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How emotions affect judgement and decision making in an interrogation scenario 在审讯场景中情绪是如何影响判断和决策的
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-08-10 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12181
Deshawn Sambrano, Jaume Masip, Iris Blandón-Gitlin

Purpose

Little research exists on the influence of emotion in forensic settings. To start filling this gap, we used a hypothetical interrogation scenario to examine the effects of emotional state on judgement, decision making, and information-processing style across two separate experiments.

Methods

The participants were induced a specific emotion. Then, they read a scenario where a suspect was arrested and rated (1) the suspect's guilt, and (2) the extent to which they would use a number of tactics to interview the suspect. Based on the feelings-as-information theory and cognitive-appraisal theories of emotion, we predicted that relative to angry or happy participants, sad participants would be less inclined to judge the suspect as guilty (judgement), would show a stronger tendency to select benevolent interrogation tactics and a weaker tendency to select hostile interrogation tactics (decision making), and would be more likely to use an analytic (rather than a heuristic) processing style.

Results

In Experiment 1 (conducted with college students), the judgement hypothesis was supported. In Experiment 2 (with mTurkers), the decision-making hypothesis was supported. A meta-analysis of the two experiments revealed that participants were more willing to select benevolent than hostile interrogation tactics and that, as predicted, sad participants were more willing than angry or happy participants to select benevolent tactics. However, emotion did not affect the participants’ tendency to select hostile tactics.

Conclusion

We tested emotion theories in an interrogation scenario. The significant results were consistent with the feelings-as-information and cognitive-appraisal theories of emotion and have practical relevance.

目的关于情绪对法庭环境影响的研究很少。为了填补这一空白,我们使用了一个假设的审讯场景,通过两个独立的实验来检验情绪状态对判断、决策和信息处理方式的影响。方法对被试进行特定情绪诱导。然后,他们阅读一个嫌疑人被逮捕的场景,并对(1)嫌疑人的罪行进行评级,(2)他们将在多大程度上使用一些策略来采访嫌疑人。基于情感即信息理论和情绪认知评价理论,我们预测,相对于愤怒或快乐的参与者,悲伤的参与者更不倾向于判断嫌疑人有罪(判断),更倾向于选择善意的审讯策略,更倾向于选择敌意的审讯策略(决策)。并且更有可能使用分析(而不是启发式)处理风格。结果在以大学生为对象的实验1中,判断假设得到支持。在实验2(与mTurkers)中,决策假设得到支持。对这两个实验的荟萃分析显示,参与者更愿意选择仁慈而不是敌对的审讯策略,正如所预测的那样,悲伤的参与者比愤怒或快乐的参与者更愿意选择仁慈的策略。然而,情绪并不影响参与者选择敌对策略的倾向。结论:我们在审讯场景中测试了情绪理论。研究结果与情感作为信息和认知评价理论一致,具有一定的现实意义。
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引用次数: 11
Verbal cues to deceit when lying through omitting information 通过隐瞒信息来暗示说谎
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-08-10 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12180
Sharon Leal, Aldert Vrij, Haneen Deeb, Charlotte Hudson, Pasquale Capuozzo, Ronald P. Fisher

Background

Lying through omitting information has been neglected in verbal lie detection research. The task is challenging: Can we decipher from the truthful information a lie teller provides that s/he is hiding something? We expected this to be the case because of lie tellers’ inclination to keep their stories simple. We predicted lie tellers to provide fewer details and fewer complications than truth tellers, the latter particularly after exposure to a Model Statement.

Method

A total of 44 truth tellers and 41 lie tellers were interviewed about a conversation (debriefing interview) they had taken part in earlier. Lie tellers were asked not to discuss one aspect of that debriefing interview.

Results

Results showed that truth tellers reported more complications than lie tellers after exposure to a Model Statement.

Conclusion

Ideas about future research in lying through omissions are discussed.

