Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society最新文献

英文中文

The scholar and administrator: personal reflections on Francis Robinson 学者与管理者:对弗朗西斯·罗宾逊的个人反思

4区社会学 0 ASIAN STUDIES

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1017/s135618632300038x

Norman Gowar

It is a privilege to be asked to contribute to this celebration of Francis's career and I am pleased to contribute a few comments beyond those concerned with his immense contributions to his field of study and to pay tribute to him as a major player in the intellectual and social life of Royal Holloway, University of London.

我很荣幸被邀请为弗朗西斯的职业生涯的庆祝活动做出贡献，我很高兴能发表一些评论，除了那些与他在他的研究领域的巨大贡献有关的评论，并向他致敬，因为他是伦敦大学皇家霍洛威学院智力和社会生活的主要参与者。

引用次数: 0

Maulana Azad and his memory of the Islamic past: a study of his early writings 阿扎德毛拉和他对伊斯兰过去的记忆:对他早期著作的研究

4区社会学 0 ASIAN STUDIES

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000342

Muzaffar Alam

Abstract The article is concerned primarily with Maulana Azad's early political and theological writings with a view to understanding his positions on Islam and the non-Islamic religions. It opens with a brief description of his discussion of Mughal history and religious culture, and then notes his portrayal of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1624) as an exemplary political figure, who raised his voice against Akbar's heresy. This portrayal has had a significant historiographical afterlife. Several modern scholars followed Azad's reading. The article asks whether Azad was truly the first to have such a view of the saint, and thereby influenced the modern writings on Mughal India. We will notice that Sirhindi was already portrayed as a political figure in the Mughal-era historical accounts devoted to him. Azad only chose to work within a certain memory of Sirhindi—but why did he choose to use an earlier tradition and not a purely religious interpretive framework of his own for analysing and presenting the saint's position? The article examines Azad's rationale for such a portrayal in light of his political concerns. It then discusses in some depth the theological discourses in his Tazkira and the early issues of Al-Hilāl .

本文主要关注阿扎德毛拉早期的政治和神学著作，以期了解他对伊斯兰教和非伊斯兰教的立场。书的开头简要描述了他对莫卧儿历史和宗教文化的讨论，然后注意到他把谢赫·艾哈迈德·西尔北迪(1624年)描绘成一个模范的政治人物，他大声反对阿克巴的异端邪说。这一描绘在史学上有着重要的意义。几位现代学者遵循阿扎德的解读。文章质疑阿扎德是否真的是第一个对圣人有这种看法的人，并因此影响了关于印度莫卧儿王朝的现代著作。我们会注意到，在莫卧儿时代的历史记载中，Sirhindi已经被描绘成一个政治人物。阿扎德只选择在特定的sirdini记忆中工作，但为什么他选择使用更早的传统，而不是他自己的纯粹的宗教解释框架来分析和呈现圣人的立场?这篇文章从阿扎德的政治考虑出发，考察了他这样描述的理由。然后深入讨论了他的《塔兹基拉》中的神学论述以及Al-Hilāl的早期问题。

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引用次数: 0

Somnath Mandir in a play of mirrors: heritage, history, and the search for identity of the new nation (1842–1951) 镜子戏中的Somnath Mandir:遗产、历史和对新国家身份的探索(1842-1951)

