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Guidance on the assessment of learning outcomes for those designing procedures and projects - Report of an ETPLAS Working Group. 程序和项目设计者学习成果评估指南--ETPLAS 工作组报告。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241244527
Ismene A Dontas, Derek J Fry, David I Lewis, Kenneth Applebee, Martje Fentener van Vlissingen, Katerina Marinou, Johannes Schenkel

This document provides assessment criteria for evaluation of each of the Learning Outcomes of the Modules specified (in addition to the Core Modules) for those designing procedures and projects in the Education and Training Framework guidance document by the European Commission and endorsed by the Member States Competent Authorities. This Working Group was tasked to produce these criteria by the Education & Training Platform for Laboratory Animal Science, which was funded by the European Commission to this aim. The assessment criteria address knowledge and skills (including critical thinking) expected to be acquired during education and training of persons preparing to design research procedures and projects using animals under the scope of Directive 2010/63/EU. Recognizing the diversity of expertise and experiences of those being educated and trained, we provide two levels of attainment, an ideal response and one that would be acceptable for each Learning Outcome. The balance between ideal and acceptable could be decided by the particular course providers and/or assessors, according to their local requirements. We envisage that the use of these assessment criteria by training providers and accrediting or approving bodies will help harmonize the education and training for those who will design procedures and projects using animals for scientific purposes. In Europe, this may also contribute to mutual recognition of training, and facilitate free movement of scientists.

