Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105894
Auvo Sairanen , Elina Juutinen , Torben Larsen , Mogens Vestergaard , Marketta Rinne
Low concentrate input systems can potentially solve some of the environmental and societal challenges of the current high concentrate input dairy production. This study compared a typical high concentrate proportion (47% on dry matter basis) used in intensive Northern European dairy cow feeding with a low concentrate proportion (22%) on a grass silage-based diet. The study lasted over the whole lactation period and used Holstein (n = 32) and Nordic Red (n = 14) dairy cows. A high concentrate proportion significantly increased feed and nutrient intake, while the breed of the cows did not affect nutrient intake and no concentrate proportion × breed interactions were detected. Increased feed intake was reflected in significant increases in daily milk, energy corrected milk, fat, protein, and lactose production. A high concentrate proportion did not alleviate the negative energy balance in the beginning of lactation. No negative effects on cow health were observed related to the low concentrate proportion and both breeds seemed to adapt equally well to the low concentrate proportion. Based on current feed prices in Finland, a high concentrate proportion was economically more viable.
{"title":"Responses of Nordic Red and Holstein dairy cows to reduced concentrate feed input on a grass silage-based diet","authors":"Auvo Sairanen , Elina Juutinen , Torben Larsen , Mogens Vestergaard , Marketta Rinne","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low concentrate input systems can potentially solve some of the environmental and societal challenges of the current high concentrate input dairy production. This study compared a typical high concentrate proportion (47% on dry matter basis) used in intensive Northern European dairy cow feeding with a low concentrate proportion (22%) on a grass silage-based diet. The study lasted over the whole lactation period and used Holstein (<em>n</em> = 32) and Nordic Red (<em>n</em> = 14) dairy cows. A high concentrate proportion significantly increased feed and nutrient intake, while the breed of the cows did not affect nutrient intake and no concentrate proportion × breed interactions were detected. Increased feed intake was reflected in significant increases in daily milk, energy corrected milk, fat, protein, and lactose production. A high concentrate proportion did not alleviate the negative energy balance in the beginning of lactation. No negative effects on cow health were observed related to the low concentrate proportion and both breeds seemed to adapt equally well to the low concentrate proportion. Based on current feed prices in Finland, a high concentrate proportion was economically more viable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 105894"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105879
M. Donnelly , K.H. Ominski , D.J. Cattani , R. Kroebel , S.J. Pogue , E.J. McGeough
To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity and protein produced from a beef cow-calf operation in Manitoba, Canada, a partial life cycle assessment was conducted for 4 management systems incorporating: i) a grass/legume forage control (FORCON); ii) intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium; IWG) monoculture with no fertilizer (NFert); iii) IWG monoculture with 50 kg of nitrogen (N)/ha applied following grain harvest (Fert); and iv) an IWG-alsike clover intercrop (AL) for stockpiled forage grazing in the late fall/early winter. Emissions over an 8-yr cycle were estimated using Holos, a Canadian whole-farm model utilizing IPCC Tier 2 methodology. Greenhouse gas emission intensities across the 4 modeled systems ranged from 17.97 to 18.07 kg CO2e/kg total liveweight sold, with enteric CH4 contributing 57–58% of total emissions. Contributions from other emission sources included manure CH4 (22%), direct N2O (9–10%), indirect N2O (6%), and farm energy CO2 (5%). Grain, cattle, and forage production contributed 8–12, 28–37, and 55–63% of total protein, respectively. Cumulative GHG emissions per unit of protein (human and animal edible) per hectare of land were 28%, 34%, and 38% lower for the Fert system compared to AL, NFert, and FORCON, respectively, despite the added emissions from synthetic fertilizer. In conclusion, the productivity of IWG was comparable to a traditional perennial mixture for late season stockpile grazing, particularly when N fertilizer is applied post-grain harvest, with the demonstrated dual-purpose benefit of providing a grain crop for human consumption and late season cattle feed from the same land area and growing season.
