Livestock Science最新文献_第3页

Grower-finisher gilts with high and low feed conversion fed diets with varied crude protein content differ in pancreatic enzyme activity and gut morphology

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Livestock Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105626

J.M. van der Linden , M.E. van der Heide , M. Barszcz , A. Konopka , A. Tuśnio , E. Święch , K. Gawin , J.V. Nørgaard , J.G. Madsen

Reducing the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in pigs during the grower-finisher phase is crucial for improving the herd's economy, while also reducing nutrient excretion and carbon footprint. Therefore, understanding the biological factors contributing to FCR is important. In this study, sixty grower-finisher gilts were divided between three dietary treatments and fed a low (LCP; 148 g CP/kg), standard (SCP; 152 g CP/kg), or high (HCP; 158 g CP/kg) crude protein (CP) diet from 30 to 115 kg of body weight, for a period of 10 weeks. Feed intake and weight were measured individually. Within each diet, pigs were categorized based on their FCR during the final four growing weeks as the 30 % highest (high FCR), medium 40 %, and 30 % lowest (low FCR). The pigs categorized as low and high FCR were euthanized at 20 weeks of age where pancreatic as well as small (SI) and large intestinal samples were collected, and subsequently subjected to an analysis of enzyme activity and morphological characteristics. Differences with respect to enzyme activity in low compared with high FCR pigs included lower (P = 0.05) trypsin activity, and greater (P = 0.02) alanine aminotransferase activity. There was a tendency for a diet and FCR interaction with respect to aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.06) and lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.08) activity. In addition, differences in gut morphology between low and high FCR pigs were found, where a thinner (P = 0.04) caecal muscular layer and a tendency (P = 0.07) for shorter distal SI villous height were observed in the low FCR pigs. In conclusion, the results indicate a possible link between the level of feed efficiency of grower-finisher gilts and their pancreatic enzyme activity.

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引用次数: 0

Supplementing steers up to 43 % canola meal had no negative effects on either ruminal parameters or the degradation characteristics of lucerne hay

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Livestock Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105627

E.E.M. Lynch , G.L. Krebs , J.W. Piltz , R.G. Meyer , E.H. Clayton , M.A. Campbell , M.A. Friend

Interpreting in sacco and in vitro results needs to be undertaken with caution, as many variables, such as diet, can influence the rate of degradation and degradation kinetics. Four ruminal fistulated donor steers were fed rations based on low quality cereal roughages with one of four inclusion levels of canola meal, viz. 0 % (control), 13 %, 27 % or 43 % on a DM basis. Two degradation methods, in sacco and in vitro Ankom Daisy™ incubation, were used to determine the degradation kinetics of ground lucerne hay (lucerne standard) over 72 h Supplementing donor steers up to 43 % canola meal had no negative (P > 0.05) effects on the degradation of the ground lucerne standard, regardless of which incubation method was used. The average ruminal NH₃-N concentration increased (P < 0.001) with increasing levels of canola meal in the ration, while total volatile fatty acid concentrations and molar proportions were within the normal range for microbial synthesis. Average ruminal pH was not affected (P > 0.05) by the ration fed to the steers and did not decrease below 6.3, indicating canola meal was safe to include at 43 % in a basal, low-quality ration for cattle.

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引用次数: 0

Infrared thermography of different tear staining scores in pigs

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Livestock Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105623

Zdeňka Vacušková , Dominik Vacuška , Irene Camerlink

Tear staining is increasingly suggested as a potential indicator for pig welfare. However, current research outcomes on tear staining are inconclusive. There is therefore a need for more information on this potential indicator. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between tear staining scores and infrared thermography (IRT) of the inner canthus of the eye (with eye temperature relating to emotional states). We expected that pigs with a more severe tear staining score would have a higher eye IRT value. Pigs of a high-welfare research herd were assessed for tear staining using a 6-point scoring scale. Twenty-four female pigs with tear staining scores from 0 to 3 were selected, while scores 4 and 5 did not occur. Pigs were subjected to IRT of the right eye, in a test area specially constructed for IRT. Data were analysed in a generalised linear mixed model with IRT value as response variable and tear staining score, age and temperature-humidity index as predictor variables. The results showed no significant relationship between tear staining score and IRT values. The average IRT value was 37.1 ± 0.34, with the highest IRT values in tear staining score 3. The pigs’ age did not influence the outcomes. In this small-scale study we did not find a relationship between tear staining and eye IRT. Nevertheless, the outcomes show that tear staining is prevalent also in high welfare systems and we therefore urge for caution in using tear staining as a welfare indicator.