背景在言语测谎研究中,通过省略信息撒谎一直被忽视。这项任务很有挑战性:我们能从说谎者提供的真实信息中解读出他/她在隐瞒什么吗?我们预计会出现这种情况,因为说谎的人倾向于保持他们的故事简单。我们预测说谎言的人比说真话的人提供更少的细节和更少的复杂性,后者尤其是在暴露于模型陈述之后。方法共有44名真相讲述者和41名谎言讲述者就他们之前参加的一次对话(汇报采访)接受了采访。说谎的人被要求不要讨论汇报采访的某个方面。后果结果显示,在暴露于模型陈述后,真相讲述者比谎言讲述者报告了更多的并发症。结论对今后补漏撒谎研究的思路进行了探讨
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引用次数: 5
The acculturation effect and eyewitness memory reports among migrants 移民的文化适应效应与目击者记忆报告
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-22 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12179
Nkansah Anakwah, Robert Horselenberg, Lorraine Hope, Margaret Amankwah-Poku, Peter J. van Koppen

Purpose

When people migrate to new cultures, they adapt to their new culture while at the same time retaining the norms of their original culture. The phenomenon whereby migrants adapt to the cultural norms of a host culture has been referred to as acculturation. Using a mock witness paradigm, we examined the acculturation effect in the eyewitness memory reports of sub-Saharan African migrants in Western Europe.

Methods

We sampled sub-Saharan African migrants in Western Europe, as well as sub-Saharan Africans living in Africa as a control group (total N = 107). The mock witnesses were shown stimuli scenes of crimes in African and Western European settings and provided free and cued recall reports about what they had seen.

Results

Central details were reported more than contextual details by both groups of sub-Saharan Africans. Relative to the control group of sub-Saharan Africans living in Africa, sub-Saharan African migrants in Western Europe provided more correct central details in free recall. The longer migrants had resided in Western Europe, the less collectivistic they become. Migrants also provided more elaborate reports the longer their duration of residence in Western Europe.

Conclusion

The findings of the current research suggest the new cultural environment of migrants impact their cultural norms, which may have implications for their eyewitness memory reports.

目的:当人们迁移到新的文化中时,他们会适应新的文化,同时保留原始文化的规范。移民适应东道国文化规范的现象被称为文化适应。使用模拟证人范式,我们研究了西欧撒哈拉以南非洲移民目击者记忆报告中的文化适应效应。方法:我们对西欧撒哈拉以南非洲移民以及生活在非洲的撒哈拉以南非洲人作为对照组(总N=107)进行了抽样调查。模拟证人被展示了非洲和西欧环境中犯罪的刺激场景,并提供了关于他们所看到的内容的免费和提示回忆报告。结果:撒哈拉以南非洲两组人报告的中心细节多于背景细节。相对于生活在非洲的撒哈拉以南非洲对照组,西欧的撒哈拉以北非洲移民在自由召回中提供了更正确的核心细节。移民在西欧居住的时间越长,他们的集体主义就越少。移民在西欧居住的时间越长,他们也提供了更详细的报告。结论:当前的研究结果表明,新的移民文化环境影响了他们的文化规范,这可能对他们的目击者记忆报告产生影响。
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引用次数: 2
Urgent issues and prospects in reforming interrogation practices in the United States and Canada 美国和加拿大审讯制度改革的紧迫问题和前景
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-19 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12178
Brent Snook, Todd Barron, Laura Fallon, Saul M. Kassin, Steven Kleinman, Richard A. Leo, Christian A. Meissner, Lorca Morello, Laura H. Nirider, Allison D. Redlich, James L. Trainum

The current article presents a series of commentaries on urgent issues and prospects in reforming interrogation practices in Canada and the United States. Researchers and practitioners, who have devoted much of their careers to the field of police and intelligence interrogations, were asked to provide their insights on an area of interrogation research that they believe requires immediate attention. The submitted independent commentaries covered a variety of topics – from police recruitment, interrogation training, use of proper interrogation practices, and the treatment of confession evidence in court. Common concerns from the contributions pertained to the lag between scientific knowledge on interrogations and the application of such knowledge in the justice system, and the glaring disparity between the treatment of similar issues in the interrogation context versus other criminal justice contexts. A primary intent of this collection of commentaries is to serve as a resource pointing researchers in the direction of the fundamental areas that require immediate consideration and encouraging them to simultaneously pursue solutions to the overarching concerns that emerged from this project.

