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Extended oxygen supplementation after thoracotomy in rats may improve welfare. 大鼠胸廓切开术后延长氧气补充时间可改善福利。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241273061
Bryony Few, Alex Dugdale

A retrospective comparison of welfare indicators in male rats undergoing thoracotomy for intrapleural dosing is presented. The initial cohort (n = 7) breathed room air after recovery from anaesthesia, while later cohorts (n = 12) had oxygen supplementation for up to 48 h post-surgery. Rats breathing room air sustained a statistically significant average body-weight loss of -1.62% (±1.7%) 2 days after surgery, compared with rats given oxygen supplementation, which maintained a mean weight gain of 0.87% (±1.75%) (p = 0.009). Oxygen-supplemented rats also had lower pain scores on the evening after surgery (median 0.075 [range 0-1.75] vs. median 1.5 [range 0.5-2]). This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.063) but may be of clinical significance. All rats displayed transient sedation after post-operative opioid administration on the day of surgery, and hypoxaemia (SpO2 <90%) was observed in rats maintained on room air. Use of an oxygen concentrator to provide post-operative extended oxygen supplementation was easy to implement and may improve animal welfare post-thoracotomy.

本文对接受胸廓切开术进行胸腔内给药的雄性大鼠的福利指标进行了回顾性比较。最初的一组大鼠(n = 7)在麻醉恢复后呼吸室内空气,而后来的一组大鼠(n = 12)在手术后48小时内补充氧气。与补充氧气的大鼠相比,呼吸室内空气的大鼠在术后 2 天平均体重下降了-1.62%(±1.7%),而补充氧气的大鼠平均体重增加了 0.87%(±1.75%)(p = 0.009)。手术后当晚,补氧大鼠的疼痛评分也较低(中位数 0.075 [范围 0-1.75] 与中位数 1.5 [范围 0.5-2])。这一差异没有统计学意义(p = 0.063),但可能具有临床意义。手术当天,所有大鼠在术后服用阿片类药物后都表现出短暂的镇静,并出现低氧血症(SpO2
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引用次数: 0
An innovative approach for health and safety training and occupational health program annual enrollment for laboratory animal care and use personnel. 为实验室动物护理和使用人员提供健康与安全培训和职业健康计划年度注册的创新方法。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241263903
Scott J Patlovich, Robert J Emery, Kristin G King, Zackary B Becker, Rebecca B Kairis, Mary A Robinson, Joy M Harrison, George Delclos, William B Perkison

Animal care and use personnel in research laboratory facilities are inherently exposed to a variety of workplace hazards. The health and safety of the workforce working directly with or around research animals is of paramount importance, and as such, an occupational health and safety program for at-risk staff is essential. In order to maximize participation in and the effectiveness of health and safety training and occupational health program enrollment for animal care and use personnel at an academic health sciences university, an innovative annual "health fair" was developed and implemented at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. This event allows personnel working in positions that present exposure risk to research animals to be able to obtain hazard-specific health and safety training, re-enroll in the occupational health oversight program and update their medical history, and participate in the institution's other safety programs as required by job title or assigned job tasks. By providing a comprehensive health fair that offers convenient access to the necessary safety training and occupational health services in one location during a designated period of time, management and staff are incentivized to participate and have reported satisfaction with and appreciation of the convenient access. Summarized here is how we plan, organize, and effectively execute the annual health fair so that other institutions who might wish to use this strategy can learn from our approach.