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引用次数: 0

Environmental assessment and mitigation strategies for dairy cattle farms in Colombia: Greenhouse gas emissions, non-renewable energy use, and land use

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Livestock Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105625

Ricardo González-Quintero , Rolando Barahona-Rosales , Jacobo Arango , Diana María Bolívar-Vergara , Manuel Gómez , Ngonidzashe Chirinda , María Solange Sánchez-Pinzón

In Colombia, cattle farming is responsible for 15 % of national greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), consequently, it is crucial to develop mitigation strategies that can reduce their climate impact. Using a Life Cycle Assessment approach, this study quantified the environmental burdens of 192 specialized dairy systems and determined mitigation strategies. Carbon footprint (CF), land use, and non-renewable energy use were calculated by applying the 2019 Refinement to 2006 IPCC guidelines and impact factors. The functional units considered were one kilogram of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) and one kilogram of live weight gain (LWG) from a cradle-to-farm-gate perspective. The findings revealed that enteric fermentation and manure left in pastures were the primary sources of on-farm GHGE, while feed manufacturing contributed significantly to off-farm emissions. Milk CF values ranged between 0.6 to 3.9 kg CO₂-eq kg FPCM⁻¹ when the biological allocation method was applied. Through clustering analysis, three farm clusters were identified, with Cluster 1 demonstrating higher milk productivity, better paddock and cattle manageability, and improved environmental behavior compared to the other clusters. The adoption of improved pastures as a mitigation strategy resulted in a significant reduction of milk CF by 20 % to 39 %. This study provides evidence supporting the effectiveness of mitigation strategies such as the inclusion of improved pastures, adoption of good cattle management practices, improvements in fertilizer usage, identification of an adequate stocking rate, and enhancement of milk yields in dairy production systems. These reductions in GHGE intensities can be achieved with a negative economic cost, highlighting the potential for sustainable and economically viable cattle farming practices.

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引用次数: 0

Mild synergistic effects of a dietary source of polyphenols (Ceratonia siliqua L.) and vitamin E on light lambs’ rumination activity, nutritional status, and gastrointestinal redox-immune markers

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Livestock Science

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105628

Diego Nicolas Bottegal , Sandra Lobón , Beatriz Serrano-Pérez , María José Martín-Alonso , María Ángeles Latorre , Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of carob pulp (0 vs. 20 % Cp, Ceratonia siliqua L.) and vitamin E (Vit E, 40 vs. 300 IU/kg of concentrate) on growth performance, time-budget and eating behaviour, blood metabolites, gastrointestinal and immune markers of fattening light lambs. Seventy-two weaned lambs (females and entire males) were randomly allocated in 12 group pens (6 animals/pen) in a 2 × 2 nutritional factorial design. Growth performance was evaluated, and blood samples were collected twice, whereas behaviour and eating pattern were recorded three times in the fattening period. Gene expression was evaluated by collecting ruminal, jejunal and ileal tissue samples at slaughter. The Cp inclusion did not affect lambs’ performance, but the High Vit E improved the lambs’ growth. Likewise, both Cp and High Vit E independently increased the haematocrit value while only High Vit E improved the plasma α-tocopherol concentration and decreased the ratio MDA: α-tocopherol, considered a proxy of enhanced redox balance. Providing simultaneously 20 % of Cp and High Vit E boosted rumination activity. Dietary Cp modified the eating pattern which was slightly delayed to the early afternoon, and decreased blood lactate. In the jejunum, High Vit E and 20 %-Cp diets down-regulated IFN-γ expression, while High Vit E down-regulated TNF-α expression. In the ileum, Cp decreased the expression of GPX2, whereas High Vit E down-regulated TGF-β and up-regulated CAT expression. Mild synergistic effects of dietary Cp and Vit E were evident on the nutritional status and gastrointestinal redox-immune markers of concentrate-fed lambs.