本文就改革加拿大和美国审讯做法的紧迫问题和前景提出一系列评论。研究人员和从业人员的大部分职业生涯都致力于警察和情报审讯领域,他们被要求就他们认为需要立即关注的审讯研究领域提供自己的见解。提交的独立评论涵盖了各种主题——从警察招募、审讯训练、使用适当的审讯方法,到法庭上对供词证据的处理。与会者共同关注的问题是,关于审讯的科学知识与这种知识在司法系统中的应用之间存在滞后,以及在审讯方面处理类似问题与在其他刑事司法方面处理类似问题之间存在明显差异。这个评论集的主要目的是作为一种资源,为研究人员指明需要立即考虑的基本领域的方向,并鼓励他们同时寻求解决方案,以解决从这个项目中出现的首要问题。
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引用次数: 17
Reply to Mac Giolla and Ly (2019): On the reporting of Bayes factors in deception research 回复MacGiolla和Ly(2019):关于欺骗研究中贝叶斯因素的报道
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-14 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12177
Neil M. McLatchie, Lara Warmelink, Daria Tkacheva

Bayes factors provide a continuous measure of evidence for one hypothesis (e.g., the null, H0) relative to another (e.g., the alternative, H1). Warmelink et al. (2019, Legal Criminol Psychol, 24, 258) reported Bayes factors alongside p-values to draw inferences about whether the order of expected versus unexpected questions influenced the amount of details interviewees provided during an interview. Mac Giolla & Ly (2019) provided several recommendations to improve the reporting of Bayesian analyses and used Warmelink et al. (2019) as a concrete example. These included (I) not to over-rely on cut-offs when interpreting Bayes factors; (II) to rely less on Bayes factors, and switch to ‘nominal support’; and (III) to report the posterior distribution. This paper elaborates on their recommendations and provides two further suggestions for improvement. First, we recommend deception researchers report Robustness Regions to demonstrate the sensitivity of their conclusions to the model of H1 used. Second, we demonstrate a method that deception researchers can use to estimate, a priori, the sample size likely to be required to provide conclusive evidence.

贝叶斯因子为一个假设(例如,零,H0)提供了相对于另一个(例如,替代,H1)的连续证据度量。Warmelink等人(2019,Legal Criminol Psychol,24258)报告了贝叶斯因素和p值,以推断预期问题和意外问题的顺序是否影响受访者在采访中提供的细节数量。Mac Giolla&;Ly(2019)提出了一些改进贝叶斯分析报告的建议,并使用Warmelink等人(2019)作为具体例子。其中包括(I)在解释贝叶斯因子时不要过度依赖截断;(II) 减少对贝叶斯因素的依赖,转向“名义支持”;以及(III)报告后验分布。本文阐述了他们的建议,并提出了两个进一步的改进建议。首先,我们建议欺骗研究人员报告稳健性区域,以证明他们的结论对所使用的H1模型的敏感性。其次,我们展示了一种欺骗研究人员可以用来先验估计提供确凿证据可能需要的样本量的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Misinformation encountered during a simulated jury deliberation can distort jurors' memory of a trial and bias their verdicts 在模拟陪审团审议过程中遇到的错误信息会扭曲陪审员对审判的记忆,并使他们的判决产生偏见
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-05-12 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12174
Craig Thorley, Lara Beaton, Phillip Deguara, Brittany Jerome, Dua Khan, Kaela Schopp

Purpose

Jurors swear to base their verdicts solely on the evidence presented at trial. Their recall of a trial during deliberation can, however, be inaccurate, exposing other jurors to misinformation about the trial. This study examined whether jurors who are exposed to misinformation during a simulated deliberation, where the misinformation supports the prosecution's case, will misremember the misinformation as appearing during a trial and be more likely to reach a guilty verdict. It also examined whether allowing jurors to take notes during a trial, and refer to those notes throughout, stops these potentially harmful effects.

Methods

One hundred and twenty-four participant jurors watched a murder trial. Half were allowed to take notes. They then read a transcript of a deliberation that either contained or did not contain six pieces of pro-prosecution misinformation. Afterwards, they reached a verdict. Finally, they completed a source monitoring test that required indicating whether the misinformation, and actual trial information, appeared during the trial.

