucrose, arginine, acetic acid, and myricetin were higher in Tuk-Tuk than Sanren F1, a cultivar tends to produce a single bulb. Valine, phenylalanine, formic acid, and α-linolenic acid were considerably higher in Sanren F1 than Tuk-Tuk during harvesting. There were also several metabolites with greater relative concentrations than the others. Though not all of those metabolites significantly differed amongst the examined cultivars, it was thought that they had an impact on bulb development. It would be of great interest to ascertain whether metabolites detected in Sanren F1 at higher levels have the potential to function as chemical markers for distinguishing shallot cultivars that are capable of producing multiple bulbs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 8","pages":"Pages 521-532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141397600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microplastics (MPs) are pollutants that have contaminated compost, but there are few studies on the interaction between compost contaminated with MPs (MPsC) and rice seedling performance. This study investigated the effect of MPsC on the planting activity in rice. In this Three different treatments were applied: treatment 1 (P1) as a control without the addition of MPs, Treatment 2 (P2) with the addition of a 1 % PET MPs concentration, and Treatment 3 (P3) with the addition of a 2 % PET MPs concentration. Rice seedlings were planted in the planting medium of each treatment and observed for 24 days after planting (dap). Treatment with the addition of PET MPs showed a significant reduction 38 %, 25 %, 25 % at root length, height, and fresh weight respectively. Additionally, in chlorophyll content there was a decrease of 42 %, 45 %, 55 % in Chl a, Chl b, and total Chl. This decrease may be caused by disturbances in nutrition and photosynthesis processes due to exposure to MPs. The addition of PET MPs to compost as a planting medium can inhibit the growth and health of rice seedlings. These findings underscore the critical need for effective management of plastic waste in agricultural compost to mitigate its adverse effects on plant growth and environmental sustainability. Proper disposal and treatment of plastic contaminants are essential to maintain the integrity of compost used in agriculture, thereby ensuring optimal plant health and ecological balance.
微塑料是污染堆肥的污染物，但对微塑料污染的堆肥与水稻幼苗性能之间的相互作用研究较少。研究了MPsC对水稻种植活性的影响。在这项研究中，采用了三种不同的处理：处理1 （P1）作为对照，不添加MPs，处理2 （P2）添加1% PET MPs浓度，处理3 （P3）添加2% PET MPs浓度。在每个处理的种植介质中种植水稻幼苗，并在种植后观察24 d （dap）。添加PET MPs处理的根长、根高和根鲜重分别显著降低38%、25%和25%。Chl a、Chl b和总Chl含量分别降低42%、45%和55%。这种减少可能是由于暴露于MPs而引起的营养和光合作用过程的干扰。在堆肥中添加PET MPs作为种植介质会抑制水稻幼苗的生长和健康。这些发现强调了对农业堆肥中的塑料废物进行有效管理的迫切需要，以减轻其对植物生长和环境可持续性的不利影响。适当处置和处理塑料污染物对于保持农业中使用的堆肥的完整性至关重要，从而确保最佳的植物健康和生态平衡。
{"title":"The effect of microplastic contaminated compost on the growth of rice seedlings","authors":"Iswahyudi Iswahyudi , Adi Sutanto , Wahyu Widodo , Warkoyo Warkoyo , Marchel Putra Garfansa , Syamsul Arifin , Siti Holifah , Sugiono Sugiono , Mohammad Shoimus Sholeh , Shefa Dwijayanti Ramadani","doi":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) are pollutants that have contaminated compost, but there are few studies on the interaction between compost contaminated with MPs (MPsC) and rice seedling performance. This study investigated the effect of MPsC on the planting activity in rice. In this Three different treatments were applied: treatment 1 (P1) as a control without the addition of MPs, Treatment 2 (P2) with the addition of a 1 % PET MPs concentration, and Treatment 3 (P3) with the addition of a 2 % PET MPs concentration. Rice seedlings were planted in the planting medium of each treatment and observed for 24 days after planting (dap). Treatment with the addition of PET MPs showed a significant reduction 38 %, 25 %, 25 % at root length, height, and fresh weight respectively. Additionally, in chlorophyll content there was a decrease of 42 %, 45 %, 55 % in Chl a, Chl b, and total Chl. This decrease may be caused by disturbances in nutrition and photosynthesis processes due to exposure to MPs. The addition of PET MPs to compost as a planting medium can inhibit the growth and health of rice seedlings. These findings underscore the critical need for effective management of plastic waste in agricultural compost to mitigate its adverse effects on plant growth and environmental sustainability. Proper disposal and treatment of plastic contaminants are essential to maintain the integrity of compost used in agriculture, thereby ensuring optimal plant health and ecological balance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 8","pages":"Pages 555-562"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141702779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water scarcity threatens agriculture, domestic, industrial, and food security in the land of Saudi Arabia. The nation produces significant quantities of municipal