研究实验室设施中的动物看护和使用人员本身就暴露于各种工作场所危险之中。直接与研究动物打交道或在其周围工作的人员的健康和安全至关重要,因此,针对高危人员的职业健康和安全计划至关重要。为了最大限度地提高学术健康科学大学动物护理和使用人员参与健康与安全培训和职业健康计划的积极性和有效性,德克萨斯大学休斯顿健康科学中心开发并实施了一项创新性的年度 "健康博览会"。这项活动让从事有研究动物暴露风险工作的人员能够获得针对特定危险的健康和安全培训、重新注册职业健康监督计划和更新病史,并根据职称或分配的工作任务要求参加机构的其他安全计划。通过在指定时间内在一个地点举办综合健康展,提供方便的必要安全培训和职业健康服务,管理层和员工都会积极参加,并对这种方便的服务表示满意和赞赏。这里总结了我们是如何计划、组织和有效实施年度健康展的,以便其他可能希望采用这一策略的机构可以借鉴我们的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Animal researchers' views on the publication of negative results and subsequent policy adoptions. 动物研究人员对公布负面结果的看法以及随后采取的政策。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241271039
Carlos Oscar S Sorzano, Daniel G Hamilton, Eva Mendez

For over a decade, the non-publication of negative results from preclinical studies has been identified as a significant concern in biomedical research. Such underreporting is considered a contributor to the reproducibility crisis in the field and has been recognized by significant journals such as Science and Nature. In response to the consistently high non-publication rates of preclinical animal research in Europe, a survey was conducted among the biomedical research community to gather their views on publishing negative results. Using the EUSurvey platform, over 200 researchers directly working with animals were surveyed. The study aimed to understand the frequency of negative results, the reasons behind their non-publication, and the perceived pros and cons of making such results public. Insights from the survey could guide steps toward promoting transparency in science, refining research methodologies, reducing animal usage in experiments and minimizing research waste.

十多年来,不公布临床前研究的负面结果一直被认为是生物医学研究中的一个重大问题。这种报告不足被认为是造成该领域可重复性危机的一个因素,并得到了《科学》和《自然》等重要期刊的认可。针对欧洲临床前动物研究未发表率居高不下的问题,我们在生物医学研究界开展了一项调查,以收集他们对发表负面结果的看法。利用 EUSurvey 平台,200 多名直接与动物打交道的研究人员接受了调查。这项研究旨在了解负面结果的出现频率、不公布负面结果的原因以及公开负面结果的利弊。调查所获得的启示可为促进科学透明度、改进研究方法、减少实验中的动物使用以及最大限度地减少研究浪费提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Spontaneous hepatocellular and gastric tumours in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). 非洲爪蛙(Xenopus laevis)的自发性肝细胞瘤和胃瘤。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241273060
Bernat Martí-García, Simon L Priestnall, Yolanda Saavedra Torres, Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet

Three seven-year-old African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) from an animal research facility showed weight loss, coelomic distention and an abnormal swimming gait were euthanised on welfare grounds. A complete necropsy of each animal showed a focal, firm, dark brown to green mass with multifocal haemorrhages in the left liver lobe in two animals and a transmural, firm, beige, multilobulated gastric mass in another animal. Additionally, one of the frogs with the hepatic mass had haemocoeloma. Histologically, the hepatic masses were diagnosed as hepatocellular adenomas and the gastric mass as a gastric carcinoma with trans-coelomic metastases. The three tumours were immunophenotyped using the following antibodies: cytokeratin AE1/AE3, vimentin, E-cadherin, P53 and Ki67 and, additionally, for the hepatic tumours only, synaptophysin, Prox-1, S100 and Sox-9. Masson's trichrome, Periodic acid Schiff and Gram stains was also performed in selected cases. One of the hepatocellular adenomas was weakly positively labelled with E-cadherin whereas the other showed variable positivity for Sox-9 only. Vimentin labelled the stroma and sinusoidal endothelia. Interestingly in the liver, the cytokeratin AE1/AE3 labelling was restricted to the biliary epithelium and sinusoidal endothelia. The gastric carcinoma labelled positively with cytokeratin AE1/AE3 only. This report aims to guide laboratory animal veterinarians to accurately diagnose multi-organ masses in amphibians. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first comprehensive morphological study on a case series of hepatocellular and gastric neoplasia in X. laevis.