4区社会学 0 ASIAN STUDIES

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000287

Tommaso Bobbio

Abstract The story of the Somnath temple, in the northwestern Saurashtra peninsula, has often been taken as an example of the contentious legacies of the penetration, settlement, and political establishment of Muslims in India. Its history testifies to the complex relationship between history, heritage, and the consolidation of collective memories of past events and processes. This article focuses on two key moments in the temple's recent history: the retrieval of the Somnath gates by Lord Ellenborough in 1842 and the reconstruction of the temple between 1947 and 1951. At these two moments—one during colonial times and the other at the creation of the independent state—Somnath became the battlefield for questioning how the state should be positioned with regard to religious places, histories, symbols, and practices. While the temple was apparently dealt with as a tangible place of heritage, both episodes show how the value endowed upon the temple had far more complex meanings. The analysis proposed in this article ends with the reconstruction of the temple. This shows the way in which architects of independent India addressed the country's history, directly or indirectly engaging with the construction of a heritage for the new state. Their efforts aimed to strengthen a shared memory of the past, which could in turn consolidate membership and a sense of belonging to the new nation. Advocates and promoters of the temple's reconstruction, among whom were Vallabhbhai Patel and K. M. Munshi, envisioned that the reconstruction would embody the long-awaited liberation of India from centuries of continuous domination by ‘foreign’ powers. In contrast, secular politicians, with Nehru at the helm, opposed the reconstruction, fearing that Somnath might become the symbol of a sectarian vision of the nation and, in the wake of partition, derail efforts to characterise independent India as an inclusive country. While the reconstruction did eventually take place, the entire episode invites us to question the relationship between the framing of Indian nationalism and the heritagisation of Indian history. Following a critical theoretical approach to Heritage studies, where heritage has less to do with the item that is preserved than with the value with which it is endowed, this article proposes to investigate the meanings that heritage preservation, conservation, and reconstruction acquired as part of the project of nation- and state-building.

位于印度索拉什特拉半岛西北部的索姆纳特神庙的故事，经常被视为穆斯林在印度渗透、定居和政治建立的有争议的遗产的一个例子。它的历史证明了历史、遗产和对过去事件和过程的集体记忆的巩固之间的复杂关系。本文主要关注寺庙近史上的两个关键时刻:1842年艾伦伯勒勋爵(Lord Ellenborough)夺回索姆纳特门(Somnath gates)，以及1947年至1951年对寺庙的重建。在这两个时刻——一个是殖民时期，另一个是独立国家的建立——索姆纳特成为了质疑国家应该如何定位的战场，关于宗教场所、历史、象征和实践。虽然这座寺庙显然是作为一个有形的遗产来处理的，但这两个事件都表明，赋予这座寺庙的价值有着复杂得多的含义。本文的分析以寺庙的重建作为结束。这展示了独立后的印度建筑师处理国家历史的方式，他们直接或间接地参与了新国家遗产的建设。他们的努力旨在加强对过去的共同记忆，这反过来又可以巩固成员资格和对新国家的归属感。寺庙重建的倡导者和推动者，其中包括Vallabhbhai Patel和K. M. Munshi，他们设想重建将体现人们期待已久的印度从“外国”势力的持续统治中解放出来。相比之下，以尼赫鲁为首的世俗政治家反对重建，担心索姆纳特可能成为国家宗派愿景的象征，并在分裂之后破坏将独立的印度定性为包容性国家的努力。虽然重建最终确实发生了，但整个事件让我们质疑印度民族主义的框架与印度历史遗产之间的关系。遵循遗产研究的批判性理论方法，遗产与被保存的项目关系不大，而与被赋予的价值有关，本文建议调查遗产保护，保护和重建作为民族和国家建设项目的一部分所获得的意义。

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引用次数: 0

A way with words: Nawab Siddiq Hasan Khan (1832–1890) and the unexpected power of print 一种文字的方式:纳瓦布·西迪克·哈桑·汗(1832-1890)和印刷的意想不到的力量

4区社会学 0 ASIAN STUDIES

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186322000670

Barbara Metcalf

Abstract The writings of Muhammad Siddiq Hasan well exemplify the argument of Francis Robinson's influential article on vernacular print publications that furthered a Protestant Reformation-like democratising of sacred knowledge. Both the number of his publications, and the personal empowerment enjoined by his Ahl-i Hadith jurisprudence, make him, in fact, an ideal exemplar of this kind of publication. He also, however, stands apart. First, his ‘vernacular’ included not only Urdu, but also Arabic and Persian. Second, beyond democratisation, print simultaneously enhanced scholarly authority, and it did so to an unusual extent for Siddiq Hasan because of his pioneering reach beyond India to the Ottoman lands, with Arabic works published and distributed from cities like Istanbul and Cairo. Third, Siddiq Hasan's publications served a diversity of purposes, like Persian publications that enhanced his princely status, and Arabic publications that not only forged transnational networks of like-minded scholars but also, in other hands, served modernist theologians and innovative literary scholars. Finally, in the end, the potential of print turned on him as officials used his publications to allege seditious intent. That denouement aside, the life of Siddiq Hasan's print publication points to a moment of rich intellectual life in the context of colonial rule, taking Robinson's insights on the potential of publication in unexpected directions.