本文件提供了评估标准,用于评估欧盟委员会在教育和培训框架指导文件中为程序和项目设计人员指定的模块(除核心模块外)的每项学习成果。实验动物科学教育与培训平台委托本工作组制定这些标准,欧盟委员会为此提供了资助。评估标准涉及准备设计 2010/63/EU 指令范围内使用动物的研究程序和项目的人员在接受教育和培训期间应掌握的知识和技能(包括批判性思维)。考虑到接受教育和培训者的专业知识和经验的多样性,我们为每项 "学习成果 "提供了两种水平的成绩,一种是理想成绩,另一种是可接受成绩。理想水平与可接受水平之间的平衡可由特定的课程提供者和/或评估者根据当地要求来决定。我们预计,培训机构和认证或批准机构使用这些评估标准,将有助于协调对那些为科学目的设计使用动物的程序和项目的人员的教育和培训。在欧洲,这也可能有助于培训的相互承认,并促进科学家的自由流动。
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引用次数: 0
Murine astrovirus (MuAstV) infection in mouse facilities in Brazil: First South American report 巴西小鼠设施中的鼠星状病毒(MuAstV)感染:南美首份报告
IF 2.4 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241257132
Marcia S C Oliveira, Tatiana X Castro, Camila F Baez, Simone Ramos, Gabriel R Azevedo, Carolina M de Castro, Ana Clara SS de Paula, Laura MB Levy, Emanuelle da S do Nascimento, Rafael B Varella
This study aimed to investigate the presence of murine astrovirus (MuAstV) in Brazil. Fecal samples from mice belonging to four Brazilian animal facilities were collected and tested for MuAstV using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of the 162 samples tested, 38 (23.5%) were positive for MuAstV, 33 (91.7%) of which came from specific-pathogen free colonies. Although most of the samples were obtained from asymptomatic animals, three mice presented diarrheal symptoms, and MuAstV was the only agent detected by molecular assay. Phylogenetic analysis revealed similarities between the MuAstV strains from this study and prototypes from the USA. MuAstV’s high prevalence, environmental stability, genetic diversity and potential for persistent infections must be considered when evaluating health monitoring programs for laboratory rodents.
本研究旨在调查巴西是否存在小鼠星状病毒(MuAstV)。研究人员收集了巴西四家动物饲养场的小鼠粪便样本,并使用实时聚合酶链反应对样本进行了MuAstV检测。在检测的 162 份样本中,38 份(23.5%)对 MuAstV 呈阳性,其中 33 份(91.7%)来自无特定病原体的群落。虽然大部分样本来自无症状动物,但有三只小鼠出现腹泻症状,而通过分子检测,MuAstV 是唯一检测到的病原体。系统发育分析表明,本研究中的 MuAstV 株系与美国的原型相似。在评估实验室啮齿动物健康监测计划时,必须考虑到 MuAstV 的高流行率、环境稳定性、遗传多样性和持续感染的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Non-invasive acquisition of vital data in anesthetized rats using laser and radar application 利用激光和雷达应用无创采集麻醉大鼠的生命数据
IF 2.4 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241265541
Toshiaki Kawabe, Shota Kita, Isao Ohmura, Ryuji Michino, Hidenori Watanabe, Guanghao Sun, Seiya Inoue
The aim of this study was to verify the possibility of obtaining vital sign information using a laser and radar sensor in a manner that is non-invasive and painless for test animals. A dataset was obtained from respiratory movement of anaesthetized male F344 rats, signals of laser and radar sensors were recorded simultaneously with vital data acquired with an integrated multiple-channel intraoperative monitor. In addition, respiratory movements were also video recorded, and used as reference data of respiration rate (RR; ref-RR). Reference data for heart rate (HR; ref-HR) were obtained from the R wave of electrocardiogram data for each epoch. Signals recorded from the radar sensor (I- and Q-signals) were input to a computer, and HR (radar-HR) and RR (radar-RR) were estimated using the frequency analysis method. Among the six positions where respiratory movements were measured by the laser sensor, the number of peak counts matched the visual counts of respiratory movements in the video records. The respiratory movements were significantly the greatest over the most caudal rib in the dorsal ( p < 0.001). The average radar-RR and ref-RR values showed correspondence (ref-RR, 69 ± 6.2 breaths/min; radar-RR, 68 ± 5.7 breaths/min ( p = 0.04–1.00); equivalence ratio, 86%). The radar-HR data showed slight variability; however, there was 80% homology compared with the ref-HR values (ref-HR, 336 ± 19.6 beats/min; radar-HR, 348 ± 34.1 ( p = 0.10–0.95)). Although comparison of the data under noradrenaline administration failed to track drug-induced changes in some cases, the HR and RR data of anesthetized rats measured from the radar sensor system showed comparable accuracy to other conventional methods.
本研究旨在验证使用激光和雷达传感器获取生命体征信息的可能性,这种方式对试验动物来说是非侵入性和无痛的。研究人员从麻醉后的雄性 F344 大鼠的呼吸运动中获取了数据集,同时记录了激光和雷达传感器的信号以及术中多通道综合监护仪获取的生命体征数据。此外,还对呼吸运动进行了录像,并将其作为呼吸频率(RR;ref-RR)的参考数据。心率(HR;ref-HR)的参考数据来自每个时间段的心电图 R 波数据。雷达传感器记录的信号(I 信号和 Q 信号)被输入计算机,并使用频率分析方法估算心率(雷达-心率)和呼吸频率(雷达-呼吸频率)。在激光传感器测量到呼吸运动的六个位置中,峰值次数与视频记录中呼吸运动的目视次数相吻合。背侧最尾肋骨上的呼吸运动明显最大(p < 0.001)。雷达-RR 和 ref-RR 的平均值显示出对应关系(ref-RR,69 ± 6.2 次/分钟;雷达-RR,68 ± 5.7 次/分钟(p = 0.04-1.00);等效比,86%)。雷达-HR 数据显示出轻微的变异性;然而,与 ref-HR 值(ref-HR,336 ± 19.6 次/分钟;雷达-HR,348 ± 34.1 次/分钟(p = 0.10-0.95))相比,有 80% 的同源性。虽然在服用去甲肾上腺素的情况下进行的数据比较在某些情况下无法跟踪药物引起的变化,但雷达传感器系统测量的麻醉大鼠心率和心率数据显示出与其他传统方法相当的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Animal models for preventing seroma after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 预防术后血清肿的动物模型:系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241273010
Steven E M Poos, Bob P Hermans, Harry van Goor, Richard P G Ten Broek