wastewater, which, with adequate treatment (nanotechnology), could serve as an alternative water source for irrigation, thereby reducing reliance on fossil groundwater and/or surface water. This study assessed the management of water resources for irrigation in KSA. A multi-criteria approach was applied to evaluate the water suitability for domestic and irrigation, including complying with Saudi Standards and the potential salinity (PS) indices. The application of treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation has successfully maintained groundwater sustainability in the study area, as evidenced by increased groundwater levels up to 2 min some aquifers and the equilibrium for other deep aquifers. Although TWW contributes to crop productivity and soil fertility, long-term agricultural sustainability could be enhanced by improving effluent quality, regulating irrigation practices, implementing buffer zones, and monitoring shallow groundwater. Agricultural activities in KSA mixed with return flow irrigation water to deep groundwater increase total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), nitrate (NO3), pesticides, and radionuclide element (40K and 226Ra) concentrations. In intensive agricultural areas (Tabuk, Al Jouf, Al-Qassim, Hail, Riyadh, Al Kharej, Wadi Dawaser, Jazen…), the nitrate levels exceeded 200 mg/l, 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioactivity is of the order of 35 Bq/l, 41 Bq/l and 730 Bq/l respectively.
The best methodology plan should orient to improve the management practices and the protection of the water resources and to orient to the unconventional water sources (TWW, collection of drainwater, seawater…) and thirdly move towards rainwater (liquid and vapor) harvesting and the fourth direction is logical sharing between sectors and law enforcement. Water, soil and human health protection are the principal goals of this study.
{"title":"Wastewater resources, agricultural practices management strategies, soil salinity predictions and artificial recharge in the Middle East-Saudi Arabia: A review","authors":"Younes Hamed , Yosra Ayadi , Rayan Khalil , Abdulrasoul Al-Omran , Fethi Lebdi , Latifa Dhaouadi","doi":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water scarcity threatens agriculture, domestic, industrial, and food security in the land of Saudi Arabia. The nation produces significant quantities of municipal wastewater, which, with adequate treatment (nanotechnology), could serve as an alternative water source for irrigation, thereby reducing reliance on fossil groundwater and/or surface water. This study assessed the management of water resources for irrigation in KSA. A multi-criteria approach was applied to evaluate the water suitability for domestic and irrigation, including complying with Saudi Standards and the potential salinity (PS) indices. The application of treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation has successfully maintained groundwater sustainability in the study area, as evidenced by increased groundwater levels up to 2 min some aquifers and the equilibrium for other deep aquifers. Although TWW contributes to crop productivity and soil fertility, long-term agricultural sustainability could be enhanced by improving effluent quality, regulating irrigation practices, implementing buffer zones, and monitoring shallow groundwater. Agricultural activities in KSA mixed with return flow irrigation water to deep groundwater increase total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>), pesticides, and radionuclide element (<sup>40</sup>K and <sup>226</sup>Ra) concentrations. In intensive agricultural areas (Tabuk, Al Jouf, Al-Qassim, Hail, Riyadh, Al Kharej, Wadi Dawaser, Jazen…), the nitrate levels exceeded 200 mg/l, <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K radioactivity is of the order of 35 Bq/l, 41 Bq/l and 730 Bq/l respectively.</div><div>The best methodology plan should orient to improve the management practices and the protection of the water resources and to orient to the unconventional water sources (TWW, collection of drainwater, seawater…) and thirdly move towards rainwater (liquid and vapor) harvesting and the fourth direction is logical sharing between sectors and law enforcement. Water, soil and human health protection are the principal goals of this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 8","pages":"Pages 569-584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.003
Samuel Ayodele Mesele , Paul Sobowale Soremi , James Kehinde Adigun