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引用次数: 0

Effect of grazing deprivation as compared to grazing restriction on hair and saliva cortisol levels in pregnant ewes 放牧剥夺与放牧限制对妊娠母羊毛发和唾液皮质醇水平的影响

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Livestock Science

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105609

Ricard Parés , Pol Llonch , Manel López-Béjar , Anaïs Carbajal , Xavier Such , Xavier Manteca

Grazing is a natural behaviour of ruminants and when access to pasture is deprivated, a behavioural frustration appears, which can lead to chronic stress. In sheep, no response of stress biomarkers like cortisol has been studied in permanent housed ewes. In the present study, two groups of twenty pregnant Ripollesa ewes were used in a 10-week experiment. The 5h-grazing group (5h-G), had access to pasture five hours daily, and the housed group (H) had no access to pasture and remained permanently in the barn. Hair samples were collected on Weeks 5 and 10 of grazing deprivation (W5, W10), and saliva samples on Weeks 0, 3, 5, 8 and 10 (W0, W3, W5, W8, W10). No significant differences in hair cortisol (HC) or saliva cortisol (SC) were observed between Groups 5h-G and H throughout the study period (P > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed in ewes carrying one or two lambs (PROL1 HC=4.97±0.1, PROL2 HC=7.20±0.1, P < 0.05). No evidence of chronic stress could be detected through cortisol levels in hair and saliva although abnormal behaviours appeared in previous results published from the same experience. Saliva cortisol showed a significant variability over time and it should be used in a combination with other biomarkers. Further research is needed to analyse pregnancy effect, longer periods of grazing deprivation, and the use of wool samples or other body regions.

放牧是反刍动物的一种自然行为，当无法进入牧场时，就会出现行为挫折，从而导致慢性压力。在绵羊中，长期饲养的母羊没有研究过皮质醇等应激生物标志物的反应。在本研究中，两组20只怀孕的Ripollesa母羊进行了为期10周的实验。5h放牧组（5h-G）每天有5小时的放牧时间，而圈养组(H)没有放牧时间，永久留在牲口棚中。在剥夺放牧第5、10周（W5、W10）采集毛发样本，在第0、3、5、8、10周（W0、W3、W5、W8、W10）采集唾液样本。在整个研究期间，5h-G组和H组的毛发皮质醇（HC）和唾液皮质醇（SC）均无显著差异(P >；0.05)。然而，母羊携带1只或2只羔羊的差异有统计学意义(PROL1 HC=4.97±0.1,PROL2 HC=7.20±0.1,P <；0.05)。没有证据表明，通过头发和唾液中的皮质醇水平可以检测到慢性压力，尽管在先前发表的来自同一经验的结果中出现了异常行为。唾液皮质醇随着时间的推移表现出显著的可变性，它应该与其他生物标志物联合使用。需要进一步的研究来分析怀孕的影响、较长时间的放牧剥夺以及使用羊毛样本或其他身体部位。

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引用次数: 0

Application of an attention bias test after surgical castration in piglets 手术阉割后仔猪注意偏向试验的应用

