Abiotic stress, particularly soil salinity, is currently to blame for a decline in the quality of world crop production and significant losses to global agricultural output. Plants are faced with enormous difficulties as a result of this stress, which has a detrimental effect on their productivity, growth, and development. In recent years, the amount of cultivated land with salinity and alkalinity issues has expanded. Agro-techniques for reclamations of saline soils such as leaching, drainage, using soil amendments, suitable choice of crops and varieties, etc. have been standardised over the years for its management due to the need to increase agricultural productivity as the global population grows exponentially. To improve crop output, it is necessary to increase agro techniques for managing and reducing soil salinity. The mechanism, traits, impacts, and reclamation of soil salinity for improved crop growth and development will all be covered in this paper
{"title":"AGRONOMIC VIEW OF SOIL SALINITY, ITS EFFECTS AND RECLAMATION - A Review","authors":"Kaviyazhagan S, Prakash K","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.200008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.200008","url":null,"abstract":"Abiotic stress, particularly soil salinity, is currently to blame for a decline in the quality of world crop production and significant losses to global agricultural output. Plants are faced with enormous difficulties as a result of this stress, which has a detrimental effect on their productivity, growth, and development. In recent years, the amount of cultivated land with salinity and alkalinity issues has expanded. Agro-techniques for reclamations of saline soils such as leaching, drainage, using soil amendments, suitable choice of crops and varieties, etc. have been standardised over the years for its management due to the need to increase agricultural productivity as the global population grows exponentially. To improve crop output, it is necessary to increase agro techniques for managing and reducing soil salinity. The mechanism, traits, impacts, and reclamation of soil salinity for improved crop growth and development will all be covered in this paper","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135213377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Basella alba is an edible perennial plant in the family Basellaceae. It is native to the Indian Subcontinent, widely spread in Asia and Africa, and used as a leafy vegetable.Worldwide the number of people with diabetes is increasing every year. Due to the several risk factors inherent to the disease, the treatment of type II diabetes is complicated. Many plants with hypoglycaemic effects can be usedto develop drugs for diabetes mellitus. Decreasing the postprandial hyperglycemia is one of the aspectsof treating type II diabetes mellitus. This is possible by inhibiting certain carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes like αamylase and α-glucosidase. The objective of the present study was to evaluate in-vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activity of the ethanolic extract of Basella alba. The extract showed significant radical scavenging activities like DPPH, ABTS, Super oxide, Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities with IC50 of 83.0 µg/mL, 87.5µg/mL, 91.0µg/mL, 96.5µg/mL and 70.0µg/mL. The extract also showed strong α-amylase inhibition with IC50 77.8 mg/mL. These results suggest the possible use of Basella alba in the management of diabetes mellitus.
{"title":"In vitroFree Radical Scavenging and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Basella alba","authors":"M. P","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.200790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.200790","url":null,"abstract":"Basella alba is an edible perennial plant in the family Basellaceae. It is native to the Indian Subcontinent, widely spread in Asia and Africa, and used as a leafy vegetable.Worldwide the number of people with diabetes is increasing every year. Due to the several risk factors inherent to the disease, the treatment of type II diabetes is complicated. Many plants with hypoglycaemic effects can be usedto develop drugs for diabetes mellitus. Decreasing the postprandial hyperglycemia is one of the aspectsof treating type II diabetes mellitus. This is possible by inhibiting certain carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes like αamylase and α-glucosidase. The objective of the present study was to evaluate in-vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activity of the ethanolic extract of Basella alba. The extract showed significant radical scavenging activities like DPPH, ABTS, Super oxide, Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities with IC50 of 83.0 µg/mL, 87.5µg/mL, 91.0µg/mL, 96.5µg/mL and 70.0µg/mL. The extract also showed strong α-amylase inhibition with IC50 77.8 mg/mL. These results suggest the possible use of Basella alba in the management of diabetes mellitus.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78272132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phosphorus (P), a essential element for all living organisms is often the most limiting nutrient in soil-plant systems. In order to increase the phosphorus content in plants and its uptake efficiency in alkaline soil, the following study was undertaken. The experiment was carried out in a factorial completely randomized block design with five treatment combinations viz., Control (no P), P alone @ 71.35 kg ha-1 , P with Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @ 12.5 t ha-1 , Enriched Farm Yard Manure (EFYM) (FYM @ 750 kg ha-1 enriched with recommended dose of SSP) and P with Humic acid @ 3 kg ha-1 . All the five treatments were tried with and without Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) @ 5 kg ha-1 and the experiment was replicated four times. The phosphorus concentration in soil and plant samples were analysed. The available phosphorus status in soil showed a decreasing trend along the growth stages of maize but the application of P with FYM (25.04 kg ha-1 ) and as EFYM (24.57 kg ha-1 ) recorded significantly higher available P in all the stages. The plant P concentration also showed the decreasing trend along the crop growth stages and recorded the highest concentration in P with FYM and VAM treatment (0.19 %). The grain P uptake (0.14 g pot-1 ) and stover uptake (0.10 g pot-1 ) was also found to be higher in the application of P and FYM with VAM. The combined application of inorganic minerals (SSP @ 71.35 kg ha-1 ) along with organics (FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 ) and bioinoculants (VAM @ 5 kg ha-1 ) can enhance the soil quality and health for the sustainable crop production.