Farmers’ knowledge of soil quality and yield assessment were evaluated among cassava farmers in southwestern Nigeria. Data were collected on farmers’ demography, farming experience, criteria for selecting a site for cassava cultivation and preferences for those criteria, farmers’ methods of yield prediction and how it compares with the scientific approach, farmers’ agronomic knowledge and how it relates to the realities of climate change and soil fertility decline. The modal age class of the farmers is 45–55 years, and most of the farmers are male. The results show that farmers use a combination of soil and vegetation-based criteria to assess soil quality from which the decision to cultivate a given land is made. Among the soil-based criteria, soil drainage, colour, and depth rank the most and most used. Most of the farmers assessed yield before harvesting through green healthy leaves (25 %), large and shiny stems (25 %) and soil cracks (50 %). The predicted and measured cassava yields on farmer-managed farms were comparable, with an R2 of 0.63, although farmers overestimated the cassava root yield. There is a unanimous consensus among farmers that yield has declined in the last decade, with a mean of 36 %. The main cause of yield decline was attributed to declining rainfall and poor soils. Our study concluded that farmers have a good understanding of soil health and cassava agronomy through a process of trial and error and ingenuity as farmers’ local indices were consistent with conventional soil health indicators. It was suggested that, by recognising and incorporating traditional methods used by farmers to assess soil quality, we could enhance soil management strategies and raise productivity at the farm level.
{"title":"Exploring farmer’s assessment of soil quality and root yield in cassava-based cropping systems","authors":"Samuel Ayodele Mesele , Paul Sobowale Soremi , James Kehinde Adigun","doi":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Farmers’ knowledge of soil quality and yield assessment were evaluated among cassava farmers in southwestern Nigeria. Data were collected on farmers’ demography, farming experience, criteria for selecting a site for cassava cultivation and preferences for those criteria, farmers’ methods of yield prediction and how it compares with the scientific approach, farmers’ agronomic knowledge and how it relates to the realities of climate change and soil fertility decline. The modal age class of the farmers is 45–55 years, and most of the farmers are male. The results show that farmers use a combination of soil and vegetation-based criteria to assess soil quality from which the decision to cultivate a given land is made. Among the soil-based criteria, soil drainage, colour, and depth rank the most and most used. Most of the farmers assessed yield before harvesting through green healthy leaves (25 %), large and shiny stems (25 %) and soil cracks (50 %). The predicted and measured cassava yields on farmer-managed farms were comparable, with an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.63, although farmers overestimated the cassava root yield. There is a unanimous consensus among farmers that yield has declined in the last decade, with a mean of 36 %. The main cause of yield decline was attributed to declining rainfall and poor soils. Our study concluded that farmers have a good understanding of soil health and cassava agronomy through a process of trial and error and ingenuity as farmers’ local indices were consistent with conventional soil health indicators. It was suggested that, by recognising and incorporating traditional methods used by farmers to assess soil quality, we could enhance soil management strategies and raise productivity at the farm level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 8","pages":"Pages 533-541"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.007
The study area is Karabük province, and the research topic is to examine the influence of soil-related variables on soil organic carbon in Karabük province. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between digital soil mapping and the correlation analysis of soil variables that affect the carbon stock stored by the soil. In the study, data from SoilGrids was gathered using Google Earth Engine (GEE) machine learning methods. The JavaScript coding language was used to generate maps of SoilGrids data in GEE. These spatial data were processed using Geographic Information Systems software, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed using the “IBM SPSS 20.0″ program. Clay, sand, silt, pH (in water), organic carbon density, mass density, coarse fractions, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and nitrogen were considered as soil variables. According to the results obtained, the pH of the surface soils (0–5 cm) of the study area was 58–7: clay g/kg; 104–400 g/kg; sand; 214–460; silt; 331–510 g/kg; organic carbon density: 380–562 dg/dm3; nitrogen density: 2 920–7 683 cg/kg; mass density: 93.00–136.00 g/kg; coarse particles: 55–239 (Per10000); CEC: 215–348 mmol/kg; and SOC values varied between 286–374 dg/kg. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock amounts varied between 286 and 374 dg/kg in surface (0–5 cm) soils. As a consequence of the studies, it was revealed that nitrogen had the strongest link with SOC, whereas clay had the lowest relationship.
