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Use of global trait cues helps to explain older adults’ decrements in detecting children’s lies 使用全球特征线索有助于解释老年人在发现儿童谎言方面的下降
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12196
Alison M. O’Connor, Thomas D. Lyon, Micaela Wiens, Angela D. Evans

Purpose

Previous research has established that lie-detection accuracy decreases with age; however, various mechanisms for this effect have yet to be explored, particularly when examining the detection of children’s lies. The present study investigated if younger and older adults detect children’s lies using different cues (verbal content, verbal auditory, non-verbal, global traits) to explore if cue usage may help to explain this age-related decline.

Method

A total of 100 younger (18–30 years) and 100 older adults (66–89 years) watched child interview videos (half were truth-tellers; half were lie-tellers coached to conceal a transgression). Participants provided veracity judgements (truth vs. lie) and described the cues that they relied on to make their judgements.

Results

Older adults used marginally significantly fewer verbal content and significantly more global trait cues compared to younger adults. The use of global trait cues partially mediated the age-related decline in detection accuracy.

Conclusion

These results present a partial mechanism for the age-related decline in deception detection. This can inform psychological theory on how ageing affects perceptions of child witnesses and deception detection abilities.

目的先前的研究已经证实,测谎的准确性随着年龄的增长而下降;然而,这种影响的各种机制还有待探索,尤其是在检查儿童谎言的检测时。本研究调查了年轻人和老年人是否使用不同的线索(言语内容、言语听觉、非言语、全局特征)来检测儿童的谎言,以探索线索的使用是否有助于解释这种与年龄相关的下降。方法共100名年轻人(18-30岁) 年龄)和100名老年人(66–89岁 年)观看了儿童采访视频(一半是讲真话的人;一半是被训练来掩盖违规行为的说谎者)。参与者提供了真实性判断(真相与谎言),并描述了他们做出判断所依赖的线索。结果与年轻人相比,老年人使用的言语内容略微显著减少,全局特征线索显著增加。全局特征线索的使用在一定程度上介导了与年龄相关的检测准确性下降。结论这些结果为年龄相关的欺骗检测能力下降提供了部分机制。这可以为心理学理论提供信息,说明衰老如何影响对儿童证人的感知和欺骗检测能力。
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引用次数: 0
‘Rapport myopia’ in investigative interviews: Evidence from linguistic and subjective indicators of rapport 调查性访谈中的“Rapport近视”:来自语言和主观融洽关系指标的证据
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-05-07 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12193
Beth H. Richardson, Robert A. Nash

Purpose

Rapport-building has beneficial effects in investigative and security contexts. However, there remains limited understanding of the extent of agreement between different parties in their judgments of rapport.

Methods

We observed 133 mock suspect interviews, and subsequently surveyed the lead interviewer and secondary interviewer (trainees undertaking an undergraduate Policing programme), the ‘suspect’ (an actor), and an expert observer (a retired, highly experienced police detective). Each of these parties provided subjective judgments of the degree of rapport that had been formed between suspect and lead interviewer. Furthermore, we assessed whether these subjective judgments were associated with the degree of ‘Language Style Matching’ (LSM) between lead interviewer and suspect: a key linguistic measure of interpersonal synchrony.

Results

The suspect, secondary interviewer, and expert observer had generally good agreement about the degree of rapport achieved, as evidenced through significant, moderate to strong correlations between their rapport ratings. However, these parties’ rapport ratings were weakly associated with those of the lead interviewer. Our linguistic analysis provided similar results: the extent of LSM was significantly associated with suspects’ and the expert’s subjective ratings of rapport, but not with the interviewers’ ratings.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that the demands of interviewing might impede interviewers’ insight into the success of their rapport-building efforts, leading them to overlook cues that other parties rely upon. We discuss the need for future experimental manipulations to directly test this suggestion, and we consider the value of interpersonal synchrony in defining and measuring rapport.