磷(P)是所有生物必需的元素，通常是土壤-植物系统中最具限制性的养分。为了提高碱性土壤中植物磷含量和磷吸收效率，进行了以下研究。试验采用因子完全随机区组设计，采用5种处理组合，即对照(不施磷肥)、单施磷肥@ 71.35 kg ha-1、磷肥加农家肥(FYM) @ 12.5 t ha-1、强化农家肥(EFYM) (FYM @ 750 kg ha-1加推荐剂量的SSP)和磷肥加腐植酸@ 3 kg ha-1。5个处理分别添加和不添加5 kg hm -1水疱丛枝菌根(VAM)，重复4次。分析了土壤和植物样品中磷的浓度。玉米各生育期土壤速效磷含量呈下降趋势，但施用化肥(25.04 kg hm -1)和施用化肥(24.57 kg hm -1)各生育期土壤速效磷含量均显著高于施用化肥。植株磷浓度随生育期也呈下降趋势，其中FYM和VAM处理的磷浓度最高(0.19%)。籽粒磷吸收(0.14 g -1)和秸秆吸收(0.10 g -1)在磷和FYM与VAM混合施用中也较高。无机矿物质(SSP @ 71.35 kg ha-1)与有机物(FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1)和生物接种剂(VAM @ 5 kg ha-1)联合施用可提高土壤质量和健康，促进作物可持续生产。
{"title":"Interaction Effect of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza with Different Amendments on Increasing Phosphorus Uptake","authors":"A. K, M. P","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000720","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus (P), a essential element for all living organisms is often the most limiting nutrient in soil-plant systems. In order to increase the phosphorus content in plants and its uptake efficiency in alkaline soil, the following study was undertaken. The experiment was carried out in a factorial completely randomized block design with five treatment combinations viz., Control (no P), P alone @ 71.35 kg ha-1 , P with Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @ 12.5 t ha-1 , Enriched Farm Yard Manure (EFYM) (FYM @ 750 kg ha-1 enriched with recommended dose of SSP) and P with Humic acid @ 3 kg ha-1 . All the five treatments were tried with and without Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) @ 5 kg ha-1 and the experiment was replicated four times. The phosphorus concentration in soil and plant samples were analysed. The available phosphorus status in soil showed a decreasing trend along the growth stages of maize but the application of P with FYM (25.04 kg ha-1 ) and as EFYM (24.57 kg ha-1 ) recorded significantly higher available P in all the stages. The plant P concentration also showed the decreasing trend along the crop growth stages and recorded the highest concentration in P with FYM and VAM treatment (0.19 %). The grain P uptake (0.14 g pot-1 ) and stover uptake (0.10 g pot-1 ) was also found to be higher in the application of P and FYM with VAM. The combined application of inorganic minerals (SSP @ 71.35 kg ha-1 ) along with organics (FYM @ 12.5 t ha-1 ) and bioinoculants (VAM @ 5 kg ha-1 ) can enhance the soil quality and health for the sustainable crop production.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86309149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
About 45 bacteria, 9 fungi, 3 yeast, and 1 actinobacterium were isolated from plant tissues of tomato and screened for their plant growthpromoting traits and antagonistic activity against damping-off fungus Pythium aphanidermatum. The bacterial isolate, Bacillus pumilus TEB10 exhibited pathogen inhibition of about 55 and 79%, while yeast isolate Candida tropicalis TEY1 showed 30 and 68% in the dual plate and inverted plate assay, respectively. In addition, the Bacillus pumilus TB10 showed siderophore, HCN, cellulase, and phosphate solubilization activities. Similarly, yeast isolate Candida tropicalis TEY1 exhibited catalase, phosphate, and zinc solubilization activities. The sterol biosynthesis pathway end product ergosterol was profiled in secondary metabolites of P. aphanidermatum, suggesting the potentiality of this pathogenesis.