Novel interventions for seroma prevention are urgently needed in clinical practice. Animal models are pivotal tools for testing these interventions; however, a significant translational gap persists between clinical and animal model outcomes. This systematic review aims to assess the methodological characteristics and quality of animal models utilized for seroma prevention. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the expected seroma incidence rate for control groups and determine the effect size of typical interventions. We systematically retrieved all studies describing animal models in which seroma formation was induced. Methodological characteristics, risks of bias, and study quality were assessed. Seroma volume and -incidence data were used for the meta-analysis. In total, 55 studies were included, with 42 eligible for meta-analysis. Rats (69%) were the most frequently used species, with mastectomy (50%) being the predominant surgical procedure in these models. Despite significant risks of bias across all studies, an improving trend in reporting quality per decade was observed. The meta-analysis revealed an average seroma incidence of 90% in typical control groups. The average intervention halved the seroma incidence (RR = 0.49; CI 0.35, 0.70) and significantly reduced seroma volume (SMD = -3.31; CI -4.21, -2.41), although notable heterogeneity was present. In conclusion, animal models for seroma prevention exhibit methodological flaws and multiple risks of bias. Implementing sufficiently powered positive and negative control groups could improve the internal validity of these models. More research is needed for further development of animal seroma models.

临床实践中迫切需要预防血清肿的新型干预措施。动物模型是测试这些干预措施的关键工具;然而,临床与动物模型结果之间仍然存在着巨大的转化差距。本系统综述旨在评估用于血清肿预防的动物模型的方法学特征和质量。我们进行了一项荟萃分析,以估计对照组的预期血清肿发生率,并确定典型干预措施的效果大小。我们系统地检索了所有描述诱导血清肿形成的动物模型的研究。我们对方法学特征、偏倚风险和研究质量进行了评估。血清肿体积和发病率数据被用于荟萃分析。共纳入 55 项研究,其中 42 项符合荟萃分析条件。大鼠(69%)是最常用的物种,乳房切除术(50%)是这些模型中最主要的手术方法。尽管所有研究都存在严重的偏倚风险,但每十年的报告质量都呈上升趋势。荟萃分析显示,典型对照组的血清肿平均发生率为 90%。平均干预可将血清肿发生率减半(RR = 0.49;CI 0.35,0.70),并显著减少血清肿体积(SMD = -3.31;CI -4.21,-2.41),但存在明显的异质性。总之,血清肿预防动物模型存在方法学缺陷和多种偏倚风险。采用有足够支持力的阳性和阴性对照组可以提高这些模型的内部有效性。要进一步开发血清肿动物模型,还需要进行更多的研究。
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引用次数: 0
The culture of care to enhance laboratory animal personnel well-being: a scoping review. 提高实验动物工作人员福利的关怀文化:范围审查。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241259089
Heidi L Morahan, Shari Cohen, Lisa Bero, Kieron B Rooney

There has been intense focus on improving the quality of animal research in recent times. An emerging concept of a 'culture of care' has been proposed as another important pillar to enhance scientific quality, with staff well-being being a critical aspect. Professionals working with research animals can face moral and psychological burdens and are at risk of experiencing work-related stress. However, data on the global prevalence of stress in this population is limited. Equally, it is not clear how these stresses manifest, and what impact they might have on an individual's workplace performance and research quality. The purpose of this review was to identify work-related stress, its prevalence, and map evidence on strategies to mitigate stresses. We also set out to identify studies assessing the association between work-related stress and research quality. A systematic search was conducted across four databases, in addition to hand searching relevant references. We included peer-reviewed publications describing work-related stress, culture of care and laboratory animal professionals. A total of 49 publications were included for data mapping. Compassion fatigue was the most frequently described work-related stress, and its prevalence across Europe and North America is likely to be widespread. Multiple strategies to mitigate compassion fatigue and work-related stress were put forward, however, limited empirical evidence was available to assess success. Moreover, no studies reported empirical data linking work-related stress with research quality, despite several publications stating the case. Further population-specific research and measured assessments are urgently needed to deliver culture of care programmes to improve human well-being, animal welfare and research quality.