目的。在调查和安全方面,建立关系具有有益的作用。然而,人们对不同当事人在对关系的判断中意见一致的程度的了解仍然有限。方法。我们观察了133次模拟嫌疑人访谈,并随后调查了主要访谈官和次要访谈官(参加警务本科课程的学员)、“嫌疑人”(演员)和专家观察员(退休的、经验丰富的警察侦探)。这些当事人中的每一方都对嫌疑犯和主要采访者之间形成的融洽程度提供了主观判断。此外,我们评估了这些主观判断是否与主要采访者和嫌疑人之间的“语言风格匹配”(LSM)程度有关,LSM是衡量人际同步的关键语言指标。结果。嫌疑人、二次访谈者和专家观察者对融洽程度的达成程度大体上是一致的,这可以通过他们的融洽程度评分之间的显著、中等到强烈的相关性来证明。然而,这些政党的关系评级与首席采访者的评级弱相关。我们的语言分析提供了类似的结果:LSM的程度与嫌疑人和专家对融洽关系的主观评分显著相关,但与面试官的评分无关。结论。研究结果表明,面试的要求可能会阻碍面试官对他们建立融洽关系的努力是否成功的洞察力,导致他们忽视了其他各方所依赖的线索。我们讨论了对未来实验操作的需求,以直接测试这一建议,我们考虑了人际同步在定义和测量融洽关系中的价值。
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引用次数: 2
Combined Anchoring: Prosecution and defense claims as sequential anchors in the courtroom 联合锚定:检方和辩方作为法庭上的顺序锚定
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-05-06 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12192
Roland Imhoff, Christoph Nickolaus

Purpose

When making judgements under uncertainty not only lay people but also professional judges often rely on heuristics like a numerical anchor (e.g., a numerical sentencing demand) to generate a numerical response. As the prosecution has the privilege to present its demand first, some scholars have speculated about an anchoring-based unfair disadvantage for the defence (who has the last albeit less effective word in court). Despite the plausibility of this reasoning, it is based on a hitherto untested assumption that the first of two sequential anchors exerts a greater influence on a later judgement (a primacy effect). We argue that it is also conceivable that the last word in court has a recency advantage (a recency effect) or that order does not matter as both demands even each other out (a combined anchor).

Methods

We report a pre-registered experiment with German law students (N = 475) who were randomly assigned to six experimental conditions in a study on legal decision-making order to test these three possibilities.

Results

Results indicate an influence of both the prosecution and the defence recommendation, but no effect of order.

Conclusion

This provides strong support for combined anchoring even for knowledgeable participants and rich case material. Specifically, the data are best compatible with the notion that both anchors exert an influence but each on different individuals. The implications of this finding for theory and legal decision-making are discussed.

意图在不确定的情况下做出判断时,不仅是普通人,而且是专业法官,通常都依赖于启发式方法,如数字锚(例如,数字量刑要求)来产生数字响应。由于检方有权首先提出要求,一些学者推测,基于锚定的不公平劣势会对辩方(谁在法庭上拥有最后一个词,尽管效果较差)造成不利影响。尽管这种推理是合理的,但它是基于一个迄今为止未经测试的假设,即两个顺序锚中的第一个对以后的判断产生了更大的影响(首要效应)。我们认为,也可以想象,法庭上的最后一句话具有近因优势(近因效应),或者顺序无关紧要,因为两者都要求彼此平等(联合锚)。方法。我们报道了一项针对德国法律系学生(N=475)的预注册实验,他们在一项关于法律决策顺序的研究中被随机分配到六个实验条件下,以测试这三种可能性。后果结果表明,检方和辩方的建议都有影响,但没有命令的影响。结论这为联合锚定提供了强有力的支持,即使是对知识渊博的参与者和案例材料也是如此。具体而言,数据最好与两个锚固件上的非锚固件相兼容,但会影响不同的个体。讨论了该基金对理论和法律决策的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Advancing police use of force research and practice: urgent issues and prospects 推进警察使用武力的研究和实践:紧迫问题和前景
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-05-05 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12191
Craig Bennell, Geoffrey Alpert, Judith P. Andersen, Joseph Arpaia, Juha-Matti Huhta, Kimberly B. Kahn, Ariane-Jade Khanizadeh, Molly McCarthy, Kyle McLean, Renée J. Mitchell, Arne Nieuwenhuys, Adam Palmer, Michael D. White

Leading police scholars and practitioners were asked to reflect on the most urgent issues that need to be addressed on the topic of use of force. Four themes emerged from their contributions: use of force and de-escalation training needs to improve and be evaluated; new ways of conceptualizing use of force encounters and better use of force response models need to be developed; the inequitable application of force, and how to remediate biases, needs to be more fully understood; and misconceptions about police use of force need to be identified and corrected. The highlighted topics serve as an agenda for future research. Such research should provide greater insight into when, where, and why force is used by police officers, and how it can be applied appropriately. If implemented, the practical recommendations included in the contributions should have a positive impact on police performance, public trust and confidence in the police, and citizen and officer safety.