{"title":"Screening and Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Endophytic Microbes of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) combats Pythium aphanidermatum","authors":"S. U, K. G., Sridharan A P","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000725","url":null,"abstract":"About 45 bacteria, 9 fungi, 3 yeast, and 1 actinobacterium were isolated from plant tissues of tomato and screened for their plant growthpromoting traits and antagonistic activity against damping-off fungus Pythium aphanidermatum. The bacterial isolate, Bacillus pumilus TEB10 exhibited pathogen inhibition of about 55 and 79%, while yeast isolate Candida tropicalis TEY1 showed 30 and 68% in the dual plate and inverted plate assay, respectively. In addition, the Bacillus pumilus TB10 showed siderophore, HCN, cellulase, and phosphate solubilization activities. Similarly, yeast isolate Candida tropicalis TEY1 exhibited catalase, phosphate, and zinc solubilization activities. The sterol biosynthesis pathway end product ergosterol was profiled in secondary metabolites of P. aphanidermatum, suggesting the potentiality of this pathogenesis.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77204289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study deals with surveying and analyzing the Fluoride concentration in the Reddiyarchatram block of Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu and establishing a correlation coefficient with the other soil chemical properties. The result indicated that water soluble fluoride content forms a negative correlation with soil pH, signifying that soil pH plays a prominent role in the solubility of fluoride. Water-soluble fluoride content has a positive relationship with soil available nitrogen, potassium and sodium indicating that presence of F in the soil increase their availability and vice versa. Soil phosphorus forms a significant positive correlation with fluoride. It says that increase in P content increases soil F. Also, a soil organic carbon and calcium presence affects the water soluble fluoride content as they form a significant negative correlation. Water-soluble fluoride forms a negative relationship with soil electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, available potassium and sodium, suggesting these factors play a major role in F availability in soils. Results concluded from the present study show soils with low pH, low organic matter content, high phosphorus, and low calcium plays a prominent role in F solubility from the fluoride-bearing minerals which directly increase the concentration of the water soluble fluoride in the upper layers of the soil.
{"title":"Assessment of Fluoride Contamination and its Relationship with Chemical Properties of Soil","authors":"P. A, E. M, B. N","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.200500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.200500","url":null,"abstract":"The present study deals with surveying and analyzing the Fluoride concentration in the Reddiyarchatram block of Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu and establishing a correlation coefficient with the other soil chemical properties. The result indicated that water soluble fluoride content forms a negative correlation with soil pH, signifying that soil pH plays a prominent role in the solubility of fluoride. Water-soluble fluoride content has a positive relationship with soil available nitrogen, potassium and sodium indicating that presence of F in the soil increase their availability and vice versa. Soil phosphorus forms a significant positive correlation with fluoride. It says that increase in P content increases soil F. Also, a soil organic carbon and calcium presence affects the water soluble fluoride content as they form a significant negative correlation. Water-soluble fluoride forms a negative relationship with soil electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, available potassium and sodium, suggesting these factors play a major role in F availability in soils. Results concluded from the present study show soils with low pH, low organic matter content, high phosphorus, and low calcium plays a prominent role in F solubility from the fluoride-bearing minerals which directly increase the concentration of the water soluble fluoride in the upper layers of the soil.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90928703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noorjehan A K A Hanif, Dhanushkodi v, Amuthaselvi G
