Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1109/FCS.2018.8597440
Chun Zhao, Milind S. Pandit, G. Sobreviela, Arif Mustafazade, S. Du, X. Zou, A. Seshia
This paper presents a new class of oscillator topology requiring only one constant gain transimpedance amplifier in the loop. An amplitude control is realized through the amplitude modulation effect within a coupled resonator system. Control of the oscillation amplitude is enabled through an external DC voltage. A frequency stability of 7. Sppb has been achieved for the proof-of-concept oscillator. This new oscillator topology can potentially be helpful for low noise and low power integrated oscillator design.
{"title":"A Direct Feedback Oscillator Topology Employing Weakly Coupled Resonators for Gain Control","authors":"Chun Zhao, Milind S. Pandit, G. Sobreviela, Arif Mustafazade, S. Du, X. Zou, A. Seshia","doi":"10.1109/FCS.2018.8597440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCS.2018.8597440","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new class of oscillator topology requiring only one constant gain transimpedance amplifier in the loop. An amplitude control is realized through the amplitude modulation effect within a coupled resonator system. Control of the oscillation amplitude is enabled through an external DC voltage. A frequency stability of 7. Sppb has been achieved for the proof-of-concept oscillator. This new oscillator topology can potentially be helpful for low noise and low power integrated oscillator design.","PeriodicalId":180164,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126522655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1109/FCS.2018.8597482
M. Aleynikov, A. Boyko, I. Blinov, S. Donchenko
One of the main problem of achieving a quantum noise limited frequency stability in atomic clocks operating in cycle mode, e.g. fountain or pulsed optically pumped (POP) atomic clock, is a phase noise of interrogation signal probing the atom transition. In the present work a solution of the problem via application of a special hydrogen maser with increased power radiated by atomic beam or a low phase noise H-maser as a reference in synthesis scheme of the interrogation signal is described. This solution caused by simplicity because it requires neither cryogenic microwave oscillators nor complicated optical systems techniques.
{"title":"Using a Low Phase Noise H-Maser as a Local Oscillator for an Rb Fountain Discriminator","authors":"M. Aleynikov, A. Boyko, I. Blinov, S. Donchenko","doi":"10.1109/FCS.2018.8597482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCS.2018.8597482","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main problem of achieving a quantum noise limited frequency stability in atomic clocks operating in cycle mode, e.g. fountain or pulsed optically pumped (POP) atomic clock, is a phase noise of interrogation signal probing the atom transition. In the present work a solution of the problem via application of a special hydrogen maser with increased power radiated by atomic beam or a low phase noise H-maser as a reference in synthesis scheme of the interrogation signal is described. This solution caused by simplicity because it requires neither cryogenic microwave oscillators nor complicated optical systems techniques.","PeriodicalId":180164,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133752141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1109/FCS.2018.8597484
H. Homulle, E. Charbon
Electronics, from basic sub-micron MOSFETS to large-scale FPGAs, has been shown to operate at deep-cryogenic temperatures. Any digital system relies on an accurate clock for operation. While a clock signal can be provided from room temperature into the cryogenic environment, a clock generated at low temperatures features both smaller system size and tighter integration with the remainder of the electronics. While custom integrated cryogenic oscillator architectures have been proposed, mainly for the generation of radio-frequency signals, no commercial devices have been shown to operate at temperatures as low as 4 K. In this work, we focus on cryogenic frequency generation with commercially available oscillators. Eight commercial crystal and MEMS oscillators, generating 50 or 100 MHz signals, were tested over a wide temperature range from 300 K down to 4 K. Although MEMS devices suffered from apparent ageing effects after several cooling cycles, the majority of crystal oscillators were fully functional even at such low temperatures. The oscillation frequency of crystal-based devices decreased by roughly 0.1%, while power consumption and signal amplitude were slightly higher at cryogenic temperatures. The phase noise and corresponding phase jitter were elevated mainly due to increased flicker noise; the best device shows a phase jitter increase from 350 fs at 300 K to 620 fs at 4 K.
