A 10-year (1994-2003) retrospective study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of clinical cases due to intestinal helminths in dogs treated at Sokoine University of Agriculture Veterinary Clinic, Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 546 clinical cases of intestinal helminthosis in dogs were examined and these included 295 puppies, 35 juvenile dogs and 216 adult dogs. Bloody diarrhoea, inappetence, emaciation and vomiting were the major clinical signs used in the diagnosis of helminthosis in the reported cases. The diagnosis was confirmed through identification of helminths eggs on the wet faecal smear. The common types of helminths identified were Ancylostomum caninum, Toxocara canis and Dipylidium caninum. A total of 367 cases (67.2%) observed were due to A. caninum and 117 cases (21.4%) were due to concurrent A. caninum and T. canis infestations. Cases due to D. caninum and T. canis were 6.2% and 5.1%, respectively. The findings show that intestinal helminthosis is an important clinical disease of both young and adult dogs in Morogoro. Creation of public awareness on the need of regular deworming of dogs is recommended in order to maintain the health of the dogs and minimize the risk of helminth-borne zoonoses. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 24-30
在坦桑尼亚莫罗戈罗Sokoine农业大学兽医诊所进行了一项为期10年(1994-2003)的回顾性研究，以调查肠道蠕虫引起的临床病例的发生情况。本文共收集546例犬肠蠕虫病临床病例，其中幼犬295例，幼年犬35例，成年犬216例。血性腹泻、食欲不振、消瘦和呕吐是本组病例诊断寄生虫病的主要临床体征。通过湿粪便涂片上的虫卵鉴定确诊。常见的蠕虫类型有犬钩虫、犬弓形虫和犬双螺旋虫。其中犬伊螨感染367例(67.2%)，犬伊螨与犬伊螨同时感染117例(21.4%)。犬弓形虫和犬弓形虫感染病例分别为6.2%和5.1%。结果表明，肠蠕虫病是莫罗戈罗地区幼犬和成年犬的重要临床疾病。建议提高公众对定期为狗只除虫的认识，以维持狗只的健康，并尽量减少寄生虫传播的人畜共患病的风险。坦桑尼亚兽医杂志Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 24-30
{"title":"A Retrospective Study Of Intestinal Helminthosis As A Cause Of Clinical Disease In Dogs","authors":"A. Muhairwa, H. Nonga, L. Kusiluka","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V25I1.42025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V25I1.42025","url":null,"abstract":"A 10-year (1994-2003) retrospective study was carried out to investigate the\u0000occurrence of clinical cases due to intestinal helminths in dogs treated at Sokoine University of Agriculture Veterinary Clinic, Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 546 clinical cases of intestinal helminthosis in dogs were examined and these included 295 puppies, 35 juvenile dogs and 216 adult dogs. Bloody diarrhoea, inappetence, emaciation and vomiting were the major clinical signs used in the diagnosis of helminthosis in the reported cases. The diagnosis was\u0000confirmed through identification of helminths eggs on the wet faecal smear. The common types of helminths identified were Ancylostomum caninum, Toxocara canis and Dipylidium caninum. A total of 367 cases (67.2%) observed were due to A. caninum and 117 cases (21.4%) were due to concurrent A. caninum and T. canis infestations. Cases due to D. caninum and T. canis were 6.2% and 5.1%, respectively. The findings show that intestinal\u0000helminthosis is an important clinical disease of both young and adult dogs in Morogoro. Creation of public awareness on the need of regular deworming of dogs is recommended in order to maintain the health of the dogs and minimize the risk of helminth-borne zoonoses. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 24-30","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130183407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Balemba, L. Mellau, R. Assey, A. Hay-Schmidt, W. Semuguruka, V. Danyzer
Regional differences, submucosal and intramucosal organization of ganglia in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of large mammals are not yet clear. The ENS of eight adult goats was studied by S-100 protein, neurofilament proteins, and substance P immunohistochemistry. Numerical density was used to establish intramucosal ganglia distribution. The outer submucosal plexus (OSP) and inner submucosal plexus (ISP) were differentiated using submucosal vascular arcade landmark. Primary nerve strands emerged beneath OSP ganglia and the latter were coarse textured and their primary nerve strands displayed a definitive orientation relative to circular muscle. The OSP and ISP were subdivided into the plexus submucous extremus and intermediate plexus, respectively based on topography, size, shape, outline and density of ganglia and nerve meshworks, and size of nerve cell bodies. Mucosal plexus contained many ganglia and isolated nerve cell bodies with higher numerical densities in