主要的警察学者和从业人员被要求反思使用武力问题上需要解决的最紧迫问题。他们的贡献产生了四个主题:需要改进和评估武力使用和降级培训;需要开发新的方法来概念化武力遭遇的使用和更好地使用武力反应模型;不公平地使用武力
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引用次数: 22
Psychopathic traits predict moral judgements in five moral domains: The mediating effect of unpleasantness 精神病态特征在五个道德领域预测道德判断:不愉快的中介效应
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-01-12 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12189
Shuer Ye, Qun Yang, Tianxiang Lan, Yuchao Wang, Bing Zhu, Yijun Dong, Frank Krueger

Purpose

The relationship between psychopathic traits and moral judgements has evoked passionate debates among researchers. Psychopathic traits have been characterized as risk factors for immoral behaviours in both non-forensic and forensic populations; however, whether individuals with elevated psychopathic traits display atypical moral judgements has been controversial. Here, we aim to examine how psychopathic traits are related to moral judgements in five moral foundations (Care, Fairness, Loyalty, Authority, and Sanctity) and further explore how unpleasantness mediates the relationship in non-forensic and forensic samples.

Methods

Two hundred and twenty five college students and 219 detainees were recruited in two separate surveys. All the participants were asked to complete the moral judgement task in everyday moral scenarios, the unpleasantness ratings for the immoral behaviours and the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP).

Results

Psychopathic traits predicted the binary moral distinction (moral vs. immoral category) in the Care foundation in the non-forensic sample. Moreover, psychopathic traits predicted moral acceptability ratings (continuous category) in all of the moral foundations in the non-forensic sample but only for the Care and Loyalty foundations in the forensic sample. Finally, unpleasantness fully mediated the relationship between psychopathic traits and moral judgements in both samples.

Conclusions

Our findings provide further evidence that individuals with elevated psychopathic traits have atypical moral judgements – emphasizing the role of unpleasantness in contributing to this phenomenon. Our study has implications for understanding and treating various deviant behaviours in psychopathic individuals.

目的。精神病态特征和道德判断之间的关系在研究人员中引起了激烈的争论。精神病态特征在非法医和法医人群中都被认为是不道德行为的危险因素;然而,具有高精神病态特征的个体是否表现出非典型的道德判断一直存在争议。在这里,我们的目的是研究精神病态特征是如何在五种道德基础(关怀、公平、忠诚、权威和圣洁)中与道德判断相关的,并进一步探讨不愉快是如何在非法医和法医样本中调解这种关系的。方法。225名大学生和219名在押人员在两个独立的调查中被招募。所有参与者都被要求完成日常道德情境下的道德判断任务、对不道德行为的不愉快评分和利文森自我报告精神病量表(LSRP)。结果。在非法医样本的Care基础中,精神病态特征预测了二元道德区分(道德与不道德类别)。此外,精神病态特征预测了非法医样本中所有道德基础的道德可接受性评分(连续类别),但只预测了法医样本中关怀和忠诚基础的道德可接受性评分。最后,在两个样本中,不愉快完全介导了精神病态特征与道德判断之间的关系。结论。我们的研究结果提供了进一步的证据,证明具有较高精神病态特征的个体具有非典型的道德判断——强调了不愉快焦虑在促成这一现象中的作用
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引用次数: 4
Contributions of the dark triad to moral disengagement among incarcerated and community adults 黑暗黑社会对被监禁和社区成年人道德脱离的贡献
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-01-06 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12190
María Patricia Navas, Lorena Maneiro, Olalla Cutrín, José Antonio Gómez-Fraguela, Jorge Sobral

Previous research has revealed a strong association between moral disengagement (MD) and criminal behaviour. However, few studies have attempted to examine the contribution of dark personalities to MD. This study aims to first analyse the differences between forensic and community samples in the use of MD strategies and then replicate the factorial structure of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale in an incarcerated sample as a pre-condition to examine the relationship between dark triad (DT) traits (i.e. Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism) and MD. The sample comprised 160 incarcerated and 160 community adults. Comparisons between these two groups demonstrate that the incarcerated sample scored higher in MD and DT than the community sample. Furthermore, different MD strategies were related to each of the DT traits in the forensic and community samples. The results of exploratory factor analysis for the incarcerated sample indicate adequate fit indices for a bifactorial model of the DT (a latent factor of the shared variance of these constructs named the global DT and three specific latent factors for each component of the DT). The SEM analysis for this bifactorial model and MD disclosed direct and significant relationships between the global DT and MD in the incarcerated adults, while the Machiavellianism factor was directly and significantly related to MD in the community adults. These results highlight the relevance of cognitive (i.e. MD) strategies in forensic contexts, especially in incarcerated adults who present high levels of this DT profile.