穆罕默德·西迪克·哈桑(Muhammad Siddiq Hasan)的作品很好地例证了弗朗西斯·罗宾逊(Francis Robinson)关于本土印刷出版物的一篇有影响力的文章，该文章推动了新教改革式的神圣知识民主化。事实上，他的著作数量，以及他的《圣训》法学所赋予的个人权力，都使他成为这种著作的理想典范。然而，他也与众不同。首先，他的“方言”不仅包括乌尔都语，还包括阿拉伯语和波斯语。其次，除了民主化之外，印刷术还同时增强了学术权威，这对西迪克·哈桑来说达到了不同寻常的程度，因为他开拓了从印度到奥斯曼帝国的土地，在伊斯坦布尔和开罗等城市出版和发行了阿拉伯语作品。第三，西迪克·哈桑的出版物服务于多种目的，比如波斯语出版物提高了他的王子地位，阿拉伯语出版物不仅建立了志同道合的学者的跨国网络，而且在另一方面，为现代主义神学家和创新文学学者服务。最后，当官员们利用他的出版物指控他有煽动性意图时，印刷业的潜力最终转向了他。撇开这个结局不谈，西迪克·哈桑(Siddiq Hasan)的印刷出版物的生活指向了殖民统治背景下丰富的知识分子生活的时刻，将罗宾逊对出版潜力的见解带到了意想不到的方向。

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引用次数: 1

Derek Davis (3 May 1945–8 July 2023) 戴瑞克·戴维斯(1945年5月3日至2023年7月8日)

4区社会学 0 ASIAN STUDIES

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000433

An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

此内容没有摘要。当您可以访问此内容时，该页上会提供完整的HTML内容。此内容的PDF也可以通过“保存PDF”操作按钮获得。

引用次数: 0

Nutrient digestibility in black soldier fly larva was greater than in adults for pigs and could be estimated using fiber. 猪黑虻幼虫的营养物质消化率高于成虫，可以用纤维来估计。

IF 2.3 4区社会学 0 ASIAN STUDIES

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e66

Jongkeon Kim, Kwanho Park, Sang Yun Ji, Beob Gyun Kim

The objectives of the present study were to determine the nutrient digestibility of fish meal, defatted black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), and adult flies and to develop equations for estimating in vitro nutrient digestibility of BSFL for pigs. in vitro digestion procedures were employed to mimic the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the pig intestine. Correlation coefficients between chemical composition and in vitro nutrient digestibility of BSFL were calculated. In Exp. 1, in vitro ileal digestibility (IVID) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) and in vitro total tract digestibility (IVTTD) of DM and organic matter in defatted BSFL meal were less (p < 0.05) than those in fish meal but were greater (p < 0.05) than those in adult flies. In Exp. 2, CP concentrations in BSFL were negatively correlated with ether extract (r = -0.91) concentration but positively correlated with acid detergent fiber (ADF; r = 0.98) and chitin (r = 0.95) concentrations. ADF and chitin concentrations in BSFL were negatively correlated with IVID of DM (r = -0.98 and -0.88) and IVTTD of DM (r = -1.00 and -0.94) and organic matter (r = -0.99 and -0.98). Prediction equations for in vitro nutrient digestibility of BSFL were developed: IVID of CP (%) = -0.95 × ADF (% DM) + 95 (r² = 0.75 and p = 0.058) and IVTTD of DM (%) = -2.09 × ADF + 113 (r² = 0.99 and p < 0.001). The present in vitro experiments suggest that defatted BSFL meal was less digestible than fish meal but was more digestible than adult flies, and nutrient digestibility of BSFL can be predicted using ADF as an independent variable.