一家动物研究机构的三只七岁大的非洲爪蛙(Xenopus laevis)出现体重减轻、腹腔膨胀和游泳步态异常等症状,出于福利考虑,该机构对这三只蛙实施了安乐死。对每只动物进行的全面尸检显示,有两只动物的左肝叶出现局灶性、坚硬、深褐色至绿色肿块,并伴有多灶性出血;另一只动物的胃部出现跨壁、坚硬、米黄色、多叶状肿块。此外,其中一只患有肝肿块的青蛙还患有血细胞瘤。经组织学诊断,肝肿块为肝细胞腺瘤,胃肿块为胃癌,并伴有经肠管转移。使用以下抗体对这三种肿瘤进行了免疫分型:细胞角蛋白 AE1/AE3、波形蛋白、E-粘连蛋白、P53 和 Ki67,此外,仅对肝肿瘤使用了突触素、Prox-1、S100 和 Sox-9。对部分病例还进行了马森三色染色、周期酸希夫染色和革兰氏染色。其中一个肝细胞腺瘤的 E-cadherin 标记为弱阳性,而另一个则只显示出不同程度的 Sox-9 阳性。基质和窦状内皮细胞上有波形蛋白标记。有趣的是,在肝脏中,细胞角蛋白 AE1/AE3 的标记仅限于胆道上皮和窦状内皮。胃癌的细胞角蛋白 AE1/AE3 仅呈阳性。本报告旨在指导实验动物兽医准确诊断两栖动物的多器官肿块。据作者所知,这是首次对X.laevis肝癌和胃癌病例系列进行全面的形态学研究。
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引用次数: 0
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) characterisation of mouse inbred strains bred at MRC-National Institute for Medical Research. 英国国家医学研究所(MRC-National Institute for Medical Research)培育的小鼠近交系的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)特征。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241273070
José M Sánchez-Morgado

Inbred mouse strains have long proved useful as tools for biomedical research. They remove the effects of genetic background as an experimental variable. Within all mouse colonies, genetic drift is a recognised phenomenon and monitoring and documenting changes is important for experimental design and consistency. This communication documents the initial characterisation through SNP analysis of the inbred mouse strains bred and used at the time at the Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research (MRC-NIMR), Mill Hill, now The Crick Institute. These inbred strains were part of the foundation colonies for the many genetically modified mouse strains made at Mill Hill. We found small genetic changes in four of the nine inbred strains. Although phenotypic differences have not yet been found between the NIMR and the correspondent parental strains, I cannot discard that these may arise or have already arisen. This work has also authenticated the 129/SvJEvNimr-Gpi1c strain that was widely used at MRC-NIMR for gene targeting. All these inbred strains have been renamed according to The International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice.

近交系小鼠长期以来一直被证明是生物医学研究的有用工具。它们消除了遗传背景作为实验变量的影响。在所有小鼠群体中,遗传漂变是一种公认的现象,监测和记录变化对于实验设计和一致性非常重要。这篇通讯记录了医学研究理事会国家医学研究所(MRC-NIMR)米尔希尔分所(现为克里克研究所)当时培育和使用的近交系小鼠品系的 SNP 分析的初步特征。这些近亲繁殖品系是米尔希尔制造的许多转基因小鼠品系的基础群的一部分。我们在九个近交系中的四个中发现了微小的基因变化。虽然尚未发现 NIMR 和相应亲本品系之间的表型差异,但我不能排除这些差异可能会出现或已经出现。这项工作还鉴定了在 MRC-NIMR 广泛用于基因打靶的 129/SvJEvNimr-Gpi1c 品系。所有这些近交系都已根据国际小鼠标准化遗传命名委员会(The International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice)重新命名。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of inferior vena cava puncture under continuous cardiac perfusion with cardiac puncture in blood acquisition of the laboratory mouse. 比较在持续心脏灌注下进行下腔静脉穿刺和在实验室小鼠血液采集中进行心脏穿刺。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241256023
Wengang Hu, Hao Sheng, JiaCai Yang, Cheng Chen, Ruoyu Shang, Zhihui Liu, Xiaohong Hu, Xiaorong Zhang, Weifeng He, Chibing Huang, Gaoxing Luo