Results

Jurors exposed to misinformation misremembered it as appearing during the trial. Those who misattributed the most misinformation to the trial were most likely to reach a guilty verdict. Note taking, and note access, did not stop these effects.

Conclusions

Jurors can make mistakes when recalling a trial during deliberation but the consequences of this were largely unknown. This study provides initial evidence that their mistakes may distort other jurors' recollection of the trial and bias their verdicts. Attempts to replicate these findings using live deliberations are encouraged to determine their generalizability.

目的:陪审员发誓他们的裁决完全基于审判时提供的证据。然而,他们在审议过程中对审判的回忆可能是不准确的,从而使其他陪审员接触到有关审判的错误信息。这项研究调查了陪审员在模拟审议中接触到错误信息(错误信息支持控方的案件)是否会错误地记住在审判中出现的错误信息,并更有可能做出有罪判决。它还研究了允许陪审员在审判期间做笔记,并在整个过程中参考这些笔记,是否能阻止这些潜在的有害影响。方法:124名陪审员观看了一起谋杀案的审判。一半的学生被允许做笔记。然后,他们阅读了一份审议记录,其中包含或不包含6条支持起诉的错误信息。后来他们作出了裁决。最后,他们完成了一项源监测测试,该测试要求指出在试验期间是否出现了错误信息和实际的试验信息。结果:暴露于错误信息的陪审员将其误认为是在审判期间出现的。那些将最多错误信息归咎于审判的人最有可能达成有罪判决。记笔记和访问笔记并没有阻止这些影响。结论:陪审员在审议过程中回忆审判时可能会犯错误,但其后果在很大程度上是未知的。这项研究提供了初步证据,表明他们的错误可能会扭曲其他陪审员对审判的回忆,并使他们的判决产生偏见。鼓励使用现场讨论来复制这些发现,以确定其普遍性。
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引用次数: 1
Risk relevance of psychometric assessment and evaluator ratings of dynamic risk factors in high-risk violent offenders 高危暴力罪犯动态危险因素的心理测量评估和评估者评分的风险相关性
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-04-29 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12173
Tamsin Higgs, Mark E. Olver, Kevin Nunes, Franca Cortoni

Purpose

Relatively little research has been conducted with high-risk violent (non-sexual) offenders to establish whether measures administered to evaluate change during offending behaviour programmes contain risk relevant information. The present study aims to contribute to the evidence base relevant to decisions concerning whether or not psychometric assessments indicate how the violence risk presented by an individual may be understood differently pre- to post-treatment.

Methods

Two hundred and twenty-seven persistently violent offenders participating in Correctional Service of Canada’s Violence Prevention Program were assessed on measures of anger, impulsivity, and dynamic items of the Violence Risk Scale (VRS; Wong & Gordon, 1999–2003; Violence Risk Scale, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, CA) prior to and after programme completion and subsequently followed up in the community for an average of 3 years. Data were examined using receiver operating characteristic and logistic regression analyses employing fixed follow-ups.

Results

With pre-treatment status controlled, change on few of the measures convincingly predicted violent or general recidivism. An exception was that changes in VRS dynamic score were associated with decreased general (but not violent) recidivism, controlling for baseline pre-treatment risk.

Conclusions

The measures tested are widely used to evaluate progress in violence interventions yet the implicit assumption that they contain risk relevant information has not been empirically validated. Since reduction in dynamic risk factors translates into reduced likelihood of reoffending, but psychometric measures provide little indication of change in recidivism risk, treatment providers are advised to carefully contextualize pre- to post-treatment change within a comprehensive evaluation of static and dynamic risk using a measure such as the VRS. Present results are discussed further in terms of implications for policy and clinical practice, as well as future research directions.