本研究的目的是测定鱼粉、脱脂黑兵蝇幼虫(BSFL)和成蝇的营养物质消化率，并建立猪对脱脂黑兵蝇的体外营养物质消化率的估算公式。采用体外消化程序模拟猪肠内营养物质的消化和吸收。计算了肉豆粕的化学成分与体外营养物质消化率的相关系数。在试验1中，脱脂鱼粉中干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)的体外回肠消化率(IVID)和DM和有机物的体外全消化道消化率(IVTTD)均低于鱼粉(p < 0.05)，但高于成虫(p < 0.05)。在实验2中，BSFL中CP浓度与乙醚提取物浓度呈负相关(r = -0.91)，与酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)呈正相关;R = 0.98)和几丁质(R = 0.95)浓度。BSFL中ADF和几丁质浓度与DM的IVID (r = -0.98和-0.88)、DM的IVTTD (r = -1.00和-0.94)和有机质(r = -0.99和-0.98)呈负相关。建立了BSFL体外营养物质消化率的预测方程:CP(%)的IVID = -0.95 × ADF (% DM) + 95 (r2 = 0.75, p = 0.058)， DM(%)的IVTTD = -2.09 × ADF + 113 (r2 = 0.99, p < 0.001)。体外实验结果表明，脱脂牛油粉的消化率低于鱼粉，但高于成虫，且以ADF为自变量可以预测牛油粉的营养物质消化率。

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引用次数: 0

A munshi discussion on religion, and the Simla Akhbār, circa 1850 关于宗教和西姆拉Akhbār的讨论，大约在1850年

IF 0.3 4区社会学 0 ASIAN STUDIES

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000305

C. Ernst

As a case study of the changing mentalities that emerged in colonial India, this article analyses a discussion that took place among several munshis (secretaries trained in Persian to run the affairs of princely states), and also provides a translation and edition of the text. The subject was a short polemical letter refuting the immortality of the soul, published around 1850 in the Simla Akhbār (Simla News). The main question entertained in this correspondence was not the merit of the sceptical argument, based in part on modern medical findings, but the potential public impact of dismissing a religious doctrine that sustains morality. Two of the participants in this conversation, Shivaprasad and Sital Singh, displayed the full range of changes that made the nineteenth century so extraordinary, and the way they responded illustrates some of the salient features and stages of this process, including the difficulty of foreseeing the elimination of much of the system for which munshis were trained.

作为对殖民地印度出现的心态变化的个案研究，本文分析了几位门士（接受过波斯语培训以管理诸侯国事务的秘书）之间的讨论，并提供了文本的翻译和版本。主题是一封简短的辩论信，驳斥灵魂的不朽，发表于1850年左右的《西姆拉新闻》。这封信中的主要问题不是部分基于现代医学发现的怀疑论的优点，而是否定维持道德的宗教教义的潜在公众影响。这场对话的两位参与者，希瓦普拉萨德和西塔尔·辛格，展示了使十九世纪如此非凡的全方位变化，他们的反应方式说明了这一过程的一些显著特征和阶段，包括很难预见到munshis训练的大部分系统会被淘汰。

引用次数: 0

Computed tomographic-based three-dimensional printing of giant coronary artery fistulas to guide surgical strategy: a case series. 基于计算机断层扫描的巨大冠状动脉瘘三维打印指导手术策略：病例系列。

IF 1 4区社会学 0 ASIAN STUDIES

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Pub Date : 2023-08-22 eCollection Date: 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytad413

Mads Ørbæk Andersen, Morten H Smerup, Kim Munk, Ulrik Markus Mortensen, Bjarne Linde Nørgaard, Morten Helvind, Henrik Ørbæk Andersen, Jesper James Linde

Background: Coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) are abnormal communications between the coronary arteries and the heart chambers, arteries, or veins, potentially leading to significant shunting, myocardial ischaemia and heart failure. Computed tomographic (CT) angiography or conventional invasive angiography is the reference standard for the diagnosis of coronary fistulas. The fistula anatomy can become very complex, which makes surgical or interventional planning challenging.

Case summary: We report two cases of hugely dilated and tortuous coronary circumflex artery fistulas draining into the coronary sinus. Both patients were followed up for more than 10 years because of very complex coronary fistula anatomy and mild symptoms. From two-dimensional (2D) sliced CT images alone it, was uncertain whether surgery was feasible. However, since both patients had symptom progression (Patient 1 developed heart failure, and Patient 2 had recurrent pericardial effusions), three-dimensional (3D) heart models were printed for better understanding of the complex fistula anatomy and improved surgical planning. Both patients had successful surgery and symptomatic relief at follow-up.