caecum, colon and ileum. Myenteric, OSP, ISP and mucosal plexuses showed a similar pattern of regional differences in the size of ganglia and nerve strands. Larger ganglia and large nerve strands were found in the colon and caecum. They were medium sized in the duodenum, rectum, ileum and distal jejunum and smaller in the proximal and middle jejunum. The present study elaborates on the morphological features to differentiate OSP from ISP and suggests that plexus submucous extremus and intermediate plexus exist in intestine of goat. Regional variations of the sizes of ganglia and nerves, stratification of submucosal and intramucosal ganglia suggest a functional significance in regulating muscle, vascular, immune system and mucosal functions. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp. 1-22
大型哺乳动物肠神经系统(ENS)神经节的区域差异、粘膜下和粘膜内组织尚不清楚。采用S-100蛋白、神经丝蛋白和P物质免疫组化方法对8只成年山羊ENS进行研究。采用数值密度法建立粘膜内神经节分布。利用粘膜下血管拱廊标志鉴别粘膜下神经丛(OSP)和粘膜下神经丛(ISP)。初级神经束出现在OSP神经节下方，后者质地粗糙，其初级神经束相对于圆形肌肉显示明确的方向。根据神经节和神经网的地形、大小、形状、轮廓和密度以及神经细胞体的大小，将OSP和ISP分别细分为神经丛粘膜下末梢和中间神经丛。粘膜丛中有许多神经节和孤立的神经细胞体，在盲肠、结肠和回肠中有较高的数值密度。肌丛、OSP、ISP和粘膜丛在神经节和神经束的大小上表现出相似的区域差异模式。在结肠和盲肠中发现较大的神经节和大的神经束。它们在十二指肠、直肠、回肠和远空肠中大小中等，在近空肠和中空肠中较小。本研究详细阐述了山羊肠内OSP与ISP的形态学特征，认为在山羊肠内存在着丛粘膜下末梢和中间丛。神经节和神经大小的区域差异、粘膜下和神经节膜内的分层提示其在调节肌肉、血管、免疫系统和粘膜功能方面的功能意义。坦桑尼亚兽医杂志Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp. 1-22
{"title":"The Enteric Nervous System In The Goat: Regional Morphological Differences And The Organization Of Submucosal And Intramucosal Plexuses","authors":"O. Balemba, L. Mellau, R. Assey, A. Hay-Schmidt, W. Semuguruka, V. Danyzer","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V24I1.42011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V24I1.42011","url":null,"abstract":"Regional differences, submucosal and intramucosal organization of ganglia\u0000in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of large mammals are not yet clear. The ENS of eight adult goats was studied by S-100 protein, neurofilament proteins, and substance P immunohistochemistry. Numerical density was used to establish intramucosal ganglia distribution. The outer submucosal plexus (OSP) and inner submucosal plexus (ISP) were differentiated using submucosal vascular arcade landmark. Primary nerve strands emerged\u0000beneath OSP ganglia and the latter were coarse textured and their primary nerve strands displayed a definitive orientation relative to circular muscle. The OSP and ISP were subdivided into the plexus submucous extremus and intermediate plexus, respectively based on topography, size, shape, outline and density of ganglia and nerve meshworks, and size of nerve cell bodies. Mucosal plexus contained many ganglia and isolated\u0000nerve cell bodies with higher numerical densities in caecum, colon and ileum. Myenteric, OSP, ISP and mucosal plexuses showed a similar pattern of regional differences in the size of ganglia and nerve strands. Larger ganglia and large nerve strands were found in the colon and caecum. They were medium sized in the duodenum, rectum, ileum and\u0000distal jejunum and smaller in the proximal and middle jejunum. The present study elaborates on the morphological features to differentiate OSP from ISP and suggests that plexus submucous extremus and intermediate plexus exist in intestine of goat. Regional variations of the sizes of ganglia and nerves, stratification of submucosal and intramucosal\u0000ganglia suggest a functional significance in regulating muscle, vascular, immune system and mucosal functions. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp. 1-22","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115644772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of albendazole, oxyclozanide, clorsulon, nitroxynil and triclabendazole against Fasciola gigantica or amphistomes in naturally infected Ayrshire cattle at Amani dairy farm in Kilolo district. Forty-six yearling cattle with both F. gigantica and amphistomes were selected and allocated into 7 treatment groups and treated as follows: Group 1 was treated with 1.5% levamisole (7.5 mg/kg) and 3% oxyclozanide (MilsanO, 13 mg/kg) orally. Group 2 was treated with 1.5% levamisole (7.5 mg/kg) and 3% oxyclozanide (LevoxyO, 13 mg/kg) orally. Group 3 was treated orally with albendazole bolus (AlbendaO) at 10mg/kg. Group 4 was treated with 10% albendazole suspension (FarbendaO, 10 mg/kg) orally. Group 5 was treated with 1% ivermectin (200 Wg/kg) and 10% clorsulon (IvomecO-Super, 2 mg/kg) subcutaneously. Group 6 was treated with nitroxynil (TrodaxO 