目的相对而言,对高风险暴力(非性)罪犯进行的研究很少,以确定在犯罪行为计划期间评估改变的措施是否包含风险相关信息。本研究旨在提供与心理测量评估是否表明个体呈现的暴力风险在治疗前后如何被不同地理解相关的证据基础。方法采用暴力风险量表(VRS)的愤怒、冲动和动态项目对加拿大暴力预防项目惩教服务中心的227名持续暴力罪犯进行评估。黄,戈登,1999 - 2003;暴力风险量表,萨斯喀彻温大学,萨斯喀彻温省,CA)在项目完成之前和之后,随后在社区进行了平均3年的随访。采用固定随访的受试者操作特征和逻辑回归分析对数据进行检验。结果在控制治疗前状态的情况下,少数指标的变化能令人信服地预测暴力或一般再犯。一个例外是,VRS动态评分的变化与一般(但不是暴力)再犯的减少有关,控制了基线治疗前风险。所测试的措施被广泛用于评估暴力干预的进展,但隐含的假设,即它们包含风险相关信息尚未得到经验验证。由于动态风险因素的减少转化为再犯可能性的降低,但心理测量方法几乎没有显示再犯风险的变化,因此建议治疗提供者在使用VRS等测量方法对静态和动态风险进行综合评估时,仔细考虑治疗前后的变化。本研究结果对政策和临床实践的意义以及未来的研究方向进行了进一步的讨论。
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引用次数: 3
Context effect and confirmation bias in criminal fact finding 犯罪事实认定中的语境效应与确认偏差
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12172
Eric Rassin

Purpose

Fact finding is an important part of the job of criminal trial judges and juries. In the literature, several potential pitfalls hindering fact finding have been identified, such as context effects (i.e. an unintended effect of non-probative information on conviction) and confirmation bias (i.e. a skewed selection of and overreliance on guilt-confirming evidence and neglect of exonerating information). In the present study, the effect of irrelevant contextual information on conviction and subsequent confirmation bias was tested.

Method

A sample of Dutch professional criminal trial judges (N = 105) studied a case file and decided on their conviction of the suspect’s guilt, and subsequent investigation endeavours. There were two versions of the file, differing in non-probative details that might affect conviction, such as crime severity and facial appearance of the suspect.

Results

Findings suggest that context information indeed affected conviction, and the subsequent preference for guilt-confirming investigation endeavours.

Conclusion

Professional judges may be susceptible to bias threatening the objectivity of legal decision-making.

目的:事实调查是刑事审判法官和陪审团工作的重要组成部分。在文献中,已经发现了阻碍事实调查的几个潜在陷阱,如背景效应(即非证明性信息对定罪的意外影响)和确认偏见(即对有罪确认证据的倾斜选择和过度依赖,以及对无罪信息的忽视)。在本研究中,测试了不相关的上下文信息对定罪和随后的确认偏差的影响。方法:荷兰专业刑事审判法官(N=105)的样本研究了一份案件档案,并决定了他们对嫌疑人有罪的定罪以及随后的调查工作。该档案有两个版本,在可能影响定罪的非证明性细节上有所不同,如犯罪严重程度和嫌疑人的面部表情。结果:调查结果表明,背景信息确实影响了定罪,以及随后对确认有罪的调查工作的偏好。结论:职业法官可能容易受到威胁法律决策客观性的偏见的影响。
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引用次数: 12
When and how are lies told? And the role of culture and intentions in intelligence-gathering interviews 何时以及如何说谎?以及文化和意图在情报收集采访中的作用
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12171
Haneen Deeb, Aldert Vrij, Sharon Leal, Brianna L. Verigin, Steven M. Kleinman

Purpose

Lie-tellers tend to tell embedded lies within interviews. In the context of intelligence-gathering interviews, human sources may disclose information about multiple events, some of which may be false. In two studies, we examined when lie-tellers from low- and high-context cultures start reporting false events in interviews and to what extent they provide a similar amount of detail for the false and truthful events. Study 1 focused on lie-tellers' intentions, and Study 2 focused on their actual responses.

Methods

Participants were asked to think of one false event and three truthful events. Study 1 (N = 100) was an online study in which participants responded to a questionnaire about where they would position the false event when interviewed and they rated the amount of detail they would provide for the events. Study 2 (N = 126) was an experimental study that involved interviewing participants about the events.

Results

Although there was no clear preference for lie position, participants seemed to report the false event at the end rather than at the beginning of the interview. Also, participants provided a similar amount of detail across events. Results on intentions (Study 1) partially overlapped with results on actual responses (Study 2). No differences emerged between low- and high-context cultures.

Conclusions

This research is a first step towards understanding verbal cues that assist investigative practitioners in saving their cognitive and time resources when detecting deception regardless of interviewees' cultural background. More research on similar cues is encouraged.