{"title":"Greenhouse gas intensity from beef systems grazing stockpiled intermediate wheatgrass in the late fall/early winter with impacts from fertilizer and legume integration","authors":"M. Donnelly , K.H. Ominski , D.J. Cattani , R. Kroebel , S.J. Pogue , E.J. McGeough","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity and protein produced from a beef cow-calf operation in Manitoba, Canada, a partial life cycle assessment was conducted for 4 management systems incorporating: i) a grass/legume forage control (FORCON); ii) intermediate wheatgrass (<em>Thinopyrum intermedium;</em> IWG) monoculture with no fertilizer (NFert); iii) IWG monoculture with 50 kg of nitrogen (N)/ha applied following grain harvest (Fert); and iv) an IWG-alsike clover intercrop (AL) for stockpiled forage grazing in the late fall/early winter. Emissions over an 8-yr cycle were estimated using Holos, a Canadian whole-farm model utilizing IPCC Tier 2 methodology. Greenhouse gas emission intensities across the 4 modeled systems ranged from 17.97 to 18.07 kg CO<sub>2</sub>e/kg total liveweight sold, with enteric CH<sub>4</sub> contributing 57–58% of total emissions. Contributions from other emission sources included manure CH<sub>4</sub> (22%), direct N<sub>2</sub>O (9–10%), indirect N<sub>2</sub>O (6%), and farm energy CO<sub>2</sub> (5%). Grain, cattle, and forage production contributed 8–12, 28–37, and 55–63% of total protein, respectively. Cumulative GHG emissions per unit of protein (human and animal edible) per hectare of land were 28%, 34%, and 38% lower for the Fert system compared to AL, NFert, and FORCON, respectively, despite the added emissions from synthetic fertilizer. In conclusion, the productivity of IWG was comparable to a traditional perennial mixture for late season stockpile grazing, particularly when N fertilizer is applied post-grain harvest, with the demonstrated dual-purpose benefit of providing a grain crop for human consumption and late season cattle feed from the same land area and growing season.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 105879"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105895
Cathy E. McGettigan , Mark McGee , Edward G. O’Riordan , Alan K. Kelly , Jennifer McMorrow , Bernadette Earley
The objective of this study was to investigate the preference and associated behaviours of finishing beef cattle for different floor types. Two experiments each comprising of forty steers (Experiment 1; 549 kg live weight, SD 10.8; Experiment 2, 564 kg, SD 27.7) were used. For each experiment, animals were weighed on two consecutive days and blocked by breed, age and live weight, and assigned to ten modified experimental pens, with the option to choose between two floor types, of either; i) concrete slatted floor (CS) or ii) concrete slats overlaid with rubber mat (RM) - Experiment 1; and i) RM or ii) CS overlaid with straw (Straw) - Experiment 2; for a duration of 21 days. Animals were offered a total mixed ration based on grass silage plus concentrates ad libitum, along the front of each pen. Animal behaviour in each pen was recorded continuously and the video footage from days 1, 2, 3, 9 and 20 was analysed at 10-minute intervals by a single observer. In Experiment 1, steers consistently preferred the RM floor type (P < 0.001), spending, on average, 77% of their time on RM compared to 23% on CS. When steers selected RM they exhibited a greater percentage of time lying down (P < 0.001), “true” eating, and less time standing idle (P < 0.05), eating drinking, rubbing, auto-grooming (P < 0.001) and allo-grooming (P < 0.01) compared to those on CS. There was no difference in the percentage of time that steers engaged in head-butting on either floor type. In Experiment 2, steers consistently preferred the straw floor type (P < 0.001), spending, on average, 75% of their time on straw compared to 25% on RM. Steers that selected straw spent a greater percentage of time lying down (P < 0.001), and less time standing idle, eating, drinking, rubbing and auto-grooming (P < 0.001) compared to those on RM. There was no difference in the percentage of time that steers engaged in “true” eating, allo-grooming and head-butting on either floor type. In conclusion, finishing beef cattle showed a clear preference for softer flooring surfaces, spending more time lying down.
{"title":"Floor type preference and associated behaviours of finishing beef cattle","authors":"Cathy E. McGettigan , Mark McGee , Edward G. O’Riordan , Alan K. Kelly , Jennifer McMorrow , Bernadette Earley","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to investigate the preference and associated behaviours of finishing beef cattle for different floor types. Two experiments each comprising of forty steers (Experiment 1; 549 kg live weight, SD 10.8; Experiment 2, 564 kg, SD 27.7) were used. For each experiment, animals were weighed on two consecutive days and blocked by breed, age and live weight, and assigned to ten modified experimental pens, with the option to choose between two floor types, of either; i) concrete slatted floor (CS) or ii) concrete slats overlaid with rubber mat (RM) - Experiment 1; and i) RM or ii) CS overlaid with straw (Straw) - Experiment 2; for a duration of 21 days. Animals were offered a total mixed ration based on grass silage plus concentrates ad libitum<em>,</em> along the front of each pen. Animal behaviour in each pen was recorded continuously and the video footage from days 1, 2, 3, 9 and 20 was analysed at 10-minute intervals by a single observer. In Experiment 1, steers consistently preferred the RM floor type (<em>P</em> < 0.001), spending, on average, 77% of their time on RM compared to 23% on CS. When steers selected RM they exhibited a greater percentage of time lying down (<em>P</em> < 0.001), “true” eating, and less time standing idle (<em>P</em> < 0.05), eating drinking, rubbing, auto-grooming (<em>P</em> < 0.001) and allo-grooming (<em>P</em> < 0.01) compared to those on CS. There was no difference in the percentage of time that steers engaged in head-butting on either floor type. In Experiment 2, steers consistently preferred the straw floor type (<em>P</em> < 0.001), spending, on average, 75% of their time on straw compared to 25% on RM. Steers that selected straw spent a greater percentage of time lying down (<em>P</em> < 0.001), and less time standing idle, eating, drinking, rubbing and auto-grooming (<em>P</em> < 0.001) compared to those on RM. There was no difference in the percentage of time that steers engaged in “true” eating, allo-grooming and head-butting on either floor type. In conclusion, finishing beef cattle showed a clear preference for softer flooring surfaces, spending more time lying down.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 105895"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105884