34%) at 10 mg/kg subcutaneously. Group 7 was treated with 10% triclabendazole (FasinexO) at 12 mg/kg orally. Faecal samples for examination of fluke eggs were collected at 2, 6 and 10 weeks after treatment. Results indicated that all animals treated with triclabendazole (FasinexO), nitroxynil (TrodaxO) or clorsulon (IvomecO-Super) had no Fasciola eggs in faeces two weeks after treatment. One to two (14-33%) of animals treated with oxyclozanide (MilsanO and LevoxyO) or albendazole in each group were positive for Fasciola eggs two weeks after treatment. Ten weeks after treatment, all animals treated with triclabendazole, clorsulon or nitroxynil were still negative for Fasciola eggs. Two to three (29-43%) of animals treated with oxyclozanide had amphistome eggs in faeces two weeks after treatment. Triclabendazole, nitroxynil and clorsulon had no effect against amphistomes. The number of animals positive for Fasciola or amphistome eggs increased steadily over time in animals treated with oxyclozanide to reach 43-83% ten weeks after treatment. It is concluded that triclabendazole, nitroxynil and clorsulon were highly effective against F. gigantica. A reduced efficacy of albendazole and oxyclozanide against F. gigantica is suspected. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 40-47
{"title":"Comparative Efficacy Of Anthelmintics Against Fasciola Gigantica And Amphistomes In Naturally Infected Cattle In Kilolo District, Tanzania","authors":"J. Keyyu, A. Kassuku, N. Kyvsgaard, J. Monrad","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V25I1.42027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V25I1.42027","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of albendazole, oxyclozanide,\u0000clorsulon, nitroxynil and triclabendazole against Fasciola gigantica or amphistomes in naturally infected Ayrshire cattle at Amani dairy farm in Kilolo district. Forty-six yearling cattle with both F. gigantica and amphistomes were selected and allocated into 7 treatment groups and treated as follows: Group 1 was treated with 1.5% levamisole (7.5 mg/kg) and 3% oxyclozanide (MilsanO, 13 mg/kg) orally. Group 2 was treated with 1.5% levamisole (7.5\u0000mg/kg) and 3% oxyclozanide (LevoxyO, 13 mg/kg) orally. Group 3 was treated orally with albendazole bolus (AlbendaO) at 10mg/kg. Group 4 was treated with 10% albendazole suspension (FarbendaO, 10 mg/kg) orally. Group 5 was treated with 1% ivermectin (200 Wg/kg) and 10% clorsulon (IvomecO-Super, 2 mg/kg) subcutaneously. Group 6 was treated with nitroxynil (TrodaxO 34%) at 10 mg/kg subcutaneously. Group 7 was treated\u0000with 10% triclabendazole (FasinexO) at 12 mg/kg orally. Faecal samples for examination of fluke eggs were collected at 2, 6 and 10 weeks after treatment. Results indicated that all animals treated with triclabendazole (FasinexO), nitroxynil (TrodaxO) or clorsulon (IvomecO-Super) had no Fasciola eggs in faeces two weeks after treatment. One to two (14-33%) of animals treated with oxyclozanide (MilsanO and LevoxyO) or albendazole in each group\u0000were positive for Fasciola eggs two weeks after treatment. Ten weeks after treatment, all animals treated with triclabendazole, clorsulon or nitroxynil were still negative for Fasciola eggs. Two to three (29-43%) of animals treated with oxyclozanide had amphistome eggs in faeces two weeks after treatment. Triclabendazole, nitroxynil and clorsulon had no effect against amphistomes. The number of animals positive for Fasciola or amphistome\u0000eggs increased steadily over time in animals treated with oxyclozanide to reach 43-83% ten weeks after treatment. It is concluded that triclabendazole, nitroxynil and clorsulon were highly effective against F. gigantica. A reduced efficacy of albendazole and oxyclozanide against F. gigantica is suspected. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 40-47","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125061079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Malago, K. Omar, M. Mwangwa, M. Isaac, As Msengwa