Obtaining sufficient blood volume from mice significantly facilitates experimental research. This study explored the inferior vena cava puncture under continuous cardiac perfusion (IVCP-UCCP) technique and evaluated its efficiency in comparison with conventional cardiac puncture (CP). In an initial dose-finding study, 50 mice were randomly assigned to one of 10 groups with escalating perfusion volume from 0.5 to 4.5 ml in 0.5-ml increments. The minimum perfusion volume was determined to be 2 ml in collecting whole circulating blood. In the next comparison using the conventional method, 40 mice were randomly assigned to one of two groups denoting different blood collection methods: Group 1: CP, Group 2: IVCP-UCCP. The results showed 1) that the cells and undiluted blood volume collected via IVCP-UCCP was over twofold higher than that by CP (p < 0.001), confirmed by the cell counts and hematoxylin-eosin staining of different tissues slides (p < 0.001); 2) the new technique did not alter the cellular composition or viability, which was verified by routine blood tests and flow cytometry (p > 0.05); 3) the blood collected via the novel technique was diluted 2.1 times: the hemato-biochemical indicator results multiplied by 2.1 were identical with the test results of blood from CP (p > 0.05). Together, the refined blood collection method of IVCP-UCCP completely extracted the limited blood resources in mice, significantly enhanced the utilization of each mouse, and thus offered scientific and ethical benefits. This technique may be also applicable for other small animal models.

从小鼠体内获得足够的血容量极大地促进了实验研究。本研究探索了持续心脏灌注下的下腔静脉穿刺(IVCP-UCCP)技术,并评估了其与传统心脏穿刺(CP)的效率比较。在最初的剂量测定研究中,50 只小鼠被随机分配到 10 组中的一组,灌注量以 0.5 毫升为单位从 0.5 毫升递增到 4.5 毫升。在收集全循环血液时,确定最小灌注量为 2 毫升。在使用传统方法进行的下一步比较中,40 只小鼠被随机分配到两组中的一组,这两组表示不同的采血方法:第 1 组:CP,第 2 组:IVCP-UCCP。结果显示:1)通过 IVCP-UCCP 采集的细胞和未稀释血量比 CP 高出两倍多(P 0.001),不同组织切片的细胞计数和苏木精-伊红染色证实了这一点(P 0.001);2)新技术没有改变细胞的组成和活力,这一点通过血常规检测和流式细胞术得到了验证(P > 0.05);3)通过新技术采集的血液稀释了 2.1 倍:血液生化指标结果乘以 2.1 后与来自 CP 的血液检测结果相同(P > 0.05)。总之,IVCP-UCCP 的改进采血方法完全提取了小鼠有限的血液资源,大大提高了每只小鼠的利用率,从而带来了科学和伦理方面的益处。这项技术也可用于其他小动物模型。
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引用次数: 0
Development of a center for automated equipment processing to transform the research enterprise configuration. 建立自动化设备处理中心,改造科研企业配置。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241262827
Philip J Richter, Albert LeClair, Harry Lim

The strategy of centralizing equipment sanitation and processing was developed by a top-tier public university to address the growing physical infrastructure and human resource challenges of its expanding in-vivo research enterprise. Subsequently, a center for automated equipment processing physically separate from all animal research facilities was developed and has operated consistently since 2016. The facility incorporates systems such as process automation to sanitize and sterilize equipment as efficiently as possible. Analysis of the differences between the new centralized and old distributed research enterprise configurations shows a total estimated fiscal benefit of almost US$54 m to date projected out to US$124 m through 2028. Utility consumption of operations over nine years in the new configuration was estimated to be decreased by over 125 million gallons of water, 14 million gallons of chilled water, 121 million pounds of steam, and almost 3.6 million kilowatts of electricity, with consumption savings significantly increased projected out to 2028. Additional operational and organizational benefits as well as direct research benefits were identified. The new configuration has functioned for nine years without detectable cross contamination within the research enterprise thus providing evidence that the location of equipment processing can be less of a "microbial" risk factor than previously attributed.