先前的研究已经揭示了道德脱离(MD)和犯罪行为之间的强烈联系。然而,很少有研究试图检查黑暗人格对MD的贡献。本研究的目的是首先分析法医和社区样本在使用MD策略方面的差异,然后在监禁样本中复制黑暗三合人格(即马基雅维利主义)的因子结构,作为检查黑暗三合人格(DT)特征(即马基雅维利主义,精神病和自恋)和医学博士。样本包括160名在押人员和160名社区成年人。两组之间的比较表明,被监禁的样本在MD和DT方面的得分高于社区样本。此外,在法医和群落样本中,不同的MD策略与每种DT性状相关。嵌顿样本的探索性因子分析结果表明,DT的双因子模型(这些结构的共享方差的一个潜在因素称为全局DT和DT的每个组成部分的三个特定潜在因素)具有足够的拟合指数。该双因子模型与MD的SEM分析揭示了被监禁成年人整体DT与MD之间的直接且显著的关系,而马基雅维利主义因素与社区成年人的MD直接且显著相关。这些结果强调了认知(即MD)策略在法医环境中的相关性,特别是在表现出高水平DT特征的被监禁成年人中。
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引用次数: 7
Editorial Acknowledgement 社论承认
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12188
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引用次数: 0
Does cognitive inflexibility predict violent extremist behaviour intentions? A registered direct replication report of Zmigrod, Rentfrow, & Robbins, 2019 认知不灵活性是否预示着暴力极端主义行为的意图?Zmigrod, Rentfrow, & Robbins, 2019年的注册直接复制报告
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-12-06 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12186
Sandy Schumann, Nadine L. Salman, Caitlin Clemmow, Paul Gill

Purpose

Research assessing violent extremist risk factors thus far largely ignored the role of cognitive processes. Zmigrod and colleagues (2019a) addressed this gap and presented first systematic evidence that lower levels of cognitive flexibility predict a higher willingness to fight and, ultimately, die for a national ingroup. This finding has important theoretical and practical implications. In order to strengthen the potential contribution of Zmigrod et al.’s work, we will conduct a registered direct replication of Study 1. Extending the original study, we further examine whether the documented relationship still holds when a self-report measure for cognitive flexibility is introduced and when analyses control for identity fusion. We also investigate if cognitive inflexibility solely predicts violent or also normative pro-group behaviour intentions.

Methods

Following Zmigrod, Rentfrow, and Robbins (2019a), we will administer a cross-sectional survey study. Participants (N = 1,378) report their willingness to fight, die, and sacrifice themselves for the ingroup and complete the Remote Associates as well as Wisconsin Card Sorting tests. Afterwards, additional measures of self-reported cognitive flexibility, identity fusion, and normative pro-group behaviour are assessed.

Results

To be completed.

Conclusions

To be completed.

目的迄今为止,评估暴力极端主义风险因素的研究在很大程度上忽视了认知过程的作用。Zmigrod及其同事(2019a)解决了这一差距,并首次提出了系统证据,证明认知灵活性水平较低预示着更高的战斗意愿,并最终为国家内部群体而死。这一发现具有重要的理论和实践意义。为了加强Zmigrod等人工作的潜在贡献,我们将对研究1进行注册直接复制。在原有研究的基础上,我们进一步研究了当引入认知灵活性的自我报告测量和身份融合的分析控制时,所记录的关系是否仍然成立。我们还调查了认知不灵活性是否只预测暴力或规范的亲群体行为意图。方法继Zmigrod、Rentfrow和Robbins (2019a)之后,我们将进行一项横断面调查研究。参与者(N = 1378)报告了他们为团队战斗、死亡和牺牲自己的意愿,并完成了Remote Associates和Wisconsin卡片分类测试。之后,对自我报告的认知灵活性、身份融合和规范的亲群体行为进行了评估。结果待完成。结论待完成。
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引用次数: 5
Is psychological treatment equally effective for intimate partner violence perpetrators with and without childhood family violence? 心理治疗对有和没有童年家庭暴力的亲密伴侣暴力施暴者同样有效吗?
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-12-05 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12187
Javier Fernández-Montalvo, José A. Echauri, Sandra Siria, José J. López-Goñi, Juana M. Azcárate, María Martínez

Purpose

This study assessed the differential long-term effectiveness of a standard treatment programme for intimate partner violence male perpetrators (IPV-P), depending on the presence of childhood family violence (CFV).