Short chain fatty acids are increasingly used as food additives due to the health benefits they have. Recently, they have been implicated in protecting patients against intestinal disorders but without a well-known mechanism. We explored the benefits of a major short chain fatty acid, butyrate on experimental ulcerative colitis in rats. The ulcerative colitis was induced by intrarectal instillation of 10% acetic acid after or without prior administration of 50 or 150 mg/kg butyrate intraperitoneally or intrarectally, respectively, for three consecutive days prior to exposure to acetic acid. After 24 hours of exposure to acetic acid, rats were sacrificed, postmortem examination done, intestinal sections fixed, processed and stained for histopathology in a routine manner. Acetic acid induced infiltration of inflammatory cells, loss of epithelium, crypt damage, and loss of goblet cells in the colon. These changes were significantly suppressed following butyrate treatment. We conclude that butyrate reduces the severity of acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis lesions in rats. This protective potency could be, at least in part, one of the mechanisms by which butyrate imparts its benefits to ulcerative colitis patients. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 1-12
由于短链脂肪酸对健康有益，它们越来越多地被用作食品添加剂。最近，它们与保护患者免受肠道疾病的影响有关，但没有一个众所周知的机制。我们探讨了一种主要的短链脂肪酸，丁酸酯对实验性大鼠溃疡性结肠炎的益处。溃疡性结肠炎是在暴露于乙酸前连续3天分别腹腔或直肠内分别给予50或150 mg/kg丁酸后或未事先给予丁酸后，通过直肠内滴注10%乙酸诱导的。大鼠暴露于醋酸24h后处死，尸检，固定肠切片，常规处理及组织病理学染色。醋酸诱导炎症细胞浸润，上皮细胞丢失，隐窝损伤，结肠杯状细胞丢失。这些变化在丁酸盐处理后被显著抑制。我们得出结论，丁酸盐降低了大鼠醋酸诱导的溃疡性结肠炎病变的严重程度。这种保护效力可能是，至少在一定程度上，通过丁酸盐赋予其溃疡性结肠炎患者的好处的机制之一。坦桑尼亚兽医杂志Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 1-12
{"title":"Butyrate Suppresses The Severity Of Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis In Rats","authors":"J. Malago, K. Omar, M. Mwangwa, M. Isaac, As Msengwa","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V25I1.42023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V25I1.42023","url":null,"abstract":"Short chain fatty acids are increasingly used as food additives due to the health benefits they have. Recently, they have been implicated in protecting patients against intestinal disorders but without a well-known mechanism. We explored the benefits of a major short chain fatty acid, butyrate on experimental ulcerative colitis in rats. The ulcerative colitis was induced by intrarectal instillation of 10% acetic acid after or without prior administration of 50 or 150 mg/kg butyrate intraperitoneally or intrarectally, respectively, for three consecutive days prior to exposure to acetic acid. After 24 hours of\u0000exposure to acetic acid, rats were sacrificed, postmortem examination done, intestinal sections fixed, processed and stained for histopathology in a routine manner. Acetic acid induced infiltration of inflammatory cells, loss of epithelium, crypt damage, and loss of goblet cells in the colon. These changes were significantly suppressed following butyrate treatment. We conclude that butyrate reduces the severity of acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis lesions in rats. This protective potency could be, at least in part, one of the mechanisms by which butyrate imparts its benefits to ulcerative colitis patients. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 1-12","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114495358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two 4-year-old Dutch dairy does from different herds at their last months of pregnancy were anorectic and depressed. Clinically, pregnancy toxemia was diagnosed. At necropsy 4 and 6 fully developed foetuses were found in the two does respectively. Livers of both does were enlarged, yellowish and friable (fatty). The rumens were tremendously decreased in volume and were nearly empty. Kidneys were degenerated. Based on pathological findings final diagnosis was that of pregnancy toxemia. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp. 74-78
来自不同畜群的两只4岁的荷兰奶牛在怀孕的最后几个月出现了厌食和抑郁。临床诊断为妊娠毒血症。尸检中分别发现4个和6个发育完全的胎儿。两只大鼠的肝脏均变大，呈黄色，易碎(脂肪)。瘤胃体积急剧减少，几乎是空的。肾脏退化。根据病理结果，最终诊断为妊娠毒血症。坦桑尼亚兽医杂志Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp. 74-78
{"title":"Pregnancy Toxemia In Does","authors":"J. Malago","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V24I1.42016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V24I1.42016","url":null,"abstract":"Two 4-year-old Dutch dairy does from different herds at their last months\u0000of pregnancy were anorectic and depressed. Clinically, pregnancy toxemia was diagnosed. At necropsy 4 and 6 fully developed foetuses were found in the two does respectively. Livers of both does were enlarged, yellowish and friable (fatty). The rumens were tremendously decreased in volume and were nearly empty. Kidneys were degenerated. Based on pathological findings final diagnosis was that of pregnancy toxemia. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp. 74-78","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130053973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study on drug residues content was done on milk received by Tanga Dairy Cooperative Union in Tanga municipality. Milk samples (384) were collected from 96 farmers on four consecutive days. Forty two of the sampled farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire. The Charm- Aim-96 test which detects permitted maximum residue limits was used. Results showed that out of 384 screened milk samples, 42.7% were found positive for antibiotic residues while 57.3% were negative. About 65% of the farmers had at least one of their milk samples testing positive while 32.3% tested negative. Of the interviewed farmers, 59.5% had at least one positive sample. Farmers did not differ significantly (p>0.05) in all management characteristics and factors/practices which could result in milk antibiotic residues. The number of milking cows, type of commonly encountered diseases and the lack of proper advise on withdrawal periods were found to be significantly (p Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp.38-51
{"title":"Assessment Of Antibiotic Residues In Milk Collected At Tanga Dairy Cooperative Union Centre In Tanga Municipality, Tanzania","authors":"R. Ryoba, L. Kweka, R. Kazwala, L. Kurwijila","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V24I1.42013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V24I1.42013","url":null,"abstract":"A study on drug residues content was done on milk received by Tanga Dairy Cooperative Union in Tanga municipality. Milk samples (384) were collected from 96 farmers on four consecutive days. Forty two of the sampled farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire. The Charm- Aim-96 test which detects permitted maximum residue limits was used. Results showed that out of 384 screened milk samples, 42.7% were found\u0000positive for antibiotic residues while 57.3% were negative. About 65% of the farmers had at least one of their milk samples testing positive while 32.3% tested negative. Of the interviewed farmers, 59.5% had at least one positive sample. Farmers did not differ significantly (p>0.05) in all management characteristics and factors/practices which could result in milk antibiotic residues. The number of milking cows, type of commonly\u0000encountered diseases and the lack of proper advise on withdrawal periods were found to be significantly (p Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp.38-51","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130246435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On-farm survey and characterization of Tarime zebu cattle was carried out to describe their phenotypic characteristics, reproductive performance and adaptive qualities. Data on physical characteristics were collected through onsite observation of 626 animals. Data on reproductive and lactation performances were collected through individual interview of 120 farmers from six villages using a structured questionnaire. Body measurements (body weight, wither height, body length and heart girth) were obtained by measuring 84 animals. The coat colour of most animals was brown (14.2%), fawn (13.4%) or brown mixed with other colours (21.4%). In most animals muzzles were brown (71.4%), hooves were grey (73.8%), naval flap was either absent (69%) or small (28.6%) and the dewlap was medium in size (83.3%). The majority of Tarime zebu cattle had small udder size (92.3%), small front quarter size (61.5%) and medium sized teats (80.8%). The estimated average live weights of mature cattle were 292 ± 32, 319 ± 35 and 249 ±.23 kg for entire males, castrates and females, respectively. Average age at first calving and calving interval were 4.3 ± 3.3 years and 17.6 ± 5.1 months, respectively. Average lactation length was 8.2 ± 2.3 months and average daily milk yield for the whole lactation period was 1.4 ± 0.6 litres. Most farmers reported that Tarime zebu cattle were tolerant to diseases (80.5%) and drought (75.8%), had good grazing ability (34.2%) and were better draught animals (24.2%). It is concluded that Tarime zebu cattle are preferred to pure and crossbred dairy breeds because of their ability to withstand diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 60-74