一所顶级公立大学制定了集中设备卫生和处理的战略,以应对其不断扩大的体内研究企业所面临的日益增长的物理基础设施和人力资源挑战。随后,该校建立了一个与所有动物研究设施分开的自动化设备处理中心,自 2016 年以来一直在持续运行。该设施采用了流程自动化等系统,以尽可能高效地对设备进行消毒和灭菌。对新的集中式研究企业配置与旧的分布式研究企业配置之间差异的分析表明,到目前为止,估计总财政收益近 5 400 万美元,预计到 2028 年将达到 1.24 亿美元。据估计,在新配置下,9 年的公用事业运行消耗将减少超过 1.25 亿加仑的水、1400 万加仑的冷冻水、1.21 亿磅的蒸汽和近 360 万千瓦的电力,预计到 2028 年,消耗节省将显著增加。此外,还确定了其他的运营和组织效益以及直接的研究效益。新的配置已经运行了 9 年,在研究企业内部没有发现交叉污染,从而证明设备处理地点的 "微生物 "风险因素比以前所认为的要小。
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引用次数: 0
Decision trees for determining the fate of laboratory animals. 决定实验动物命运的决策树。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241271034
Myhailo Reshetnykov, Karen Stumm, Michael Zwick, Jan Baumgart

Facilities involved in laboratory animal research often face ethical challenges such as: what should I do with the animals that are no longer suitable for experimental purposes? One of the common answers to this question is to kill them. And while numerous scientifically justifiable reasons exist for killing laboratory animals, we must not overlook our ethical responsibility towards these sentient beings. Animal facility managers and scientists frequently find themselves in a moral dilemma, torn between furthering their research and addressing the well-being of experimental animals required for their studies. We elaborated a concept consisting of six decision trees and recommendations for making informed decisions about the need to kill laboratory animals in research facilities, considering legal and ethical considerations. The concept is based on the German regulatory perspective. However, the measures and decisions for animal welfare can be implemented in all laboratory animal facilities. These recommendations suggest several courses of action, including implementing consistent breeding plans, exploring alternative uses, reassigning surplus animals and their organs, and establishing appropriate housing capacity limits that ensure species-appropriate care. We encourage scientists and animal facility managers to develop and implement decision-making frameworks and procedures tailored to their specific facilities, in the hope that this work will promote a thoughtful and responsible approach to the complex challenges associated with the killing of laboratory animals, advancing scientific progress and the humane treatment of these animals.

从事实验动物研究的机构经常面临伦理挑战,例如:我该如何处理不再适合用于实验目的的动物?这个问题的常见答案之一就是杀死它们。虽然杀死实验动物有许多科学上合理的理由,但我们决不能忽视我们对这些有生命的生物所承担的伦理责任。动物设施管理者和科学家经常发现自己处于道德两难境地,既要推进自己的研究,又要解决研究中所需实验动物的福利问题。我们提出了一个概念,其中包括六个决策树和建议,以便在考虑法律和道德因素的情况下,就是否需要在研究机构中杀死实验动物做出明智的决定。该概念基于德国的监管视角。不过,所有实验动物机构都可以实施动物福利措施和决策。这些建议提出了几种行动方案,包括实施一致的繁殖计划、探索替代用途、重新分配多余的动物及其器官,以及制定适当的饲养量限制,以确保提供适合物种的护理。我们鼓励科学家和动物设施管理者制定并实施适合其具体设施的决策框架和程序,希望这项工作能促进以深思熟虑和负责任的方式应对与实验动物杀戮相关的复杂挑战,推动科学进步和对这些动物的人道待遇。
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引用次数: 0
Mouse aversion to induction with isoflurane using the drop method. 使用滴注法诱导小鼠厌恶异氟醚。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241262119
Maya J Bodnar, I Joanna Makowska, Courtney T Boyd, Catherine A Schuppli, Daniel M Weary