近来,提高动物研究质量一直是人们关注的焦点。人们提出了 "关爱文化 "这一新兴概念,将其作为提高科学质量的另一个重要支柱,而工作人员的福祉则是其中的一个关键方面。与研究动物打交道的专业人员可能会面临道德和心理负担,并有可能承受与工作相关的压力。然而,关于这一人群压力的全球普遍程度的数据十分有限。同样,我们也不清楚这些压力是如何表现出来的,以及它们会对个人的工作表现和研究质量产生什么影响。本综述旨在确定与工作相关的压力、压力的普遍程度,并绘制减轻压力策略的证据图。我们还着手确定评估工作相关压力与研究质量之间关系的研究。除了手工检索相关参考文献外,我们还在四个数据库中进行了系统检索。我们收录了介绍工作相关压力、护理文化和实验动物专业人员的同行评议出版物。共有 49 篇出版物被纳入数据映射。同情疲劳是最常被描述的工作相关压力,它在欧洲和北美的流行程度可能很普遍。研究人员提出了多种缓解同情疲劳和工作相关压力的策略,但可用来评估成功与否的经验证据有限。此外,尽管有几份出版物指出了工作压力与研究质量之间的联系,但没有研究报告了相关的经验数据。我们迫切需要进一步开展针对特定人群的研究和测量评估,以实施关爱文化计划,改善人类福祉、动物福利和研究质量。
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引用次数: 0
Spontaneous type II cell-derived bronchioloalveolar adenoma in a young ICR mouse. 一只幼年 ICR 小鼠自发性 II 型细胞衍生支气管肺泡腺瘤。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241257726
Minkyoung Sung, Soo-Eun Sung, Joo-Hee Choi, Yujeong Lee, Kyung-Ku Kang, SunHee Park, Duyeol Kim, Sijoon Lee

Although pulmonary adenomas have been reported in ICR mice, spontaneous adenomas have not been reported in mice aged ≤10 weeks. Here, we report a well-circumscribed nodule (1 mm × 1 mm) in the peripheral lesion of the left lateral lobe of a 10-week-old male ICR mouse. Histopathologic evaluation revealed a well-demarcated nodule compressing the surrounding tissue. The neoplastic cells were polygonal with indistinct cellular borders, round/oval nuclei and abundant cytoplasm. These characteristics led to the diagnosis of type II cell-derived bronchioloalveolar adenoma. Given that they are generally observed in aged laboratory animals, this case represents a rare manifestation of a spontaneous tumor in young laboratory mice before puberty.

尽管有报道称 ICR 小鼠出现了肺腺瘤,但在年龄≤10 周的小鼠中还没有出现过自发性腺瘤。在此,我们报告了一只 10 周龄雄性 ICR 小鼠左侧外叶外周病灶中的一个圆形结节(1 毫米 × 1 毫米)。组织病理学评估显示,一个界限清晰的结节压迫了周围组织。肿瘤细胞呈多角形,细胞边界不清,核呈圆形/椭圆形,胞浆丰富。根据这些特征,诊断结果为 II 型细胞源性支气管肺泡腺瘤。鉴于此类肿瘤通常在老年实验动物身上观察到,本病例代表了青春期前年轻实验鼠自发性肿瘤的罕见表现。
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引用次数: 0
Pharmacokinetics of single dose levobupivacaine after peri-incisional subcutaneous infiltration in anaesthetized domestic pigs. 麻醉家猪切口周围皮下注射单剂量左旋布比卡因的药代动力学。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241259618
Tilen Vake, Tomaž Snoj, Maja Čemažar, Urša Lampreht Tratar, Urban Stupan, Alenka Seliškar, Jan Plut, Tina Kosjek, Helena Plešnik, Marina Štukelj