Jianfei Zhao , Zhongqian Lu , Shan Du , Yufei Zhu , Shanchuan Cao , Jingbo Liu
We systematically investigated dietary Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaf (ZBL) effects on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, serum and muscle metabolomic profiles, and gut microbiota composition in Daheng broiler chicken. A total of 512 healthy 50-day-old male chickens with similar body weights (1697.35±11.08 g) were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a control group (0% ZBL) and three ZBL-supplemented groups (2%, 3%, and 4% ZBL). Each group contained eight replicates (16 chickens/replicate) and the trial lasted 37 days. ZBL supplementation (4%) significantly reduced final weight (FW) and average daily gain (ADG) (P< 0.05) while it increased feed-to-gain ratios (F/G) (P< 0.01), compared to the control group. ZBL also significantly reduced drip loss, cooking loss, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in breast muscle (P< 0.01), while it significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and catalase (CAT) activity (P < 0.01). Gut microbiota analysis revealed no change in α-diversity at 3% ZBL, but linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) identified enriched Archaea (P < 0.05). Serum metabolomics analysis detected 38 differentially abundant metabolites (nucleotides, lipids) between control and 3% ZBL groups. Muscle metabolomics indicated elevated amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid pathway activity in 3% ZBL groups. Correlation analysis further showed that serum and muscle metabolite changes were closely associated with intestinal flora roles, and thus affected phenotypic indicators. In summary, dietary 3% ZBL is optimal for enhancing meat quality via antioxidant enhancement, gut microbiota modulation, and metabolite alterations without compromising growth performance. Although 4% ZBL further improved meat quality, its growth inhibition limits its practical application.
{"title":"Dietary Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaf supplementation improves meat quality of Daheng broiler chicken by altering gut microbiota-serum-muscle metabolome axis","authors":"Jianfei Zhao , Zhongqian Lu , Shan Du , Yufei Zhu , Shanchuan Cao , Jingbo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We systematically investigated dietary <em>Zanthoxylum bungeanum</em> leaf (ZBL) effects on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, serum and muscle metabolomic profiles, and gut microbiota composition in Daheng broiler chicken. A total of 512 healthy 50-day-old male chickens with similar body weights (1697.35±11.08 g) were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a control group (0% ZBL) and three ZBL-supplemented groups (2%, 3%, and 4% ZBL). Each group contained eight replicates (16 chickens/replicate) and the trial lasted 37 days. ZBL supplementation (4%) significantly reduced final weight (FW) and average daily gain (ADG) (<em>P</em> <em><</em> 0.05) while it increased feed-to-gain ratios (F/G) (<em>P</em> <em><</em> 0.01), compared to the control group. ZBL also significantly reduced drip loss, cooking loss, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in breast muscle (<em>P</em> <em><</em> 0.01), while it significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and catalase (CAT) activity (<em>P</em> < 0.01). Gut microbiota analysis revealed no change in α-diversity at 3% ZBL, but linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) identified enriched <em>Archaea</em> (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Serum metabolomics analysis detected 38 differentially abundant metabolites (nucleotides, lipids) between control and 3% ZBL groups. Muscle metabolomics indicated elevated amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid pathway activity in 3% ZBL groups. Correlation analysis further showed that serum and muscle metabolite changes were closely associated with intestinal flora roles, and thus affected phenotypic indicators. In summary, dietary 3% ZBL is optimal for enhancing meat quality via antioxidant enhancement, gut microbiota modulation, and metabolite alterations without compromising growth performance. Although 4% ZBL further improved meat quality, its growth inhibition limits its practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 105884"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105881
Long Chen , Maike J. Brask , Lasse Sembach , Vivi M. Thorup , Søren Østergaard
Understanding how conversion from confinement to grazing systems affects dairy production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for informed decision-making for emission mitigation in dairy production. Here, we combined a dairy herd simulation model with a farm GHG tool to assess the impact of converting a conventional confinement dairy farm to seasonal grazing on the carbon footprint (CF) of milk production. We hypothesized that the CF would decrease after conversion due to reduced enteric methane (CH4) emissions and improved animal health on pasture. We modelled a 6-month grazing season with cows on pasture 6 h daily, where grazed grass made up 20 % of daily dry matter intake. Herd simulations were performed to assess the effect of grazing on animal health, and the resulting effects on feed intake, milk yield, and herd replacement. These outputs informed a farm GHG tool, which calculated CF from key emission sources including enteric fermentation, feed production, energy use, and manure management. Results for CF indicated that the benefits from grazing, including reduced enteric CH₄ emissions and improved animal health, were slightly outweighed by increased emissions from nitrogen fertilization. Consequently, the CF increased slightly, from 1.115 to 1.119 kg CO₂-eq per kg fat- and protein-corrected milk, marking a 0.3 % increase. Sensitivity analysis showed that longer walking distance, no health effect, purchased concentrated feed, and decreased pasture nitrogen fertilization changed CF by -1.1 to +1.4 % after conversion. Our findings suggest that a well-managed seasonal grazing system does not substantially change GHG emissions as compared to the same farm under confinement production. This indicates that grazing is neither a significant GHG mitigation strategy nor a major contributor to climate impact.