目的:说谎的人往往会在面试中说一些隐含的谎言。在情报收集采访的背景下,人力资源可能会披露多个事件的信息,其中一些可能是虚假的。在两项研究中,我们考察了来自低语境和高语境文化的说谎者何时开始在采访中报告虚假事件,以及他们在多大程度上为虚假和真实事件提供了相似的细节。研究1关注说谎者的意图,研究2关注他们的实际反应。方法:参与者被要求思考一个虚假事件和三个真实事件。研究1(N=100)是一项在线研究,参与者在接受采访时回答了一份关于他们将在哪里定位虚假事件的问卷,并对他们将为事件提供的细节进行了评分。研究2(N=126)是一项实验性研究,涉及就事件采访参与者。结果:尽管参与者对说谎姿势没有明确的偏好,但他们似乎在采访结束时而不是开始时报告了虚假事件。此外,参与者在各个活动中提供了类似数量的细节。意向结果(研究1)与实际反应结果(研究2)部分重叠。低语境文化和高语境文化之间没有差异。结论:这项研究是理解语言线索的第一步,无论受访者的文化背景如何,语言线索都有助于调查从业者在发现欺骗时节省认知和时间资源。鼓励对类似线索进行更多研究。
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引用次数: 2
Coexisting violence and self-harm: Dual harm in an early-stage male prison population 共存的暴力和自残:早期男性监狱人群的双重伤害
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-04-07 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12169
Karen Slade, Andrew Forrester, Thom Baguley

Purpose

This study examined the characteristics of men in prison who have a history of both self-harm and violence (known as dual harm) and the extent to which demographic and criminogenic factors, in-prison incidents, and self-harm method could differentiate men who dual harm.

Methods

Official prison sample data were examined for the period April 2010 to November 2017 (n = 965). Regression analysis of all custodial incidents, demographic and offending information, and imprisonment experience, was undertaken.

Results

Self-harm was associated with violence in prison, representing a 3.5-fold risk of violence compared with men who did not self-harm, after controlling for time in prison, age, and index offence. 60% of men who harmed themselves also engaged in custodial violence, while 32% who were violent also had a self-harm event. After controlling for age at first incident, 11% of the sample had custodial history of dual harm and they accounted for 56% of all recorded custodial incidents. They had a high probability of property damage and fire setting in prison and spent 40% longer in custody. Men who dual harmed used a greater variety of self-harm methods, with increased use of lethal methods.

Conclusion

Dual harm is prevalent, particularly among those who harm themselves in prison. Men who dual harm contribute excessively to the overall incident burden in prison and demonstrate behavioural variability and risk regarding both violence and self-harm. The findings challenge the usual distinctive management responses or that self-harm or violence is solely the responsibility of health or justice, with greater integration required.

目的:本研究调查了监狱中有自残和暴力史(称为双重伤害)的男性的特征,以及人口和犯罪因素、监狱事件和自残方法在多大程度上可以区分双重伤害的男性。方法:检查2010年4月至2017年11月期间的官方监狱样本数据(n=965)。对所有监禁事件、人口统计和犯罪信息以及监禁经历进行了回归分析。结果:在控制了入狱时间、年龄和指数犯罪后,自残与监狱中的暴力行为有关,与没有自残的男性相比,发生暴力的风险是前者的3.5倍。60%的自残男性也参与了监禁暴力,而32%的暴力男性也有自残事件。在控制了第一次事件的年龄后,11%的样本有双重伤害的监禁史,他们占所有记录在案的监禁事件的56%。他们在监狱中发生财产损失和纵火的可能性很高,被拘留的时间延长了40%)。双重伤害的男性使用了更多种类的自残方法,致命方法的使用也越来越多。结论:双重伤害很普遍,尤其是在那些在监狱里伤害自己的人中。双重伤害的男性过度加重了监狱中的总体事件负担,并表现出暴力和自残行为的可变性和风险。调查结果挑战了通常独特的管理对策,或者自我伤害或暴力完全是健康或正义的责任;需要更大的集成度。
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引用次数: 21
期刊
Legal and Criminological Psychology
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