{"title":"Using Google Earth Engine Machine Learning Algorithms, Soil Variable Effects on Soil Organic Carbon in Karabük Province/Turkiye","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study area is Karabük province, and the research topic is to examine the influence of soil-related variables on soil organic carbon in Karabük province. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between digital soil mapping and the correlation analysis of soil variables that affect the carbon stock stored by the soil. In the study, data from SoilGrids was gathered using Google Earth Engine (GEE) machine learning methods. The JavaScript coding language was used to generate maps of SoilGrids data in GEE. These spatial data were processed using Geographic Information Systems software, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed using the “IBM SPSS 20.0″ program. Clay, sand, silt, pH (in water), organic carbon density, mass density, coarse fractions, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and nitrogen were considered as soil variables. According to the results obtained, the pH of the surface soils (0–5 cm) of the study area was 58–7: clay g/kg; 104–400 g/kg; sand; 214–460; silt; 331–510 g/kg; organic carbon density: 380–562 dg/dm3; nitrogen density: 2 920–7 683 cg/kg; mass density: 93.00–136.00 g/kg; coarse particles: 55–239 (Per10000); CEC: 215–348 mmol/kg; and SOC values varied between 286–374 dg/kg. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock amounts varied between 286 and 374 dg/kg in surface (0–5 cm) soils. As a consequence of the studies, it was revealed that nitrogen had the strongest link with SOC, whereas clay had the lowest relationship.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 7","pages":"Pages 499-507"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141411483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil erosion forms a serious ecological challenge to future production and sustainability, with implications of the environmental crisis and the food supply. It is one of the more critical geomorphological problems that threaten environmental sustainability and cause soil degradation along the Syrian coast. The object of this research is to evaluate the rate of probable annual water-induced soil erosion in the AL-Sanaoubar River Basin. By Integrating geographic information system (GIS), and remote sensing techniques with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The results showed that the soil loss values in the AL-Sanaoubar River Basin ranged between 0–138.15 tons/ha/year, an average of 52.4 tons/ha/year. The total soil loss reached 12,606.11 tons/year for the entire studied area.
The classification of possible spatial risk included five grades: very low (91.91%), low (7.62%), medium (0.35%), high (0.10%), and very high (0.01%).
It has been noticed high soil erosion values in few portions of the study area, indicating that they had reached a risk stage; these sites were concentrated in the center and east of the studied basin, especially in the plateau and mountainous parts, Slope was a major factor that caused a direct impact on soil erosion. Soil erosion gradually increased with increasing slope in all types of land uses.
To test the effectiveness of some soil conservation practices against water erosion, an experiment was conducted at the Mazar Qatrya site in Lattakia governorate during two consecutive seasons. Contour cultivation of the pea crop was applied at different distances, the agricultural method showed a high efficiency in reducing water erosion. Land use managers and Planners can benefit from this research to make suitable provisions and activities to conserve the soil.