{"title":"Assessing the carbon footprint of converting confinement dairy production to seasonal grazing in a dairy herd: a scenario study","authors":"Long Chen , Maike J. Brask , Lasse Sembach , Vivi M. Thorup , Søren Østergaard","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how conversion from confinement to grazing systems affects dairy production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for informed decision-making for emission mitigation in dairy production. Here, we combined a dairy herd simulation model with a farm GHG tool to assess the impact of converting a conventional confinement dairy farm to seasonal grazing on the carbon footprint (CF) of milk production. We hypothesized that the CF would decrease after conversion due to reduced enteric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions and improved animal health on pasture. We modelled a 6-month grazing season with cows on pasture 6 h daily, where grazed grass made up 20 % of daily dry matter intake. Herd simulations were performed to assess the effect of grazing on animal health, and the resulting effects on feed intake, milk yield, and herd replacement. These outputs informed a farm GHG tool, which calculated CF from key emission sources including enteric fermentation, feed production, energy use, and manure management. Results for CF indicated that the benefits from grazing, including reduced enteric CH₄ emissions and improved animal health, were slightly outweighed by increased emissions from nitrogen fertilization. Consequently, the CF increased slightly, from 1.115 to 1.119 kg CO₂-eq per kg fat- and protein-corrected milk, marking a 0.3 % increase. Sensitivity analysis showed that longer walking distance, no health effect, purchased concentrated feed, and decreased pasture nitrogen fertilization changed CF by -1.1 to +1.4 % after conversion. Our findings suggest that a well-managed seasonal grazing system does not substantially change GHG emissions as compared to the same farm under confinement production. This indicates that grazing is neither a significant GHG mitigation strategy nor a major contributor to climate impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 105881"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145882398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105882
Elaine Magnani , Laura B. Toseti , Eduardo M. Paula , Marcos I. Marcondes , Pedro D.B. Benedeti , Thiago H. da Silva , Alexandre Berndt , Paulo R. Leme , Renata H. Branco
This study evaluated the effects of forage-derived neutral detergent fiber (NDFf) levels and essential oils as a natural alternative to monensin on feed intake, performance, carcass characteristics, enteric methane (CH4) emissions, and ruminal protozoa in Nellore bulls finished under tropical conditions. Sixty Nellore bulls (409 ± 6.36 kg body weight; 24 months old) were assigned to one of six treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments included two feed additives, monensin (30 mg/kg DM) or a blend of essential oils from castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid (500 mg/kg DM), combined with diets containing 6 %, 9 %, or 15 % NDFf. Monensin supplementation significantly increased final body weight, carcass weight, average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency, metabolic energy requirements, carcass length, renal fat deposition, and empty gastrointestinal tract weight (P < 0.05). In contrast, essential oil supplementation resulted in a larger ribeye area, higher concentrations of n-3 fatty acids in meat, and reduced daily CH4 emissions (P < 0.05), indicating potential benefits for meat quality and environmental sustainability. Although monensin reduced protozoal counts, it was less effective than essential oils in mitigating CH4 emissions. Increasing NDFf levels led to higher DMI, CH4 emissions, gross energy intake, and CH4/DMI ratio (P < 0.05). Bulls fed diets with 15 % NDFf exhibited the longest carcasses and heaviest gastrointestinal tracts (P < 0.01). Overall, these results underscore the trade-offs between maximizing performance, maintaining rumen health, and minimizing environmental impact. While monensin remains a potent tool for improving feedlot efficiency, essential oils offer promising benefits for sustainable beef production, particularly when integrated into well-balanced diets with optimized fiber levels.