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Livestock Science

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105612

Jessica M. Neary , Ahmed B.A. Ali , Leonie Jacobs

Surgical castration of male piglets is a routine procedure performed to improve meat quality. Prior studies have shown that pain due to castration can last for up to 4 days, negatively impacting animal welfare, however the impact on affect, such as anxiety, is unclear. The objective of this study was to test the application of a novel attention bias test to assess anxiety in piglets that underwent surgical castration with or without practical pain alleviation methods. Piglets were surgically castrated (n = 22), castrated with analgesics (n = 21), or sham-handled (n = 22) at 3 days of age. An attention bias test was performed in week 1 (n = 32, 10–11/treatment) and 12 (n = 29, 9–10/treatment) to assess anxiety (an affective state), with feed (positive stimulus), loud bangs, and flashing lights (negative stimuli) presented simultaneously. Latency to visit the feeder, behavioral responses, and activity were recorded during the test. Additional data on piglets’ activity, tails, and grimaces were collected at three timepoints, at 1, 6, and 24 h after castration to determine pain experience. Piglets’ increased activity (P = 0.065), the fact that fewer piglets visited the feeder (P = 0.029), and tended to have longer latencies to visit the feeder (P = 0.092) in the attention bias test in week 1 might suggest that pain caused by surgical castration increased anxiety. No differences were detected in week 12. Castration treatment and sampling timepoint impacted activity levels hours after treatments, however, other measures were not impacted. These results suggest that more research is needed to determine how affect is impacted by pain caused by surgical castration. Activity and behavioral results somewhat support previous findings that surgical castration causes pain in piglets. As this is the first study assessing the relationship between painful procedures and piglet anxiety, more research is needed to determine a valid method to understand the impacts of these procedures on pig affect.

公仔猪手术阉割是提高肉质的常规方法。先前的研究表明，阉割引起的疼痛可以持续长达4天，对动物福利产生负面影响，但对焦虑等情绪的影响尚不清楚。本研究的目的是测试一种新的注意偏倚测试的应用，以评估接受手术阉割的仔猪在有无实际疼痛缓解方法的情况下的焦虑。在3日龄时，分别对22头仔猪进行手术阉割、21头进行镇痛阉割和22头进行假手阉割。在第1周（n = 32, 10-11 /治疗）和第12周（n = 29, 9-10 /治疗）进行注意偏倚测试，评估焦虑（一种情感状态），同时出现饲料（积极刺激）、巨响和闪光灯（消极刺激）。在测试期间记录访问喂食器的潜伏期、行为反应和活动。在阉割后1、6和24小时三个时间点收集仔猪活动、尾巴和鬼脸的额外数据，以确定疼痛经历。第1周注意偏倚测试中，仔猪的活动增加（P = 0.065），访问喂食器的仔猪减少（P = 0.029），并且访问喂食器的潜伏期更长（P = 0.092），这可能表明手术去势引起的疼痛增加了焦虑。第12周无差异。去势治疗和采样时间点影响治疗后数小时的活动水平，但其他措施不受影响。这些结果表明，需要更多的研究来确定手术阉割引起的疼痛如何影响影响。活动和行为的结果在一定程度上支持先前的发现，即手术阉割导致仔猪疼痛。由于这是第一项评估疼痛手术与仔猪焦虑之间关系的研究，因此需要更多的研究来确定有效的方法来了解这些手术对猪情绪的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of dry matter concentration in grass silage on milk production of dairy cows fed concentrates high or low in metabolizable protein concentration 草青贮干物质浓度对饲喂高或低代谢蛋白精料奶牛产奶量的影响

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Livestock Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105611

M. Grøseth , L. Karlsson , H. Steinshamn , M. Johansen , A. Kidane , E. Prestløkken

Studies have shown that extended wilting of grass before ensiling can improve the metabolizable protein (MP) value of the grass silage, both from increased rumen microbial crude protein (MCP) yield and ruminally undegraded crude protein (RUP). We hypothesised that extending the wilting of grass before ensiling can increase milk and milk protein production in dairy cows. Consequently, increased silage MP can reduce the need for MP in concentrate, estimated as amino acids absorbed in the small intestine (AAT20). To test this, a continuous feeding experiment was conducted, with 48 early- to mid-lactation Norwegian Red dairy cows. Treatments were 2 wilting levels of grass silages: 260 vs. 417 g dry matter (DM) per kg, and 2 qualities of concentrates differing in MP, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (n = 12). The concentrates were low MP (LMP); 104 g AAT20/kg DM, and high MP (HMP); 123 g AAT20/kg DM, supplied at 8.75 kg DM/cow per day. The cows had ad libitum access to the grass silages. The experiment lasted for 11 weeks. The first 2 weeks, where cows received identical diets, were used as the covariate period. Those data together with data collected the last 4 weeks were used for statistical evaluation of treatments. Increasing DM concentration in silage reduced lactic acid, ammonia nitrogen and proportion of methionine in the grass silage, while it increased residual water-soluble carbohydrates, pH, proportion of aspartic acid and rumen degradability of NDF. There was no difference between treatments in daily silage DM intake (13.1 kg), milk yield (30.2 kg) or milk composition. However, feeding HMP increased urea and uric acid in urine, and urea in blood plasma, thereby reduced N efficiency. No major differences were found for rumen pH, or purine derivatives to creatinine index in urine, as indication for MCP. There was significantly more histidine in blood plasma when cows were fed HMP concentrate. In conclusion, increased DM concentration in silage and HMP concentrate did not increase milk production or milk protein yield in this study.