{"title":"Water soil erosion modeling with RUSLE, GIS & remote sensing: A case study of the AL-Sanaoubar River basin (Syria)","authors":"Rukea Al-hasn , Feras Alghamaz , Mohammd Dikkeh , Younes Idriss","doi":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil erosion forms a serious ecological challenge to future production and sustainability, with implications of the environmental crisis and the food supply. It is one of the more critical geomorphological problems that threaten environmental sustainability and cause soil degradation along the Syrian coast. The object of this research is to evaluate the rate of probable annual water-induced soil erosion in the AL-Sanaoubar River Basin. By Integrating geographic information system (GIS), and remote sensing techniques with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The results showed that the soil loss values in the AL-Sanaoubar River Basin ranged between 0–138.15 tons/ha/year, an average of 52.4 tons/ha/year. The total soil loss reached 12,606.11 tons/year for the entire studied area.</div><div>The classification of possible spatial risk included five grades: very low (91.91%), low (7.62%), medium (0.35%), high (0.10%), and very high (0.01%).</div><div>It has been noticed high soil erosion values in few portions of the study area, indicating that they had reached a risk stage; these sites were concentrated in the center and east of the studied basin, especially in the plateau and mountainous parts, Slope was a major factor that caused a direct impact on soil erosion. Soil erosion gradually increased with increasing slope in all types of land uses.</div><div>To test the effectiveness of some soil conservation practices against water erosion, an experiment was conducted at the Mazar Qatrya site in Lattakia governorate during two consecutive seasons. Contour cultivation of the pea crop was applied at different distances, the agricultural method showed a high efficiency in reducing water erosion. Land use managers and Planners can benefit from this research to make suitable provisions and activities to conserve the soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 7","pages":"Pages 474-484"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.006
The black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) is a “crown jewel” in waste management because it rapidly bioconverts organic streams into nutrient-rich biomass. Bangladesh's inefficient waste management has caused serious environmental issues due to the massive amounts of organic waste, mainly livestock manures and municipal organic waste, generated daily. We need reliable BSF to maximize our organic resources. To establish a long-term, stable BSF colony, we closely examined the seasonal abundance and life cycle features of BSF raised on municipal garbage and poultry manure in a regional natural environment in the lab. This investigation lasted two years (2019–2020). Season and raising substrates affected wild BSF egg clutches and life cycles. Organic waste dumps captured the most egg clutches in rainy seasons and the fewest in cooler months. Municipal rubbish dumps consistently produced wilder BSF egg clutches than poultry manure dumpsites. The BSF larvae grew slower in winter and faster in the rainy season, independent of substrate. Winter was optimal for adult BSF longevity in all organic streams. Winter cultivated wild BSF on two organic streams exhibited fewer egg clutches per female, shorter and lighter prepupae, and lower adult ecolosion rates than wetter months. While BSF given municipal organic wastes had the highest adult ecolosion rates, BSF fed poultry manure had more variation in prepupae length and weight, adult lifespan, and egg clutches. Larval development was faster with poultry manure BSF than with municipal organic waste. The protein and ash content of prepupae rearing on poultry manure exceeded those of prepupae on urban organic waste, although fat content was equivalent. These findings indicate that both types of organic streams may be suitable substrates for BSF larvae for trash treatment.
{"title":"Wild black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Seasonal availability and life history traits in two common organic streams in Bangladesh","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The black soldier fly (BSF) <em>Hermetia illucens</em> (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) is a “crown jewel” in waste management because it rapidly bioconverts organic streams into nutrient-rich biomass. Bangladesh's inefficient waste management has caused serious environmental issues due to the massive amounts of organic waste, mainly livestock manures and municipal organic waste, generated daily. We need reliable BSF to maximize our organic resources. To establish a long-term, stable BSF colony, we closely examined the seasonal abundance and life cycle features of BSF raised on municipal garbage and poultry manure in a regional natural environment in the lab. This investigation lasted two years (2019–2020). Season and raising substrates affected wild BSF egg clutches and life cycles. Organic waste dumps captured the most egg clutches in rainy seasons and the fewest in cooler months. Municipal rubbish dumps consistently produced wilder BSF egg clutches than poultry manure dumpsites. The BSF larvae