Increasing use of pigs as models in translational research, and growing focus on animal welfare are leading to better use of effective analgesics and anaesthetics when painful procedures are performed. However, there is a gap in basic knowledge such as pharmacokinetics of different anaesthetics in these species. The main objective of our study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine in domestic pigs. Twelve female grower pigs weighing 31.17 ± 4.6 kg were subjected to general anaesthesia and experimental surgery, at the end of which they received 1 mg/kg levobupivacaine via peri-incisional subcutaneous infiltration. Plasma samples were collected before administration of levobupivacaine and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h thereafter. Concentrations of levobupivacaine were determined by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Following single dose of levobupivacaine, all animals had measurable plasma concentrations 0.5 h after drug administration, with most peak concentrations observed at the 1-h time point. In all 12 animals, levobupivacaine was below the limit of quantification 48 h after drug administration. The mean maximum plasma concentration, area under the curve and half-life were determined to be 809.98 μg/l, 6552.46 μg/l h and 6.25 h, respectively. Plasma clearance, volume of distribution and weight-normalized volume of distribution were 4.41 l/h, 35.57 l and 1.23 l/kg, respectively. Peak plasma concentrations in our study were well below concentrations that were found to produce toxicity in pigs.

在转化研究中越来越多地使用猪作为模型,对动物福利的关注也与日俱增,这促使人们在进行疼痛手术时更好地使用有效的镇痛剂和麻醉剂。然而,在这些物种中使用不同麻醉剂的药代动力学等基础知识方面还存在差距。我们研究的主要目的是确定左旋布比卡因在家猪体内的药代动力学。我们对 12 头体重为 31.17 ± 4.6 千克的雌性生长猪进行了全身麻醉和实验性手术,手术结束后通过切口周围皮下浸润注射了 1 毫克/千克左旋布比卡因。在注射左旋布比卡因前和注射后的 0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24 和 48 小时采集血浆样本。采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定左旋布比卡因的浓度。单次服用左旋布比卡因后,所有动物的血浆浓度在服药后 0.5 小时内均可测量到,在 1 小时内观察到的浓度峰值最多。所有 12 只动物在用药 48 小时后的左旋布比卡因浓度均低于定量限。平均最大血浆浓度、曲线下面积和半衰期分别为 809.98 μg/l、6552.46 μg/l h 和 6.25 h。血浆清除率、分布容积和体重归一化分布容积分别为 4.41 升/小时、35.57 升和 1.23 升/公斤。在我们的研究中,血浆中的峰值浓度远低于猪体内可产生毒性的浓度。
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引用次数: 0
Variability in rat weight gain during development. 大鼠发育过程中体重增加的变化。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241246370
Pablo Vázquez-Borsetti

The rat is one of the most employed animal models in biomedicine. Traditionally, weight gain has been utilized to gauge development and compare across species. Numerous studies have conducted longitudinal analyses of rat development, with emphasis on weight gain analysis. Given the high variability in these patterns, experimental data from a single laboratory may not be reliable for generalized estimation. This study aimed to analyze the effect of different factors on the pattern of weight gain during rat development. A literature survey was conducted to compile a database comprising nearly 300 data points of age and weight from 15 longitudinal studies. The database comprised both pre- and postnatal data. Utilizing the Gompertz equation, the data was analyzed to formulate a comprehensive model describing rat development. Differences in growth patterns became increasingly evident at later developmental stages, when significant differences in the maximum asymptote between sexes and strains were reached.

大鼠是生物医学中使用最多的动物模型之一。传统上,人们利用体重增加来衡量大鼠的发育情况,并对不同物种进行比较。许多研究对大鼠的发育进行了纵向分析,重点是体重增加分析。鉴于这些模式的高度可变性,来自单一实验室的实验数据可能并不可靠,无法进行普遍的估计。本研究旨在分析不同因素对大鼠发育过程中体重增加模式的影响。通过文献调查,我们建立了一个数据库,其中包括来自 15 项纵向研究的近 300 个年龄和体重数据点。该数据库包括出生前和出生后的数据。利用贡珀兹方程对数据进行分析,从而建立了一个描述大鼠发育过程的综合模型。在发育后期,生长模式的差异变得越来越明显,性别和品系之间的最大渐近线差异显著。
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引用次数: 0
Fin clipping does not increase opercular beat rate in tricaine-treated zebrafish. 剪鳍不会增加三卡因处理斑马鱼的厣搏率。
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241252551
Martin D Burkhalter, Melanie Philipp

To carry out research with genetically modified animals, their genotype has to be assessed. A standard protocol to obtain required tissue samples from zebrafish is finclipping. However, some studies reported considerable stress induced by this protocol. We therefore assessed ventilation as a read-out for stress in zebrafish that underwent finclipping during routine genotyping in our fish facility. Our analysis could not confirm a strong increase of ventilation as had been previously reported. Instead, handled zebrafish showed ventilation rates in the range of controls that remained in their holding tanks. Additionally, we detected a slight reduction of ventilation rates up to an hour after anaesthesia in zebrafish treated with tricaine only, suggesting a prolonged protecting effect by this anaesthetic.