{"title":"Influence of monensin, essential oils, and forage-derived neutral detergent fiber levels on performance, carcass traits, methane emissions, and rumen protozoa in Nellore bulls","authors":"Elaine Magnani , Laura B. Toseti , Eduardo M. Paula , Marcos I. Marcondes , Pedro D.B. Benedeti , Thiago H. da Silva , Alexandre Berndt , Paulo R. Leme , Renata H. Branco","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effects of forage-derived neutral detergent fiber (NDF<sub>f</sub>) levels and essential oils as a natural alternative to monensin on feed intake, performance, carcass characteristics, enteric methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions, and ruminal protozoa in Nellore bulls finished under tropical conditions. Sixty Nellore bulls (409 ± 6.36 kg body weight; 24 months old) were assigned to one of six treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial design. Treatments included two feed additives, monensin (30 mg/kg DM) or a blend of essential oils from castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid (500 mg/kg DM), combined with diets containing 6 %, 9 %, or 15 % NDF<sub>f</sub>. Monensin supplementation significantly increased final body weight, carcass weight, average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency, metabolic energy requirements, carcass length, renal fat deposition, and empty gastrointestinal tract weight (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In contrast, essential oil supplementation resulted in a larger ribeye area, higher concentrations of n-3 fatty acids in meat, and reduced daily CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (<em>P</em> < 0.05), indicating potential benefits for meat quality and environmental sustainability. Although monensin reduced protozoal counts, it was less effective than essential oils in mitigating CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. Increasing NDF<sub>f</sub> levels led to higher DMI, CH<sub>4</sub> emissions, gross energy intake, and CH<sub>4</sub>/DMI ratio (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Bulls fed diets with 15 % NDF<sub>f</sub> exhibited the longest carcasses and heaviest gastrointestinal tracts (<em>P</em> < 0.01). Overall, these results underscore the trade-offs between maximizing performance, maintaining rumen health, and minimizing environmental impact. While monensin remains a potent tool for improving feedlot efficiency, essential oils offer promising benefits for sustainable beef production, particularly when integrated into well-balanced diets with optimized fiber levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 105882"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105883
Kaique Moreira Gomes , Jean Kaique Valentim , Carlos Henrique de Oliveira , Artur Macedo Ribeiro , Kelly Morais Maia Dias , Arele Arlindo Calderano , Jansller Luiz Genova , Tarciso Tizziani , Melissa Izabel Hannas
<div><div>An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase (PHY; g/ton) with carbohydrases (CBH; g/ton) and protease (PRO; g/ton) on growth performance, body composition, carcass and cuts traits, jejunal morphology, and economic viability of broiler chickens have fed diets, which had a reduction in the metabolizable energy (ME), available phosphorous (AvP), crude protein (CP), and total calcium (Ca). A total of 1400 male chicks were randomly assigned to seven treatments, and 10 replicates of 20 broiler chickens per pen. Data-variance analysis, and orthogonal comparisons have been conducted. Treatments included the positive control (PC), NC1 (the ME, AvP, and Ca in the NC1 diets respectively were 100 kcal/kg, 0.18 %, and 0.20 % lower than those PC), NC2 (the percentages of CP, AvP, and Ca in the NC2 diets respectively were 1.5 %, 0.18 %, and 0.20 % smaller than those PC), NC3 (the ME, CP, AvP, and Ca in the NC3 diets respectively were 100 kcal/kg, 1.5 %, 0.18 %, and 0.20 % lower than those PC), NC1 + PHY + CBH (CPNC1), NC2 + PHY + PRO (PPNC2), and NC3 + PHY + CBH + PRO (CPPNC3). Feed intake (FI), and body weight gain (BWG) in the starter and entire phases, the soft-lean-tissue (SLT), body-protein (BP), body-water (BW), and body-ash (BA) weights, the preslaughter live-body weight (LBW), the relative weights of carcass, breast, and legs (CBL), the jejunal villi height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), and feed cost (FC; USA$/chick) of broiler chickens fed PC were higher than those of the average of three NC diets without enzymes (ANC) (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). However, either feed conversion ratio (FCR) in both phases, CD, and feed cost (FCB; USA$/kg of BWG) stem from feeding PC or FI in both phases, the starter-phase FCR, VH, FC, and FCB stem from feeding PC or the entire-phase FCR, and FCB stem from feeding NC2 respectively were lower than the same items stem from feeding ANC, the average of three NC diets with enzyme (ANCE), and PPNC2 (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). Also, FI, and BWG in both phases, BA, LBW, CBL, and FC stem from feeding NC1, NC2, NC3, and ANC respectively were smaller than those of CPNC1, PPNC2, CPPNC3, and ANCE (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). Similarly, FI, and FCR in both phases stem from feeding CPNC1, and PPNC2 were smaller than those of CPPNC3 (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). However, either FCR in both phases, CD, and FCB stem from feeding ANC or the starter-phase FCR, and CD stem from feeding NC3 or the entire-phase FI stem from feeding CPNC1 respectively were greater than the same items stem from feeding ANCE, CPPNC3, and PPNC2 (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). Also, SLT, BP, and BW stem from feeding NC2, NC3, and ANC respectively were lower than those of PPNC2, CPPNC3, and ANCE (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). Similarly, either VH, VH:CD, and the body-fat weight stem from feeding ANC or VH:CD, and the body-fat weight stem from feeding NC3 or VH, and VH:CD stem from feeding NC1 respectively were smaller than the same ite