{"title":"Commercial Crystal and MEMS Oscillators Characterized at Deep-Cryogenic Temperatures","authors":"H. Homulle, E. Charbon","doi":"10.1109/FCS.2018.8597484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCS.2018.8597484","url":null,"abstract":"Electronics, from basic sub-micron MOSFETS to large-scale FPGAs, has been shown to operate at deep-cryogenic temperatures. Any digital system relies on an accurate clock for operation. While a clock signal can be provided from room temperature into the cryogenic environment, a clock generated at low temperatures features both smaller system size and tighter integration with the remainder of the electronics. While custom integrated cryogenic oscillator architectures have been proposed, mainly for the generation of radio-frequency signals, no commercial devices have been shown to operate at temperatures as low as 4 K. In this work, we focus on cryogenic frequency generation with commercially available oscillators. Eight commercial crystal and MEMS oscillators, generating 50 or 100 MHz signals, were tested over a wide temperature range from 300 K down to 4 K. Although MEMS devices suffered from apparent ageing effects after several cooling cycles, the majority of crystal oscillators were fully functional even at such low temperatures. The oscillation frequency of crystal-based devices decreased by roughly 0.1%, while power consumption and signal amplitude were slightly higher at cryogenic temperatures. The phase noise and corresponding phase jitter were elevated mainly due to increased flicker noise; the best device shows a phase jitter increase from 350 fs at 300 K to 620 fs at 4 K.","PeriodicalId":180164,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132120076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1109/FCS.2018.8597559
Xu-Qian Zheng, Jaesung Lee, S. Rafique, Hongping Zhao, P. Feng
We report on demonstration of ultrawide bandgap $beta-mathbf{Ga}_{2}mathbf{O}_{3}$ nanoelectromechanical resonators vibrating in the high and very high frequency (HF & VHF) bands. The resonators are fabricated by synthesis of Si-doped $beta-mathbf{Ga}_{2}mathbf{O}_{3}$ nanostructures using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), followed by dry transfer of the nanomaterials onto prefabricated substrate with microtrenches. Using an ultrasensitive laser interferometry system, we observe multimode thermomechanical resonances in the HF & VHF bands from these $beta-mathbf{Ga}_{2}mathbf{O}_{3}$ resonators. Further, additional anchoring and contacting electrodes are explored by using stencil-mask patterning and metallization, for enhancing the clamping and electrical contact of $beta-mathbf{Ga}_{2}mathbf{O}_{3}$ crystal.
{"title":"Nanoelectromechanical Resonators Enabled by Si-Doped Semiconducting β-Ga2O3 Nanobelts","authors":"Xu-Qian Zheng, Jaesung Lee, S. Rafique, Hongping Zhao, P. Feng","doi":"10.1109/FCS.2018.8597559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCS.2018.8597559","url":null,"abstract":"We report on demonstration of ultrawide bandgap $beta-mathbf{Ga}_{2}mathbf{O}_{3}$ nanoelectromechanical resonators vibrating in the high and very high frequency (HF & VHF) bands. The resonators are fabricated by synthesis of Si-doped $beta-mathbf{Ga}_{2}mathbf{O}_{3}$ nanostructures using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), followed by dry transfer of the nanomaterials onto prefabricated substrate with microtrenches. Using an ultrasensitive laser interferometry system, we observe multimode thermomechanical resonances in the HF & VHF bands from these $beta-mathbf{Ga}_{2}mathbf{O}_{3}$ resonators. Further, additional anchoring and contacting electrodes are explored by using stencil-mask patterning and metallization, for enhancing the clamping and electrical contact of $beta-mathbf{Ga}_{2}mathbf{O}_{3}$ crystal.","PeriodicalId":180164,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126750520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1109/FCS.2018.8597547
W. Qin, Yulong Ge
Code bias variation is the intrnstic characterisc for BDS code observations. A comparison is presented on the code biasvariation in each type of BDS satellites. Later discussion on three kinds of code bias variation models, and application of three code bias variation models in three time links. The conclusions can be drawn: firstly, the code bias variation impact exists in the Common View results at a level of some tens of picoseconds; secondly, for short baselines(<200 km), CBV is negligable on the BDS CV results; thirdly, the correction of MEO code bias variation has large improvement in the BDS CV results; finally, the improvement precision increases with the increasing baseline.