研究表明，青贮前延长牧草萎蔫期可以提高牧草青贮的代谢蛋白（MP）值，包括瘤胃微生物粗蛋白（MCP）产量和瘤胃未降解粗蛋白（RUP）产量。我们假设在青贮前延长草的枯萎期可以增加奶牛的牛奶和乳蛋白产量。因此，青贮MP的增加可以减少精料中对MP的需求，以小肠吸收的氨基酸（AAT20）估算。为了验证这一点，采用48头泌乳早期至中期的挪威红奶牛进行了连续饲养试验。按2 × 2因子排列（n = 12），处理两种枯蔫水平的青贮草：每公斤260 g和417 g干物质（DM），以及两种不同品质的浓缩料（MP）。浓缩物为低MP (LMP)；AAT20/kg DM 104 g，高MP (HMP)；123 g AAT20/kg DM，按8.75 kg DM/奶牛每天供应。奶牛可以随意吃青贮草。试验期11周。前2周采用相同的日粮作为协变量期。这些数据与最后4周收集的数据一起用于治疗的统计评价。青贮中DM浓度的增加降低了草青贮中乳酸、氨氮和蛋氨酸的比例，提高了残余水溶性碳水化合物、pH、天冬氨酸比例和NDF的瘤胃降解率。不同处理的日青贮DM采食量（13.1 kg）、产奶量（30.2 kg）和乳成分均无显著差异。然而，饲喂HMP增加了尿中尿素、尿酸和血浆尿素，从而降低了氮的利用效率。瘤胃pH值或尿中嘌呤衍生物与肌酐指数（MCP的指示）无显著差异。饲喂HMP精料时，奶牛血浆中组氨酸含量显著增加。综上所述，在本试验中，青贮饲料和HMP精料中DM浓度的增加并没有提高产奶量和乳蛋白产量。

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引用次数: 0

What is the impact of neutral detergent fibre digestibility on productive performance of beef cattle fed tropical forages? 中性洗涤纤维消化率对饲喂热带牧草的肉牛生产性能有何影响？

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Livestock Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105608

Edenio Detmann , Luiz Carlos O. de Sousa , Nicole S.A. Lima , Marcia O. Franco

Our objective was to quantify the relationship between total neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility and nutritional and productive characteristics in cattle fed tropical forages using a meta-analytical approach. The dataset used to develop this work was compiled from 24 experiments carried out with beef cattle in Brazil, published between 2005 and 2020, and totalising 115 treatment means. All the experiments were carried out using change-over designs and included a control treatment (i.e., only forage). There was a linear and positive relationship (P < 0.01) between total NDF digestibility and voluntary forage intake. We estimated a 0.17 g/kg body weight increase in forage intake for each percentage point (i.e., 0.01 g/g) of improvement in NDF digestibility. On average, increasing total NDF digestibility caused a linear improvement (P < 0.01) in rumen microbial nitrogen production (NMIC) and in dietary digested organic matter (DOM). The total NDF digestibility was linear and positively associated with nitrogen balance (NB, P < 0.01). However, the increment in NB as a response to total NDF digestibility was more prominent as dietary NDF decreased (P < 0.01). In summary, we concluded that increasing NDF digestibility in cattle fed tropical forage-based diets improves the voluntary forage intake and the supply of energy and metabolisable protein. This simultaneous effect causes an increase in the animal's nitrogen accretion and weight gain, but this effect will be more prominent as the dietary content of neutral detergent fibre decreases.