In India, Pulses are considered as poor man’s protein. Pulses contain higher levels of protein compared to any other grains and vegetables. The net availability of pulses has come down from 60 gm/day/person in 1951 to 53 gm/day/person in 2017. Therefore, the present study was attempted to assess the knowledge level of farmers in Tiruchirappalli district with regard to yield maximising pulse technologies which in turn enhance the production and productivity of pulses. A total of 200 farmers @ 50 farmers per category of pulse crop were surveyed for the study using simple random sampling technique and purposive sampling. Percentage analysis and knowledge gap index was used to compute the data. It is clearly evident that through KVK interventions like Trainings have resulted in a horizontal spread of 108 ha area under various pulses cultivation followed by farmer participatory seed production through NFSM seed hub (92 ha) and On Farm Trials, Frontline demonstrations and Field days (76 ha). The pulse growing farmers gained knowledge on recommended TNAU newly released short duration, drought tolerant varieties of red gram (CO (Rg) 7), green gram (CO (Gg) 8), black gram (VBN 6, VBN 8 & MDU 1) and horse gram (Paiyur 2) varieties, seed rate, seed treatment with bio fertilizers, mechanized sowing behind seed drill, pre and post emergence application of weedicides, TNAU pulse wonder foliar spray, DAP foliar spray and seed treatment for storage through various KVK interventions. There existed a medium knowledge gap index irrespective of pulses grown among the farmers of Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu mainly due to interventions of KVK like OFT, FLDs, CFLDs, trainings and mass awareness programmes. There is a need to enhance the knowledge of pulse growers on pest and disease management practices and other yield maximising technologies, through joint efforts with State Department of Agriculture, NGOs and through FPO linkages.
{"title":"mpact of KVK Interventions in Enhancing Knowledge Level of Pulse Growers on Yield Maximizing Technologies in Tiruchirappalli District of Tamil Nadu","authors":"Noorjehan A K A Hanif, Dhanushkodi v, Amuthaselvi G","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.200810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.200810","url":null,"abstract":"In India, Pulses are considered as poor man’s protein. Pulses contain higher levels of protein compared to any other grains and vegetables. The net availability of pulses has come down from 60 gm/day/person in 1951 to 53 gm/day/person in 2017. Therefore, the present study was attempted to assess the knowledge level of farmers in Tiruchirappalli district with regard to yield maximising pulse technologies which in turn enhance the production and productivity of pulses. A total of 200 farmers @ 50 farmers per category of pulse crop were surveyed for the study using simple random sampling technique and purposive sampling. Percentage analysis and knowledge gap index was used to compute the data. It is clearly evident that through KVK interventions like Trainings have resulted in a horizontal spread of 108 ha area under various pulses cultivation followed by farmer participatory seed production through NFSM seed hub (92 ha) and On Farm Trials, Frontline demonstrations and Field days (76 ha). The pulse growing farmers gained knowledge on recommended TNAU newly released short duration, drought tolerant varieties of red gram (CO (Rg) 7), green gram (CO (Gg) 8), black gram (VBN 6, VBN 8 & MDU 1) and horse gram (Paiyur 2) varieties, seed rate, seed treatment with bio fertilizers, mechanized sowing behind seed drill, pre and post emergence application of weedicides, TNAU pulse wonder foliar spray, DAP foliar spray and seed treatment for storage through various KVK interventions. There existed a medium knowledge gap index irrespective of pulses grown among the farmers of Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu mainly due to interventions of KVK like OFT, FLDs, CFLDs, trainings and mass awareness programmes. There is a need to enhance the knowledge of pulse growers on pest and disease management practices and other yield maximising technologies, through joint efforts with State Department of Agriculture, NGOs and through FPO linkages.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135211077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to their improved effectiveness and ability to save time, herbicides are the most widely used and effective weed control methods. However, prolonged use of herbicides brought about several issues, including environmental risks, shift weed in shift flora, and weed resistance. Herbicide resistance is one of the most significant issues worldwide today, out of all of these issues. The use of herbicides with extensive residual periods and a lack of rotation of the herbicide are the primary causes of herbicide resistance. Herbicide resistance is a global occurrence, and the number of resistant weed biotypes is alarmingly growing. In 252 plant species, there are already 480 occurrences of herbicide resistance. Weed herbicide resistance should be reduced since it is a significant barrier to food security. We could more effectively handle it if we thoroughly understood resistance development. Integrated weed management techniques, such as crop and herbicide rotations, herbicide combinations, and cultural, mechanical, and biological methods of weed control, can control the herbicide resistance problem