grew slower in winter and faster in the rainy season, independent of substrate. Winter was optimal for adult BSF longevity in all organic streams. Winter cultivated wild BSF on two organic streams exhibited fewer egg clutches per female, shorter and lighter prepupae, and lower adult ecolosion rates than wetter months. While BSF given municipal organic wastes had the highest adult ecolosion rates, BSF fed poultry manure had more variation in prepupae length and weight, adult lifespan, and egg clutches. Larval development was faster with poultry manure BSF than with municipal organic waste. The protein and ash content of prepupae rearing on poultry manure exceeded those of prepupae on urban organic waste, although fat content was equivalent. These findings indicate that both types of organic streams may be suitable substrates for BSF larvae for trash treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 7","pages":"Pages 489-498"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141137911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.005
In this study, we used three RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers, OPA 01, OPA 13, and OPA 09, to analyze the genetic diversity of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). These primers produced a total of 41 polymorphic markers, with each primer yielding a varying number of unique bands, ranging from 7 to 18 bands per primer. The amplicon sizes ranged from 150 to 10,000 base pairs (bp), with clear bands below 2000 bp observed for all three primers. Using these 41 RAPD markers, we assessed the genetic relationships among H. armigera populations collected from three districts: Peshawar, Bajaur, and Swat. The genetic similarity coefficients varied from 0.000 to 0.929, indicating diverse genetic relationships among the populations. The construction of a UPGMA dendrogram based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient revealed two distinct clades, Clade A and Clade B, with Clade A including populations from districts Swat and Bajaur and Clade B comprising populations from district Peshawar. This genetic differentiation among the populations based on geographical origin suggests significant genetic diversity influenced by environmental factors and local adaptation. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic structure of H. armigera populations in the region and provide valuable know-how about developing targeted pest management strategies. Further research may explore additional genetic markers and expand the scope of genetic variation assessments across broader geographical areas.
在这项研究中，我们使用了三种 RAPD（随机扩增多态 DNA）引物 OPA 01、OPA 13 和 OPA 09 来分析 Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) 的遗传多样性。这些引物共产生了 41 个多态标记，每个引物产生的独特条带数量不等，从 7 条到 18 条不等。扩增子大小从 150 到 10,000 碱基对（bp）不等，所有三种引物都能观察到低于 2000 bp 的清晰条带。利用这 41 个 RAPD 标记，我们评估了从三个地区收集到的 H. armigera 种群之间的遗传关系：白沙瓦、巴焦尔和斯瓦特。遗传相似系数从 0.000 到 0.929 不等，表明种群间的遗传关系多种多样。根据 Jaccard 相似系数构建的 UPGMA 树枝图显示出两个不同的支系，支系 A 和支系 B，支系 A 包括斯瓦特和巴焦尔地区的种群，支系 B 包括白沙瓦地区的种群。基于地理来源的种群遗传分化表明，受环境因素和当地适应性的影响，遗传多样性非常显著。这些发现加深了我们对该地区 H. armigera 种群遗传结构的了解，并为制定有针对性的害虫管理策略提供了宝贵的知识。进一步的研究可能会探索更多的遗传标记，并在更广泛的地理区域扩大遗传变异评估的范围。
{"title":"Genetic diversity of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) using molecular techniques of RPD-PCR in selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jssas.2024.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>I</strong>n this study, we used three RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers, OPA 01, OPA 13, and OPA 09, to analyze the genetic diversity of <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em> (Hubner). These primers produced a total of 41 polymorphic markers, with each primer yielding a varying number of unique bands, ranging from 7 to 18 bands per primer. The amplicon sizes ranged from 150 to 10,000 base pairs (bp), with clear bands below 2000 bp observed for all three primers. Using these 41 RAPD markers, we assessed the genetic relationships among <em>H. armigera</em> populations collected from three districts: Peshawar, Bajaur, and Swat. The genetic similarity coefficients varied from 0.000 to 0.929, indicating diverse genetic relationships among the populations. The construction of a UPGMA dendrogram based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient revealed two distinct clades, Clade A and Clade B, with Clade A including populations from districts Swat and Bajaur and Clade B comprising populations from district Peshawar. This genetic differentiation among the populations based on geographical origin suggests significant genetic diversity influenced by environmental factors and local adaptation. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic structure of <em>H. armigera</em> populations in the region and provide valuable know-how about developing targeted pest management strategies. Further research may explore additional genetic markers and expand the scope of genetic variation assessments across broader geographical areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17560,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences","volume":"23 7","pages":"Pages 485-488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141136640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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