{"title":"Supplementation of multi enzymes mitigates nutrient and energy restriction effects in broiler chickens","authors":"Kaique Moreira Gomes , Jean Kaique Valentim , Carlos Henrique de Oliveira , Artur Macedo Ribeiro , Kelly Morais Maia Dias , Arele Arlindo Calderano , Jansller Luiz Genova , Tarciso Tizziani , Melissa Izabel Hannas","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase (PHY; g/ton) with carbohydrases (CBH; g/ton) and protease (PRO; g/ton) on growth performance, body composition, carcass and cuts traits, jejunal morphology, and economic viability of broiler chickens have fed diets, which had a reduction in the metabolizable energy (ME), available phosphorous (AvP), crude protein (CP), and total calcium (Ca). A total of 1400 male chicks were randomly assigned to seven treatments, and 10 replicates of 20 broiler chickens per pen. Data-variance analysis, and orthogonal comparisons have been conducted. Treatments included the positive control (PC), NC1 (the ME, AvP, and Ca in the NC1 diets respectively were 100 kcal/kg, 0.18 %, and 0.20 % lower than those PC), NC2 (the percentages of CP, AvP, and Ca in the NC2 diets respectively were 1.5 %, 0.18 %, and 0.20 % smaller than those PC), NC3 (the ME, CP, AvP, and Ca in the NC3 diets respectively were 100 kcal/kg, 1.5 %, 0.18 %, and 0.20 % lower than those PC), NC1 + PHY + CBH (CPNC1), NC2 + PHY + PRO (PPNC2), and NC3 + PHY + CBH + PRO (CPPNC3). Feed intake (FI), and body weight gain (BWG) in the starter and entire phases, the soft-lean-tissue (SLT), body-protein (BP), body-water (BW), and body-ash (BA) weights, the preslaughter live-body weight (LBW), the relative weights of carcass, breast, and legs (CBL), the jejunal villi height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), and feed cost (FC; USA$/chick) of broiler chickens fed PC were higher than those of the average of three NC diets without enzymes (ANC) (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). However, either feed conversion ratio (FCR) in both phases, CD, and feed cost (FCB; USA$/kg of BWG) stem from feeding PC or FI in both phases, the starter-phase FCR, VH, FC, and FCB stem from feeding PC or the entire-phase FCR, and FCB stem from feeding NC2 respectively were lower than the same items stem from feeding ANC, the average of three NC diets with enzyme (ANCE), and PPNC2 (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). Also, FI, and BWG in both phases, BA, LBW, CBL, and FC stem from feeding NC1, NC2, NC3, and ANC respectively were smaller than those of CPNC1, PPNC2, CPPNC3, and ANCE (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). Similarly, FI, and FCR in both phases stem from feeding CPNC1, and PPNC2 were smaller than those of CPPNC3 (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). However, either FCR in both phases, CD, and FCB stem from feeding ANC or the starter-phase FCR, and CD stem from feeding NC3 or the entire-phase FI stem from feeding CPNC1 respectively were greater than the same items stem from feeding ANCE, CPPNC3, and PPNC2 (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). Also, SLT, BP, and BW stem from feeding NC2, NC3, and ANC respectively were lower than those of PPNC2, CPPNC3, and ANCE (<em>P</em> <em>≤</em> 0.05). Similarly, either VH, VH:CD, and the body-fat weight stem from feeding ANC or VH:CD, and the body-fat weight stem from feeding NC3 or VH, and VH:CD stem from feeding NC1 respectively were smaller than the same ite","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 105883"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105897
Ioannis Brouklogiannis , Aikaterini Koutsaviti , Vassilios Roussis , George Kefalas , Konstantinos C. Mountzouris
This study evaluated the effects of different dietary inclusion levels of a phytogenic blend (PB) containing carvacrol, thymol and olive polyphenols, on productive performance and inflammatory (Nuclear factor-kappa B; NF-κB) responses in the ovary and liver of laying hens. Depending on the PB inclusion level (0, 250, 750, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg feed), 385 Hy-Line Brown hens (21 weeks old) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments: CON, PB250, PB750, PB1000 and PB1500, with 7 replicates of 11 hens, for 12 weeks. Performance responses were recorded weekly, while ovarian and liver tissues were sampled at the 6th and 12th experimental weeks and stored properly for subsequent gene expression analysis. Results showed that dietary PB inclusion improved (P ≤ 0.05) laying rate, egg mass, and FCR compared to the CON treatment, with optimal results evidenced at PB750. The nutrigenomic analysis revealed that PB inclusion (P ≤ 0.05) downregulated most of the inflammatory response–related genes in the ovary, affecting 83% and 75% of the 12 critical genes analyzed at the 6th and 12th experimental weeks, respectively. Similarly, in the liver, PB supplementation consistently reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the expression of about 58% of the NF-κB pathway genes across both time points. In conclusion, PB supplementation beneficially modulated the ovarian and hepatic inflammatory response, providing mechanistic evidence explaining further the improvements observed in laying performance, with the 750 mg/kg inclusion level showing the most consistent benefits.