Isoflurane anesthesia prior to carbon dioxide euthanasia is recognized as a refinement by many guidelines. Facilities lacking access to a vaporizer can use the "drop" method, whereby liquid anesthetic is introduced into an induction chamber. Knowing the least aversive concentration of isoflurane is critical. Previous work has demonstrated that isoflurane administered with the drop method at a concentration of 5% is aversive to mice. Other work has shown that lower concentrations (1.7% to 3.7%) of isoflurane can be used to anesthetize mice with the drop method, but aversion to these concentrations has not been tested. We assessed aversion to these lower isoflurane concentrations administered with the drop method, using a conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigm. Female C57BL/6J (OT-1) mice (n = 28) were randomly allocated to one of three isoflurane concentrations: 1.7%, 2.7%, and 3.7%. Mice were acclimated to a light-dark apparatus. Prior to and following dark (+ isoflurane) and light chamber conditioning sessions, mice underwent an initial and final preference assessment; the change in the duration spent within the dark chamber between the initial and final preference tests was used to calculate a CPA score. Aversion increased with increasing isoflurane concentration: from 1.7% to 2.7% to 3.7% isoflurane, mean ± SE CPA score decreased from 19.6 ± 20.1 s to -25.6 ± 23.2 s, to -116.9 ± 30.6 s (F1,54 = 15.4, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that, when using the drop method to administer isoflurane, concentrations between 1.7% and 2.7% can be used to minimize female mouse aversion to induction.

许多指南都认为二氧化碳安乐死前的异氟烷麻醉是一种改进。没有蒸发器的机构可以使用 "滴注 "法,即将液态麻醉剂引入诱导室。了解异氟醚的最小厌恶浓度至关重要。之前的研究表明,使用滴注法给小鼠注射浓度为 5%的异氟醚会使其产生厌恶感。其他工作表明,较低浓度(1.7% 至 3.7%)的异氟烷也可用于滴注法麻醉小鼠,但对这些浓度的厌恶程度尚未进行测试。我们使用条件性场所厌恶(CPA)范式评估了小鼠对这些较低浓度异氟醚滴注法的厌恶程度。雌性 C57BL/6J (OT-1) 小鼠(n = 28)被随机分配到三种异氟醚浓度中的一种:1.7%、2.7% 和 3.7%。小鼠适应光-暗装置。在进行暗室(+异氟醚)和光室调节之前和之后,小鼠接受了初始和最终偏好评估;初始和最终偏好测试之间小鼠在暗室内停留时间的变化被用来计算 CPA 分数。厌恶程度随着异氟烷浓度的增加而增加:异氟烷浓度从 1.7% 到 2.7% 再到 3.7%,CPA 评分的平均值(±SE)从 19.6 ± 20.1 秒下降到 -25.6 ± 23.2 秒,再下降到 -116.9 ± 30.6 秒(F1,54 = 15.4,p.
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引用次数: 0
How cage effects can hurt statistical analyses of completely randomized designs. 笼效应如何影响完全随机设计的统计分析?
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241276785
Reid D Landes

Cage effects: some researchers worry about them, some don't, and some aren't even aware of them. When statistical analyses do not account for cage effects, there is real reason to worry. Regardless of researchers' worries or lack thereof, all researchers should be aware of how cage effects can affect the results. The "how" depends, in part, on the experimental design. Here, I (a) define cage effects; (b) illustrate a completely randomized design (CRD) often used in animal experiments; (c) explain how statistical significance is artificially inflated when cage effects are ignored and (d) give guidance on proper analyses and on how to increase statistical power in CRDs.

笼子效应:有些研究人员担心笼子效应,有些不担心,有些甚至没有意识到笼子效应。当统计分析没有考虑笼子效应时,确实有理由担心。无论研究人员是否担心,所有研究人员都应该意识到笼效应会如何影响研究结果。至于 "如何",部分取决于实验设计。在此,我将(a) 给笼子效应下一个定义;(b) 举例说明动物实验中经常使用的完全随机设计(CRD);(c) 解释当笼子效应被忽视时,统计显著性是如何被人为夸大的;(d) 指导如何进行正确的分析,以及如何提高 CRD 的统计功率。
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引用次数: 0
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Laboratory Animals
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