{"title":"Herbicide Resistance and Its Management Strategies - A Review","authors":"Manibharathi S","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.200005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.200005","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their improved effectiveness and ability to save time, herbicides are the most widely used and effective weed control methods. However, prolonged use of herbicides brought about several issues, including environmental risks, shift weed in shift flora, and weed resistance. Herbicide resistance is one of the most significant issues worldwide today, out of all of these issues. The use of herbicides with extensive residual periods and a lack of rotation of the herbicide are the primary causes of herbicide resistance. Herbicide resistance is a global occurrence, and the number of resistant weed biotypes is alarmingly growing. In 252 plant species, there are already 480 occurrences of herbicide resistance. Weed herbicide resistance should be reduced since it is a significant barrier to food security. We could more effectively handle it if we thoroughly understood resistance development. Integrated weed management techniques, such as crop and herbicide rotations, herbicide combinations, and cultural, mechanical, and biological methods of weed control, can control the herbicide resistance problem","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135210852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to their improved effectiveness and ability to save time, herbicides are the most widely used and effective weed control methods. However, prolonged use of herbicides brought about several issues, including environmental risks, shift weed in shift flora, and weed resistance. Herbicide resistance is one of the most significant issues worldwide today, out of all of these issues. The use of herbicides with extensive residual periods and a lack of rotation of the herbicide are the primary causes of herbicide resistance. Herbicide resistance is a global occurrence, and the number of resistant weed biotypes is alarmingly growing. In 252 plant species, there are already 480 occurrences of herbicide resistance. Weed herbicide resistance should be reduced since it is a significant barrier to food security. We could more effectively handle it if we thoroughly understood resistance development. Integrated weed management techniques, such as crop and herbicide rotations, herbicide combinations, and cultural, mechanical, and biological methods of weed control, can control the herbicide resistance problem.
{"title":"Herbicide Resistance and Its Management Strategies - A Review","authors":"Manibharathi S","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.200905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.200905","url":null,"abstract":"Due to their improved effectiveness and ability to save time, herbicides are the most widely used and effective weed control methods. However, prolonged use of herbicides brought about several issues, including environmental risks, shift weed in shift flora, and weed resistance. Herbicide resistance is one of the most significant issues worldwide today, out of all of these issues. The use of herbicides with extensive residual periods and a lack of rotation of the herbicide are the primary causes of herbicide resistance. Herbicide resistance is a global occurrence, and the number of resistant weed biotypes is alarmingly growing. In 252 plant species, there are already 480 occurrences of herbicide resistance. Weed herbicide resistance should be reduced since it is a significant barrier to food security. We could more effectively handle it if we thoroughly understood resistance development. Integrated weed management techniques, such as crop and herbicide rotations, herbicide combinations, and cultural, mechanical, and biological methods of weed control, can control the herbicide resistance problem.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135213347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antioxidants play an important role in protecting the cell from damage caused by oxidative stress (OS). Plants have potential phytochemicals, which possess antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to investigate the screening of phytochemcials, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties of ethanolic leaf extracts of Psidium guajava varieties (Lucknow 49 and TRY G1). The leaf extracts were screened for various phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, phenols and glycosides) and antioxidant activities. Antidiabetic actives were evaluated by in vitro analysis using standard protocols. The antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine) radical scavenging assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay methods. The phytochemicals screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, phenols, tannins, and glycosides. Among the varieties, Lucknow 49 had higher level of α-amylase inhibitor activity of 62.46 and α -glucosidase inhibitor activity of 98.40 at 100 μg/mL than TRY G1. Both the varieties of the extracts showed antioxidant activities in dose dependent manner, and values were compared with standard ascorbic acid. Lucknow 49 showed the maximum DPPH (60.68%), superoxide radical (65.67%) and nitric oxide radical(61.36%) scavenging activities than TRY G1 variety. The IC50 values of the variety Lucknow 49 were also confirmed antioxidant potentials. The results indicate that both the varieties of Psidium guajava had significant antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials, hence the plant leaves could serve as effective antidiabetic agents and potent free radical scavengers, which may be used for pharmaceutical applications. However, further exploration is necessary for effective usage in both traditional and modern system of medicines.