Discussion: The delay in surgery, until clinical deterioration, may partly be a consequence of a general reluctance in performing complex surgery in patients with CAFs. As of now, CT-based 3D printing has primarily been used in isolated cases. However, 3D printing is evolving rapidly and supplementing 2D sliced CT images with a physical 3D heart model may improve the anatomical understanding and pre-surgical planning that could lead to better surgical outcome.

背景：冠状动脉瘘（CAF）是冠状动脉与心腔、动脉或静脉之间的异常沟通，可能导致严重的分流、心肌缺血和心力衰竭。计算机断层扫描（CT）血管造影术或传统的有创血管造影术是诊断冠状动脉瘘的参考标准。病例摘要：我们报告了两例严重扩张和迂曲的冠状动脉圆周瘘，引流至冠状动脉窦。由于冠状动脉瘘解剖结构非常复杂且症状轻微，我们对这两名患者进行了长达 10 多年的随访。仅从二维（2D）切片 CT 图像来看，无法确定手术是否可行。不过，由于两名患者的症状都在发展（患者 1 出现心力衰竭，患者 2 反复出现心包积液），因此打印了三维（3D）心脏模型，以便更好地了解复杂的瘘管解剖结构，改进手术规划。两名患者的手术都很成功，随访时症状也有所缓解：讨论：推迟手术直到临床恶化，部分原因可能是人们普遍不愿意为 CAFs 患者实施复杂的手术。到目前为止，基于 CT 的 3D 打印技术主要用于个别病例。然而，三维打印技术发展迅速，用三维心脏实体模型来补充二维切片 CT 图像可能会提高对解剖学的理解和手术前规划，从而获得更好的手术效果。

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引用次数: 0

Spread of bounties: culinary manuals and knowledge in Mughal South Asia 赏金的传播：莫卧儿南亚的烹饪手册和知识

IF 0.3 4区社会学 0 ASIAN STUDIES

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Pub Date : 2023-08-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000354

Neha Vermani

This article identifies and examines Persian-language culinary manuals that were produced in South Asia between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries. In doing so, it centres three empirical loci: the definition of food as it was conceptualised during the period under study; the impetus for the textualisation and standardisation of culinary knowledge; and core principles that undergird the cuisine of the Mughal elite. Engaging with these themes, the article privileges the intersection between the discourses on body, food, and ethical self-fashioning as the key site of analysis.

这篇文章确定并检查了16世纪和18世纪之间在南亚生产的波斯语烹饪手册。在此过程中，它集中了三个经验位点:在研究期间概念化的食物定义;推动烹饪知识的文本化和标准化;以及支撑莫卧儿精英烹饪的核心原则。在这些主题中，文章将身体、食物和道德自我塑造的话语相交作为分析的关键地点。

引用次数: 0

Francis Robinson: personal recollections 弗朗西斯·罗宾逊:个人回忆

IF 0.3 4区社会学 0 ASIAN STUDIES

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society

Pub Date : 2023-08-04 DOI: 10.1017/s1356186323000391

P. Brown

The three years that I spent at Royal Holloway, University of London between 1975 and 1978, as professor and head of the History Department, were among the happiest and most purposive of my entire academic life. This was due, in no small part, to my instant friendship with Francis Robinson. We soon realised that our interests converged to a remarkable degree, despite the gulf of almost two millennia between my own concern for the world of Late Antiquity and his with religion and politics in contemporary India and Pakistan.

1975年至1978年，我在伦敦大学皇家霍洛威学院(Royal Holloway, University of London)担任教授和历史系主任，这是我整个学术生涯中最快乐、最有目标的三年。这在很大程度上要归功于我与弗朗西斯·罗宾逊的即交。我们很快意识到，尽管我对古代晚期世界的关注与他对当代印度和巴基斯坦的宗教和政治的关注之间存在着近两千年的鸿沟，但我们的兴趣在很大程度上是一致的。

引用次数: 0

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