{"title":"Dietary phytogenic modulation of inflammatory biomarkers in the ovary and liver underlies improved productivity in laying hens","authors":"Ioannis Brouklogiannis , Aikaterini Koutsaviti , Vassilios Roussis , George Kefalas , Konstantinos C. Mountzouris","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effects of different dietary inclusion levels of a phytogenic blend (PB) containing carvacrol, thymol and olive polyphenols, on productive performance and inflammatory (Nuclear factor-kappa B; NF-κB) responses in the ovary and liver of laying hens. Depending on the PB inclusion level (0, 250, 750, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg feed), 385 Hy-Line Brown hens (21 weeks old) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments: CON, PB250, PB750, PB1000 and PB1500, with 7 replicates of 11 hens, for 12 weeks. Performance responses were recorded weekly, while ovarian and liver tissues were sampled at the 6th and 12th experimental weeks and stored properly for subsequent gene expression analysis. Results showed that dietary PB inclusion improved (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05) laying rate, egg mass, and FCR compared to the CON treatment, with optimal results evidenced at PB750. The nutrigenomic analysis revealed that PB inclusion (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05) downregulated most of the inflammatory response–related genes in the ovary, affecting 83% and 75% of the 12 critical genes analyzed at the 6th and 12th experimental weeks, respectively. Similarly, in the liver, PB supplementation consistently reduced (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05) the expression of about 58% of the NF-κB pathway genes across both time points. In conclusion, PB supplementation beneficially modulated the ovarian and hepatic inflammatory response, providing mechanistic evidence explaining further the improvements observed in laying performance, with the 750 mg/kg inclusion level showing the most consistent benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 105897"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taishu horses are an endangered Japanese breed facing challenges due to limited genetic diversity and insufficient profiling. In this study, we aimed to elucidate population genetics for this breed with a particular view to measures of inbreeding and relatedness that will support enhancement of the breed’s genetic diversity. We applied SNP-array techniques to assess inbreeding (runs of homozygosity [ROH], and FIS and FROH indices) and relatedness (kinship, multi-dimensional scaling [MDS], and genetic relationship matrix [GRM]) in nearly all extant Taishu horses as of 2021 (n = 48; age range: 1–27 years). Short ROH accounted for the majority of detected segments (22.75 % of total ROH), while medium to very long ROH were present in all horses, indicating persistent, multi-generational inbreeding. Mean FIS and FROH were -0.053 ± 0.098 and 0.194 ± 0.076, respectively. FIS and FROH were broadly constant, irrespective of year of birth, which indicates a degree of success for the breeding program. Kinship, MDS, and GRM analyses identified close genetic relationships involving one horse of unknown pedigree and confirmed that all 48 individuals formed a single genetic cluster. This study establishes the inbreeding status of Taishu horses and demonstrates the utility of relatedness analyses, which could be used to evaluate suitable candidates for re-introduction into this population, and is of general interest to those involved in conservation efforts for other endangered equine breeds.
{"title":"SNP array-based genomic inbreeding and relatedness analyses in an endangered Japanese equine breed, the Taishu horse","authors":"Tomoko Yoshihara , Teruaki Tozaki , Koki Kawate , Risako Furukawa , Mio Kikuchi , Taichiro Ishige , Hironaga Kakoi , Masaki Takasu , Seiji Hobo","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livsci.2026.105898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Taishu horses are an endangered Japanese breed facing challenges due to limited genetic diversity and insufficient profiling. In this study, we aimed to elucidate population genetics for this breed with a particular view to measures of inbreeding and relatedness that will support enhancement of the breed’s genetic diversity. We applied SNP-array techniques to assess inbreeding (runs of homozygosity [ROH], and F<sub>IS</sub> and F<sub>ROH</sub> indices) and relatedness (kinship, multi-dimensional scaling [MDS], and genetic relationship matrix [GRM]) in nearly all extant Taishu horses as of 2021 (<em>n</em> = 48; age range: 1–27 years). Short ROH accounted for the majority of detected segments (22.75 % of total ROH), while medium to very long ROH were present in all horses, indicating persistent, multi-generational inbreeding. Mean F<sub>IS</sub> and F<sub>ROH</sub> were -0.053 ± 0.098 and 0.194 ± 0.076, respectively. F<sub>IS</sub> and F<sub>ROH</sub> were broadly constant, irrespective of year of birth, which indicates a degree of success for the breeding program. Kinship, MDS, and GRM analyses identified close genetic relationships involving one horse of unknown pedigree and confirmed that all 48 individuals formed a single genetic cluster. This study establishes the inbreeding status of Taishu horses and demonstrates the utility of relatedness analyses, which could be used to evaluate suitable candidates for re-introduction into this population, and is of general interest to those involved in conservation efforts for other endangered equine breeds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 105898"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cradle-to-farm-gate carbon footprint (CFP) of fat-and-protein-corrected milk (FPCM) across specialized dairy and dual-purpose production systems in El Salvador was studied, and mitigation scenarios based on current management were explored. On-farm (methane, nitrous oxide) and off-farm emissions (purchased feeds, fertilizers, fuels, transport) were estimated using data from farm surveys. Milk CFP averaged (±SE) 1.46 ± 0.35 and 2.61 ± 0.67 kg CO₂e kg-1 FPCM in specialized dairies and dual-purpose herds, respectively. In specialized dairies, most CFP came from methane (55 ± 8.7 %) followed by feed production (37 ± 12.9 %), while in dual-purpose systems feed production was largest (49 ± 13.1 %) ahead of methane (42 ± 12.7 %).