通过对牛的田间调查和鉴定，了解了牛的表型特征、繁殖性能和适应品质。通过对626只动物的现场观察，收集其身体特征数据。采用结构化问卷对来自6个村庄的120名农民进行了个别访谈，收集了他们的生殖和哺乳表现数据。通过对84只动物进行测量，获得了体重、身高、体长、胸围等身体测量数据。大多数动物的毛色为棕色(14.2%)，小鹿色(13.4%)或棕色混合其他颜色(21.4%)。大多数动物的口部为棕色(71.4%)，蹄子为灰色(73.8%)，唇瓣缺失(69%)或较小(28.6%)，耳垂大小中等(83.3%)。大多数白羊牛乳房小(92.3%)，前四分之一小(61.5%)，乳头中等(80.8%)。估计成年牛的平均活重分别为292±32、319±35和249±。全公、去势、母各23公斤。平均初产犊年龄为4.3±3.3岁，平均产犊间隔为17.6±5.1个月。平均泌乳时长为8.2±2.3个月，全泌乳期平均日产奶量为1.4±0.6升。大多数农民反映，白羊牛抗病(80.5%)、抗旱(75.8%)、放牧能力好(34.2%)、耐旱性好(24.2%)。综上所述，与纯种和杂交奶牛相比，白羊牛具有较强的抗病能力和良好的环境条件。坦桑尼亚兽医杂志Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 60-74
{"title":"Phenotypic Description And Productive Performance Of Tarime Zebu Cattle In Tanzania","authors":"S. Chenyambuga, Ee Ngowi, P. Gwakisa, S. Mbaga","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V25I1.42029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V25I1.42029","url":null,"abstract":"On-farm survey and characterization of Tarime zebu cattle was carried out to\u0000describe their phenotypic characteristics, reproductive performance and adaptive qualities. Data on physical characteristics were collected through onsite observation of 626 animals. Data on reproductive and lactation performances were collected through individual interview of 120 farmers from six villages using a structured questionnaire. Body measurements (body weight, wither height, body length and heart girth) were obtained by\u0000measuring 84 animals. The coat colour of most animals was brown (14.2%), fawn (13.4%) or brown mixed with other colours (21.4%). In most animals muzzles were brown (71.4%), hooves were grey (73.8%), naval flap was either absent (69%) or small (28.6%) and the dewlap was medium in size (83.3%). The majority of Tarime zebu cattle had small udder size (92.3%), small front quarter size (61.5%) and medium sized teats (80.8%). The\u0000estimated average live weights of mature cattle were 292 ± 32, 319 ± 35 and 249 ±.23 kg for entire males, castrates and females, respectively. Average age at first calving and calving interval were 4.3 ± 3.3 years and 17.6 ± 5.1 months, respectively. Average lactation length was 8.2 ± 2.3 months and average daily milk yield for the whole lactation period was 1.4 ± 0.6 litres. Most farmers reported that Tarime zebu cattle were tolerant to diseases\u0000(80.5%) and drought (75.8%), had good grazing ability (34.2%) and were better draught animals (24.2%). It is concluded that Tarime zebu cattle are preferred to pure and crossbred dairy breeds because of their ability to withstand diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 60-74","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114389355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ps Mlay, A. Pereka, S. Balthazary, E. Phiri, J. Madsen, T. Hvelplund, Weisbjerg
The impact on rumen degradation of hay dry matter from dacron bags of supplements traditionally used by smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania is reported. The supplements included sources of energy and protein (maize bran, molasses, cassava flour and sunflower cake) and an ionic feed additive called “Magadi”. The experimental layout was a 5x5 Latin square with 21 days for adaptation to diets followed by in sacco incubation of hay DM for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 96 and 144h. Treatments were: Poor quality hay with 2.7 kg (DM) maize bran (HMB) (control), hay with 2.7 kg (DM) maize bran further supplemented with (DM) 0.25 of “Magadi” (HMG), 1.3kg (DM) sugars (molasses) (HMO) or 0.9 kg (DM) starch (HCA) and hay supplemented with 2.8 kg (DM) of farm made concentrate mixture containing maize bran (68), sunflower cake (31) and mineral powder (1% DM) (HFC). Five mature heifers (Boran x Friesian) were used during the trial. DM and organic matter intake was significantly higher with sugars (HMO), starch (HCA) and nitrogen (HFC) supplements compared to the control. Sugars and starch led to significantly lower degradation rate compared to nitrogen and "Magadi". It is hereby concluded that the use of energy rich supplements can have depressive effects on the utilisation of poor quality roughage while nitrogen rich supplements and “Magadi” have positive effects on plant fibre degradation. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp. 23-37
报告了坦桑尼亚小奶农传统使用的涤纶袋补品对瘤胃降解的影响。这些补充剂包括能量和蛋白质来源(玉米麸、糖蜜、木薯粉和向日葵蛋糕)以及一种名为“Magadi”的离子饲料添加剂。试验布置为5 × 5拉丁方格，21 d的日粮适应期，分别为0、2、4、8、16、24、48、96和144h。处理为:劣质干草加2.7 kg (DM)玉米皮(HMB)(对照)，干草加2.7 kg (DM)玉米皮进一步补充(DM) 0.25“Magadi”(HMG)、1.3kg (DM)糖(糖蜜)(HMO)或0.9 kg (DM)淀粉(HCA)，干草加2.8 kg (DM)农场配制的玉米皮(68)、向日葵饼(31)和矿粉(1% DM) (HFC)的混合浓缩料(HFC)。试验期间选用5头成年母牛(博兰×弗里西亚)。与对照组相比，添加糖(HMO)、淀粉(HCA)和氮(HFC)组的干物质和有机物摄入量显著增加。与氮和“Magadi”相比，糖和淀粉的降解率显著降低。综上所述，饲粮中添加高能量饲粮对劣质粗饲料的利用有抑制作用，而添加富氮饲粮和“Magadi”饲粮对植物纤维降解有积极作用。坦桑尼亚兽医杂志Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp. 23-37