要利用转基因动物开展研究,必须对其基因型进行评估。从斑马鱼身上获取所需组织样本的标准方法是鳍条剪切。然而,一些研究报告称这种方法会对斑马鱼造成相当大的压力。因此,我们评估了在我们的鱼类设施中进行常规基因分型时接受鱼鳍剪切的斑马鱼的通气情况,作为压力的读数。我们的分析无法证实之前报道的通气量大幅增加的情况。相反,经过处理的斑马鱼显示的通气率与留在饲养箱中的对照组相同。此外,我们检测到仅使用三卡因麻醉的斑马鱼在麻醉后一小时内通气率略有下降,这表明这种麻醉剂具有长期保护作用。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of two bedding types on the breeding fecundity of C57BL/6J mice. 两种垫料对 C57BL/6J 小鼠繁殖力的影响比较
IF 1.3 4区 农林科学 Q2 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241249783
Jessica L Pinckard, Lauren A Gibson, Wendy R Williams

One of the favored options for generating complex transgenic laboratory mice is through in-house breeding and management strategies. One consideration in the management of these colonies is how the animals' environment may affect reproductive success. Several aspects of the microenvironment can be controlled or manipulated, including cage type, bedding, enrichment, diet, and temperature and humidity. This study sought to evaluate reproductive outcomes for C57BL/6J mice that were randomly assigned to one of two different bedding types: paper based or corncob bedding. Our hypothesis was there would be no significant difference in reproductive outcomes between the two bedding types. A total of 10 males and 10 females were paired at 45 days of age. Animals were allowed to breed for 15 consecutive weeks. Cages were checked daily for the presence of pups and a pup count was performed at 7 days of age. Weaning occurred at 20 or 21 days of age, at which time a final pup count, pup weight, and sex were recorded. All litters born and pups weaned in the 15-week timeframe were used for data analysis. Statistical analysis compared cannibalization between the two groups and the results showed no statistical difference between groups (p > 0.05). Other parameters analyzed included average litter size, average weaning weight, and number of litters per group. All pups counted at Day 7 survived to weaning age in both groups. We concluded that both bedding types produced similar success regarding breeding fecundity in C57BL/6J mice.

通过内部繁殖和管理策略,是产生复杂转基因实验小鼠的首选方案之一。管理这些群体的一个考虑因素是动物的环境可能会如何影响繁殖成功率。微环境的几个方面是可以控制或操纵的,包括笼子类型、垫料、富集、饮食以及温度和湿度。本研究旨在评估 C57BL/6J 小鼠的繁殖结果,这些小鼠被随机分配到两种不同类型的垫料中的一种:纸质垫料或玉米芯垫料。我们的假设是,两种垫料在繁殖结果上没有显著差异。共有 10 只雄性和 10 只雌性小鼠在 45 日龄时配对。让动物连续繁殖 15 周。每天检查笼子中是否有幼崽,并在 7 日龄时对幼崽进行计数。幼崽在 20 或 21 日龄断奶,此时记录幼崽的最终数量、体重和性别。所有在 15 周内出生和断奶的幼崽均用于数据分析。统计分析比较了两组之间的食人情况,结果显示两组之间没有统计学差异(P > 0.05)。其他分析参数包括平均产仔数、平均断奶重量和每组产仔数。在第 7 天统计的所有幼仔中,两组都存活到了断奶年龄。我们得出的结论是,两种垫料类型对 C57BL/6J 小鼠繁殖力的影响相似。
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引用次数: 0
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