In specialized dairies, increasing milk yield by 1.5 kg cow d-1 lowered CFP by 0.10 kg CO₂e kg-1 FPCM (−6.8 %); combining this with manure composting, a higher forage share (0.43→0.55), and a lower replacement rate (33 %→25 %) yielded an additional 0.18 kg CO₂ reduction; a replacement rate drop (25 %→20 %) had marginal effect. In dual-purpose herds, the same yield gain cut CFP by 0.27 kg CO₂e kg-1 FPCM (−10.3%); adding manure composting, increasing forage proportion (0.62→0.70), and increasing average daily gain reduced CFP by a further 0.15 kg CO₂; shortening days open (−30 d) and age at first calving (−4 months) delivered a modest 0.05 kg CO₂ reduction.
At the national scale, weighting system-specific CFPs by their production shares suggests an average milk CFP of ∼2.44 kg CO₂e kg-1 FPCM, close to the global mean. Priority mitigation levers include raising yields, improving forage quality, and manure composting. Future assessments should incorporate meat co-product allocation for dual-purpose and refinement of local emission factors.
研究了萨尔瓦多专业乳制品和双重用途生产系统中脂肪和蛋白质校正奶（FPCM）从摇篮到农场大门的碳足迹（CFP），并探讨了基于当前管理的缓解方案。农场内（甲烷、一氧化二氮）和农场外排放（购买的饲料、肥料、燃料、运输）使用农场调查数据进行估算。专业奶牛场和双用途牛场的牛奶CFP平均值（±SE）分别为1.46±0.35和2.61±0.67 kg CO₂e kg-1 FPCM。在专业奶牛场，CFP最多来自甲烷（55±8.7%），其次是饲料生产（37±12.9%），而在双重用途系统中，饲料生产最大（49±13.1%），其次是甲烷（42±12.7%）。在专业奶牛场，每增加1.5 kg奶牛d-1产奶量，CFP降低0.10 kg CO₂e / kg-1 FPCM (- 6.8%)；与粪便堆肥相结合，较高的饲料比例（0.43→0.55）和较低的替代率（33%→25%）可额外减少0.18 kg的CO₂；替代率下降（25%→20%）有边际效应。在双重用途畜群中，相同的产量增加使CFP降低0.27 kg CO₂/ kg-1 FPCM (- 10.3%)；添加粪肥堆肥，提高饲料比例（0.62→0.70），提高平均日增重，可使CFP进一步降低0.15 kg CO₂；缩短开放天数（- 30 d）和首次产犊年龄（- 4个月）可适度减少0.05 kg的CO₂。在全国范围内，按生产份额对系统特定CFP进行加权表明，牛奶的平均CFP为~ 2.44 kg CO₂e kg-1 FPCM，接近全球平均值。优先缓解措施包括提高产量、改善饲料质量和粪肥堆肥。未来的评估应纳入双重用途的肉类副产品分配和改进当地排放因素。
{"title":"Carbon footprint of milk production systems in El Salvador: differences between specialized dairy and dual-purpose herds and mitigation opportunities","authors":"Joaquín Castro-Montoya , Erick Medina , Jacobo Arango , Ricardo González-Quintero","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cradle-to-farm-gate carbon footprint (CFP) of fat-and-protein-corrected milk (FPCM) across specialized dairy and dual-purpose production systems in El Salvador was studied, and mitigation scenarios based on current management were explored. On-farm (methane, nitrous oxide) and off-farm emissions (purchased feeds, fertilizers, fuels, transport) were estimated using data from farm surveys. Milk CFP averaged (±SE) 1.46 ± 0.35 and 2.61 ± 0.67 kg CO₂e kg<sup>-1</sup> FPCM in specialized dairies and dual-purpose herds, respectively. In specialized dairies, most CFP came from methane (55 ± 8.7 %) followed by feed production (37 ± 12.9 %), while in dual-purpose systems feed production was largest (49 ± 13.1 %) ahead of methane (42 ± 12.7 %).</div><div>In specialized dairies, increasing milk yield by 1.5 kg cow d<sup>-1</sup> lowered CFP by 0.10 kg CO₂e kg<sup>-1</sup> FPCM (−6.8 %); combining this with manure composting, a higher forage share (0.43→0.55), and a lower replacement rate (33 %→25 %) yielded an additional 0.18 kg CO₂ reduction; a replacement rate drop (25 %→20 %) had marginal effect. In dual-purpose herds, the same yield gain cut CFP by 0.27 kg CO₂e kg<sup>-1</sup> FPCM (−10.3%); adding manure composting, increasing forage proportion (0.62→0.70), and increasing average daily gain reduced CFP by a further 0.15 kg CO₂; shortening days open (−30 d) and age at first calving (−4 months) delivered a modest 0.05 kg CO₂ reduction.</div><div>At the national scale, weighting system-specific CFPs by their production shares suggests an average milk CFP of ∼2.44 kg CO₂e kg<sup>-1</sup> FPCM, close to the global mean. Priority mitigation levers include raising yields, improving forage quality, and manure composting. Future assessments should incorporate meat co-product allocation for dual-purpose and refinement of local emission factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 105876"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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