{"title":"In Situ Degradation Of Poor Quality Hay In The Rumens Of Mature Heifers As Influenced By Sugar, Starch And Nitrogen Supplements And An Ionic Feed Additive","authors":"Ps Mlay, A. Pereka, S. Balthazary, E. Phiri, J. Madsen, T. Hvelplund, Weisbjerg","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V24I1.42012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V24I1.42012","url":null,"abstract":"The impact on rumen degradation of hay dry matter from dacron bags of supplements traditionally used by smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania is reported. The supplements included sources of energy and protein (maize bran, molasses, cassava flour and sunflower cake) and an ionic feed additive called “Magadi”. The experimental layout was a 5x5 Latin square with 21 days for adaptation to diets followed by in sacco incubation of hay DM for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 96 and 144h. Treatments were: Poor quality hay with 2.7 kg (DM) maize bran (HMB) (control), hay with 2.7 kg (DM) maize bran further supplemented with (DM) 0.25 of “Magadi” (HMG), 1.3kg (DM) sugars (molasses) (HMO) or 0.9 kg (DM) starch (HCA) and hay supplemented with 2.8 kg (DM) of farm made concentrate mixture containing maize bran (68), sunflower cake (31) and mineral powder (1% DM) (HFC). Five mature heifers (Boran x Friesian) were used during the trial. DM and organic matter intake was significantly higher with sugars (HMO), starch (HCA) and nitrogen (HFC) supplements compared to the control. Sugars and starch led to significantly lower degradation rate compared to nitrogen and \"Magadi\". It is hereby concluded that the use of energy rich supplements can have depressive effects on the utilisation of poor quality roughage while nitrogen rich supplements and “Magadi” have positive effects on plant fibre degradation. Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 24 (1) 2007: pp. 23-37","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131639987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ps Mlay, E. Phiri, A. Pereka, S. Balthazary, Pt Yakobo
Mammals lack the enzymes that are capable of digesting plant fibres. Microbes (bacteria, protozoa and fungi) enable herbivores to utilize lignocellulose and non-protein nitrogen and convert these to highly valuable products (meat and milk). In Tanzania, the bulk of beef and milk is derived from the national herd of almost entirely shorthorn zebu population of approximately 13.4 million cattle. Despite the importance of Tanzania shorthorn zebu cattle, the microbes inhabiting the rumen, omasum and colon of these animals have not been adequately studied. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the type and distribution of ciliate protozoa in the rumen, omasum and colon of 40 Tanzania shorthorn zebu cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal abattoir. Immediately after slaughter, ruminal, omasal and colon content samples were collected in clean containers. Rumen liquor was obtained by squeezing the rumen contents through two layers of surgical gauze. Each sample was diluted by mixing 1 g or 1 ml of contents with 4 ml of 10% formalin solution to fix the protozoa. This was followed by addition of two drops of iodine tincture to stain starch granules just before identification and counting of protozoa. Standard techniques were used for the identification and counting of the microbes. The main protozoa in the ruminal and omasal contents and rumen liquor were Entodinium spp (84-93%), Diplodinium spp (6-8%), Ostracodinium spp (1.0-1.5%), and Eudiplodinium spp (1-1.4%). The total protozoal counts were 1.9 x 105, 1.4 x 104, 0.03x104/g in the ruminal, omasal and colon contents respectively and 1.3 x 105/ml in rumen liquor. Protozoal density in the rumen contents was significantly (p Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 13-23