{"title":"Satellite-Induced Code Bias Variation Effects in BDS Time Transfer","authors":"W. Qin, Yulong Ge","doi":"10.1109/FCS.2018.8597547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCS.2018.8597547","url":null,"abstract":"Code bias variation is the intrnstic characterisc for BDS code observations. A comparison is presented on the code biasvariation in each type of BDS satellites. Later discussion on three kinds of code bias variation models, and application of three code bias variation models in three time links. The conclusions can be drawn: firstly, the code bias variation impact exists in the Common View results at a level of some tens of picoseconds; secondly, for short baselines(<200 km), CBV is negligable on the BDS CV results; thirdly, the correction of MEO code bias variation has large improvement in the BDS CV results; finally, the improvement precision increases with the increasing baseline.","PeriodicalId":180164,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127101247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1109/FCS.2018.8597555
E. Vaillant, J. Imbaud, Y. Gruson, F. Sthal, F. Esnault, G. Cibiel
In this paper, a frequency regenerative divider using double closed loops is presented. The principle of this custom built regenerative divider by N is explained. This type of divider as the advantage to increase the division ratio without adding a multiplier inside the feedback loop.
{"title":"Double Loop Frequency Regenerative Dividers","authors":"E. Vaillant, J. Imbaud, Y. Gruson, F. Sthal, F. Esnault, G. Cibiel","doi":"10.1109/FCS.2018.8597555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCS.2018.8597555","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a frequency regenerative divider using double closed loops is presented. The principle of this custom built regenerative divider by N is explained. This type of divider as the advantage to increase the division ratio without adding a multiplier inside the feedback loop.","PeriodicalId":180164,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125552313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1109/FCS.2018.8597554
Y. Zuo, J. Z. Han, L. Wei, J. Zhang, L. J. Wang
The precision of Cadmium ion microwave clock based on linear quadrupole trap is mainly determined by the measurement accuracy of hyperfine splitting of the ground state of 113Cd+. To reduce the second order Doppler frequency shift(SODFS), which is one of the main frequency shifts, we take advantages of sympathetic cooling by 24Mg+ions to keep the Cadmium ion clouds at relatively low temperature during the interrogation of clock transition. By comparing the experiment results with molecular-dynamics(MD) simulation, we discuss the efficiency of sympathetic cooling and its influence on our clock's performance.
{"title":"Progress Towards a Cadimium Ion Microwave Clock Based on Sympathetic Cooling","authors":"Y. Zuo, J. Z. Han, L. Wei, J. Zhang, L. J. Wang","doi":"10.1109/FCS.2018.8597554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCS.2018.8597554","url":null,"abstract":"The precision of Cadmium ion microwave clock based on linear quadrupole trap is mainly determined by the measurement accuracy of hyperfine splitting of the ground state of 113Cd+. To reduce the second order Doppler frequency shift(SODFS), which is one of the main frequency shifts, we take advantages of sympathetic cooling by 24Mg+ions to keep the Cadmium ion clouds at relatively low temperature during the interrogation of clock transition. By comparing the experiment results with molecular-dynamics(MD) simulation, we discuss the efficiency of sympathetic cooling and its influence on our clock's performance.","PeriodicalId":180164,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121081246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1109/FCS.2018.8597544
Pablo CancioPastor, R. Eramo, A. Sorgi, C. Clivati
In prospective of a new accurate determination of the Boltzmann constant by means of precise Doppler spectroscopy of Mercury atom at 253.7 nm, a primary standard traceable and ultra-stable optical reference at 1014.8 nm has been developed. Preliminary results of frequency stability performances and spectroscopic capabilities will be presented.