Methods

A sample of 1,008 male IPV-P were included in the study. Comparisons between men with CFV (n = 339) and without CFV (n = 669) on sociodemographic characteristics and psychopathological variables were carried out at pre-treatment. The differential effectiveness of the treatment was assessed at post-treatment and at 1-year follow-up.

Results

The pre-treatment assessment showed that IPV-P with CFV had a lower level of education, higher rates of previous psychiatric history, and more voluntary access to the treatment. Moreover, they began the treatment programme with more psychopathological symptoms, assessed by the SCL-90-R and STAXI-2. Regarding treatment results, the attrition rates did not reach significant differences between groups. The repeated-measures ANOVA evidenced statistically significant improvement in psychopathological symptoms on most of the variables for both groups. However, comparisons between groups on psychopathological symptoms showed that IPV-P with CFV were affected to a significantly higher degree on many variables at post-treatment and follow-up, although no differences were found in the global rates of treatment outcomes.

Conclusions

This investigation highlights the heterogeneity of IPV-P and the differential progression along the treatment programmes according to the presence of CFV.

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引用次数: 1
Preschoolers’ true and false reports: Comparing effects of the Sequential Interview and NICHD protocol 学龄前儿童的真假报告:顺序访谈与NICHD协议的效果比较
IF 2.3 2区 社会学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/lcrp.12185
Mikaela Magnusson, Malin Joleby, Emelie Ernberg, Lucy Akehurst, Julia Korkman, Sara Landström

Purpose

The current study aimed to examine a Norwegian technique for conducting investigative interviews with preschoolers: the Sequential Interview (SI). The SI advocates for increased initial rapport building and includes a pre-determined break before the substantive phase. To explore the potential benefits and risks of the SI, the technique was compared with an adapted version of the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) protocol.

Methods

A total of 129 preschoolers (3–6 years) were interviewed with either the SI or NICHD protocol about a self-experienced (Exp. I) or non-experienced (Exp. II) event.

Result

For Exp. I, no significant difference was observed across interview conditions in the number of reported details about a self-experienced event. Children interviewed with the SI exhibited a slightly lower accuracy rate compared to those interviewed with the NICHD protocol. For Exp. II, a total of 31.1% of the preschoolers initially assented to remembering a fictive (false) experience and 15.6% gave an account (>40 details) of the non-experienced event. We found no difference between interviewing conditions in assent rates or number of false accounts.

Conclusions

The study provides valuable insights into the difficulties involved when interviewing young children. The results showed few differences between the novel SI model and the well-established NICHD protocol. While many preschoolers could provide accurate testimony, some embedded worrisome false details in their narratives. Furthermore, a minority of children gave false reports about non-experienced events when interviewed with the two techniques. Methodological limitations and suggestions for future research will be discussed.

目的:本研究旨在研究挪威对学龄前儿童进行调查访谈的技术:顺序访谈(SI)。SI倡导增加初始关系的建立,并包括在实质性阶段之前预先确定的休息时间。为了探索SI的潜在益处和风险,将该技术与国家儿童健康与发展研究所(NICHD)方案的改编版本进行了比较。方法采用SI或NICHD协议对129名3-6岁学龄前儿童进行自我经验(经验I)或非经验(经验II)事件的访谈。结果对于实验1,在不同的访谈条件下,没有观察到自我体验事件的报告细节数量的显著差异。与使用NICHD方案的儿童相比,使用SI访谈的儿童显示出略低的准确率。对于实验II,总共有31.1%的学龄前儿童最初同意记住一个虚构(虚假)的经历,15.6%的儿童给出了一个没有经历过的事件的描述(40个细节)。我们发现不同的采访条件在同意率和虚假陈述的数量上没有差异。结论本研究提供了有价值的见解,涉及采访幼儿时的困难。结果显示,新的SI模型和完善的NICHD协议之间几乎没有差异。虽然许多学龄前儿童可以提供准确的证词,但有些人在他们的叙述中嵌入了令人担忧的错误细节。此外,当使用这两种技术采访时,少数儿童对没有经历过的事件给出了错误的报告。本文将讨论方法学的局限性和对未来研究的建议。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Legal and Criminological Psychology
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