{"title":"The Type And Number Of Ciliate Protozoa In The Rumen, Omasum And Colon Of Tanzanian Short Horn Zebu Cattle","authors":"Ps Mlay, E. Phiri, A. Pereka, S. Balthazary, Pt Yakobo","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V25I1.42024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V25I1.42024","url":null,"abstract":"Mammals lack the enzymes that are capable of digesting plant fibres. Microbes (bacteria, protozoa and fungi) enable herbivores to utilize lignocellulose and non-protein nitrogen and convert these to highly valuable products (meat and milk). In Tanzania, the bulk of beef and milk is derived from the national herd of almost entirely shorthorn zebu population of approximately 13.4 million cattle. Despite the importance of Tanzania\u0000shorthorn zebu cattle, the microbes inhabiting the rumen, omasum and colon of these animals have not been adequately studied. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the type and distribution of ciliate protozoa in the rumen, omasum and colon of 40 Tanzania shorthorn zebu cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal abattoir. Immediately after slaughter, ruminal, omasal and colon content samples were collected in clean containers. Rumen liquor was obtained by squeezing the rumen contents through two layers of surgical\u0000gauze. Each sample was diluted by mixing 1 g or 1 ml of contents with 4 ml of 10% formalin solution to fix the protozoa. This was followed by addition of two drops of iodine tincture to stain starch granules just before identification and counting of protozoa. Standard techniques were used for the identification and counting of the microbes. The main protozoa in the ruminal and omasal contents and rumen liquor were Entodinium spp (84-93%), Diplodinium spp (6-8%), Ostracodinium spp (1.0-1.5%), and Eudiplodinium spp (1-1.4%). The total protozoal counts were 1.9 x 105, 1.4 x 104, 0.03x104/g in the ruminal,\u0000omasal and colon contents respectively and 1.3 x 105/ml in rumen liquor. Protozoal density in the rumen contents was significantly (p Tanzania Veterinary Journal Vol. 25 (1) 2008: pp. 13-23","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131765499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A cross sectional study was carried out between September 2007 and September 2008 to investigate the prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasite infections on the gills and skin of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) in Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 229 fish from 19 ponds were studied. Trichodina spp. and Monogeneans were the only ectoparasites observed. Overall prevalence of ectoparasites in the study area was 68% and the average mean intensity was 5.3. Trichodina spp. were more prevalent (P<0.05) than Monogeneans. Gills were more affected with parasites than the skin (P<0.05). There was no strong relationship between water quality and prevalence and mean intensity of parasites. Prevalence and mean intensity varied in different ponds due to different management practices and the knowledge of fish husbandry. Parasite infection was significantly higher in urban than in rural areas (P<0.05). There is a need for farmers to be trained on proper fish husbandry and pond management in order to reduce the risk of parasite multiplication in the ponds and hence infection rate. Keywords: Freshwater fish, Trichodina spp., Monogenean, diseases
{"title":"Prevalence and Mean Intensity of Ectoparasite Infections in Pond Reared Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) in Morogoro, Tanzania","authors":"C. Mathew, R. Mdegela, G. Mwamengele, A. Kassuku","doi":"10.4314/TVJ.V29I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TVJ.V29I1","url":null,"abstract":"A cross sectional study was carried out between September 2007 and September 2008 to investigate the prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasite infections on the gills and skin of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) in Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 229 fish from 19 ponds were studied. Trichodina spp. and Monogeneans were the only ectoparasites observed. Overall prevalence of ectoparasites in the study area was 68% and the average mean intensity was 5.3. Trichodina spp. were more prevalent (P<0.05) than Monogeneans. Gills were more affected with parasites than the skin (P<0.05). There was no strong relationship between water quality and prevalence and mean intensity of parasites. Prevalence and mean intensity varied in different ponds due to different management practices and the knowledge of fish husbandry. Parasite infection was significantly higher in urban than in rural areas (P<0.05). There is a need for farmers to be trained on proper fish husbandry and pond management in order to reduce the risk of parasite multiplication in the ponds and hence infection rate. Keywords: Freshwater fish, Trichodina spp., Monogenean, diseases","PeriodicalId":181497,"journal":{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115970710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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