{"title":"Ultra-Stable Optical Oscillator Transfer for Precise UV Spectroscopy","authors":"Pablo CancioPastor, R. Eramo, A. Sorgi, C. Clivati","doi":"10.1109/FCS.2018.8597544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCS.2018.8597544","url":null,"abstract":"In prospective of a new accurate determination of the Boltzmann constant by means of precise Doppler spectroscopy of Mercury atom at 253.7 nm, a primary standard traceable and ultra-stable optical reference at 1014.8 nm has been developed. Preliminary results of frequency stability performances and spectroscopic capabilities will be presented.","PeriodicalId":180164,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115115015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1109/FCS.2018.8597523
Li Yun, Hua Yu, Y. Baorong, Guo Wei, Wang Shan-he, Ju Jun
Due to the diversity and complexity of the geography and weather, the propagation delay variation of long wave timing signal also shows a certain different when it propagates along the earth's surface, How to obtain precise propagation delay is always a bottleneck that restricts the realization of the high precision timing service in the long wave system. Based on the measured data of propagation delay, the relationship between the propagation delay variation of the user group received signal is analyzed, the distance between the user is 100 kilometers. It is founded that when the signal transmission path is similar and the weather is similar on the path, the variation of propagation delay of the signal is basically the same with time. In view of the above analysis, a method for obtaining the high precision propagation delay is proposed, and the method is verified by the actual measurement data. The results show that the method compared with the traditional method can get high precision propagation delay and can reflect the real-time change of propagation delay. It is proved that the proposed method can further improve the timing precision of long wave system, and lay a solid foundation for the study of differential timing technology of long wave.
{"title":"A Method of Obtaining High Precision Propagation Delay for BPL Timing Signal","authors":"Li Yun, Hua Yu, Y. Baorong, Guo Wei, Wang Shan-he, Ju Jun","doi":"10.1109/FCS.2018.8597523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCS.2018.8597523","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the diversity and complexity of the geography and weather, the propagation delay variation of long wave timing signal also shows a certain different when it propagates along the earth's surface, How to obtain precise propagation delay is always a bottleneck that restricts the realization of the high precision timing service in the long wave system. Based on the measured data of propagation delay, the relationship between the propagation delay variation of the user group received signal is analyzed, the distance between the user is 100 kilometers. It is founded that when the signal transmission path is similar and the weather is similar on the path, the variation of propagation delay of the signal is basically the same with time. In view of the above analysis, a method for obtaining the high precision propagation delay is proposed, and the method is verified by the actual measurement data. The results show that the method compared with the traditional method can get high precision propagation delay and can reflect the real-time change of propagation delay. It is proved that the proposed method can further improve the timing precision of long wave system, and lay a solid foundation for the study of differential timing technology of long wave.","PeriodicalId":180164,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129798164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1109/FCS.2018.8597549
P. Schwindt, T. Hoang, Y. Jau, Richard Overstreet
We are developing a highly miniaturized 171Yb+ ion clock that operates in a continuous microwave-optical double-resonance mode by continuously probing the 12.6 GHz hyperfine transition in the 171Yb+ ion. In the continuous mode, the clock will not require optical shutters and electrical switches, minimizing the components of the clock. Here, we demonstrate operating the ion clock with ions trapped in a permanently sealed, passively pumped vacuum package 3 cm3in volume. With resonant 369-nm light continuously illuminating the ions, the light shift is a substantial systematic shift of the hyperfine ground state that must to be well characterized and controlled. We present measurements of the liaht shift and demonstrate clock frequency instabilities below $1times10^{-12}$ at 100 s of averaging.
{"title":"Operating a 171Yb+Microwave Ion Clock in a Continuous Mode","authors":"P. Schwindt, T. Hoang, Y. Jau, Richard Overstreet","doi":"10.1109/FCS.2018.8597549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FCS.2018.8597549","url":null,"abstract":"We are developing a highly miniaturized 171Yb+ ion clock that operates in a continuous microwave-optical double-resonance mode by continuously probing the 12.6 GHz hyperfine transition in the 171Yb+ ion. In the continuous mode, the clock will not require optical shutters and electrical switches, minimizing the components of the clock. Here, we demonstrate operating the ion clock with ions trapped in a permanently sealed, passively pumped vacuum package 3 cm3in volume. With resonant 369-nm light continuously illuminating the ions, the light shift is a substantial systematic shift of the hyperfine ground state that must to be well characterized and controlled. We present measurements of the liaht shift and demonstrate clock frequency instabilities below $1times10^{-12}$ at 100 s of averaging.","PeriodicalId":180164,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (IFCS)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130623288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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