我们的目标是采用元分析方法，量化饲喂热带饲草的牛的总中性洗涤纤维（NDF）消化率与营养和生产特性之间的关系。用于开展这项工作的数据集来自 2005 年至 2020 年间在巴西进行的 24 项肉牛实验，共计 115 个处理平均值。所有实验均采用转换设计，并包括一个对照处理（即仅饲草）。总 NDF 消化率与自愿饲草摄入量之间存在线性正相关关系（P < 0.01）。我们估计，NDF消化率每提高一个百分点（即0.01克/克），草料摄入量就会增加0.17克/千克体重。平均而言，提高 NDF 总消化率可使瘤胃微生物产氮量（NMIC）和日粮消化有机物（DOM）呈线性增长（P < 0.01）。总 NDF 消化率与氮平衡（NB，P < 0.01）呈线性正相关。然而，随着日粮中 NDF 的减少，NB 的增加对 NDF 总消化率的响应更为显著（P < 0.01）。总之，我们得出的结论是，提高饲喂热带饲草日粮的牛的 NDF 消化率可提高其自愿饲草采食量以及能量和可代谢蛋白质的供应量。这种同时产生的效果会增加动物的氮蓄积量和增重，但随着日粮中中性洗涤纤维含量的减少，这种效果会更加明显。

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引用次数: 0

Characterization and mitigation measures for carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia emissions in dairy barns 奶牛舍二氧化碳、甲烷和氨排放的特征和缓解措施

IF 1.8 3区农林科学 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

Livestock Science

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105595

Victor Crespo de Oliveira , Leonardo França da Silva , Carlos Eduardo Alves Oliveira , José Rafael Franco , Sergio Augusto Rodrigues , Cristiano Márcio Alves de Souza , Rafaella Resende Andrade , Flávio Alves Damasceno , Ilda de Fátima Ferreira Tinôco , Gianluca Bambi

The agricultural sector is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, with dairy production being a significant source. In this context, the study aims to characterize CO₂, CH₄, and NH₃ emissions—key gases in dairy barns—and to evaluate strategies for mitigating these emissions. Inside dairy barns, the primary sources of CO₂, CH₄, and NH₃ emissions are linked to the enteric processes of the animals and the waste deposited within the dairy barns. CO₂ mainly originates from animal respiration and the decomposition of organic matter. CH₄ is generated through enteric fermentation in the rumen and the anaerobic decomposition of manure. Additionally, NH₃ is released from the enzymatic breakdown of urea in urine. Mitigation efforts have shown promise within dairy barns through various approaches. Optimizing animal diets by incorporating supplements and controlling protein intake helps reduce methane production from enteric fermentation. Enhanced manure management practices, including separating feces and urine, adjusting manure pH, and increasing cleaning frequency, are effective in minimizing ammonia and methane emissions within dairy barns. Nevertheless, achieving significant emission reductions also requires effective waste management beyond the facilities. This study contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable livestock production by addressing both emission sources and potential solutions in dairy farming.

农业部门是全球温室气体排放的主要来源，其中奶制品生产是一个重要来源。在此背景下，本研究旨在描述奶牛舍内主要气体 CO₂、CH₄ 和 NH₃ 的排放特征，并评估减少这些排放的策略。在奶牛舍内，CO₂、CH₄ 和 NH₃ 排放的主要来源与动物的肠道过程和奶牛舍内沉积的废物有关。CO₂ 主要来自动物呼吸和有机物的分解。CH₄ 通过瘤胃中的肠道发酵和粪便的厌氧分解产生。此外，尿液中的尿素经酶分解后释放出 NH₃。在奶牛舍内，通过各种方法来缓解 NH₃已初见成效。通过添加补充剂和控制蛋白质摄入量来优化动物饮食，有助于减少肠道发酵产生的甲烷。加强粪便管理方法，包括分离粪便和尿液、调整粪便 pH 值和增加清洗频率，可有效减少奶牛舍内的氨气和甲烷排放。然而，要实现大幅减排，还需要在设施之外进行有效的废物管理。本研究通过探讨奶牛场的排放源和潜在解决方案，为正在进行的可持续畜牧业生产对话做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0