{"title":"A Comparative Study on the Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities off Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Psidium Guajava L. Varieties","authors":"Gurusamy Kandasamy, Vidhya D, Shanthi V P","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.200805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.200805","url":null,"abstract":"Antioxidants play an important role in protecting the cell from damage caused by oxidative stress (OS). Plants have potential phytochemicals, which possess antioxidant properties. The present study was designed to investigate the screening of phytochemcials, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties of ethanolic leaf extracts of Psidium guajava varieties (Lucknow 49 and TRY G1). The leaf extracts were screened for various phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, phenols and glycosides) and antioxidant activities. Antidiabetic actives were evaluated by in vitro analysis using standard protocols. The antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine) radical scavenging assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay methods. The phytochemicals screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, phenols, tannins, and glycosides. Among the varieties, Lucknow 49 had higher level of α-amylase inhibitor activity of 62.46 and α -glucosidase inhibitor activity of 98.40 at 100 μg/mL than TRY G1. Both the varieties of the extracts showed antioxidant activities in dose dependent manner, and values were compared with standard ascorbic acid. Lucknow 49 showed the maximum DPPH (60.68%), superoxide radical (65.67%) and nitric oxide radical(61.36%) scavenging activities than TRY G1 variety. The IC50 values of the variety Lucknow 49 were also confirmed antioxidant potentials. The results indicate that both the varieties of Psidium guajava had significant antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials, hence the plant leaves could serve as effective antidiabetic agents and potent free radical scavengers, which may be used for pharmaceutical applications. However, further exploration is necessary for effective usage in both traditional and modern system of medicines.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73053950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Esther Magdalene Sharon M, R. Narayanan, Murugan B, M. I
Functional foods are in great demand worldwide because of their many health benefits. As milk is a nutrient-dense diet that comprises all vital nutrients, it can be utilized as the primary base to produce a variety of functional foods. Ginger, cinnamon and pumpkin possess tremendous nutritional and therapeutic properties such as stimulating the digestive system, lowering blood cholesterol levels and exhibiting antioxidant,antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-carcinogenic activities, preventing oxidative stress-related diseases and in the ageing process. In this study, aqueous cinnamon and ginger extracts and pumpkin pulp were made and their functional properties like antioxidant activity and total phenolic content have been evaluated. Functional milk beverage was made using milk, cinnamon aqueous extract, ginger aqueous extract and yellow pumpkin pulp. The level of inclusion of these components was optimized using D-optimal mixture design (Design Expert Software) with regard to sensory attributes.The optimized level of functional milk beverage was chosen based on the desirability of the design and the range assigned to each response. The level of incorporation of milk, pumpkin pulp, aqueous cinnamon and ginger extracts were optimized at 40%, 10%, 20%, and 30% respectively. The antioxidant activity of the cinnamon aqueous extract, ginger aqueous extract, pumpkin pulp and optimized functional milk beverage was found to be 69.95 ± 0.07 %, 56.45 ± 0.08 %, 25.80 ± 0.10 and 60.53 ± 0.03 % respectively. The total phenolic content of cinnamon aqueous extract, ginger aqueous extract, pumpkin pulp and optimized functional milk beverage were 450.88 ± 0.03 mgGAE/100g, 106.93 ± 0.02 mgGAE/100g, 15.59 ± 0.09 mgGAE/100g and 280.63 ± 0.02 mgGAE/100g respectively
{"title":"Formulation and Optimization of Functional Milk Beverage using D – optimal Mixture Design","authors":"Esther Magdalene Sharon M, R. Narayanan, Murugan B, M. I","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000762","url":null,"abstract":"Functional foods are in great demand worldwide because of their many health benefits. As milk is a nutrient-dense diet that comprises all vital nutrients, it can be utilized as the primary base to produce a variety of functional foods. Ginger, cinnamon and pumpkin possess tremendous nutritional and therapeutic properties such as stimulating the digestive system, lowering blood cholesterol levels and exhibiting antioxidant,antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-carcinogenic activities, preventing oxidative stress-related diseases and in the ageing process. In this study, aqueous cinnamon and ginger extracts and pumpkin pulp were made and their functional properties like antioxidant activity and total phenolic content have been evaluated. Functional milk beverage was made using milk, cinnamon aqueous extract, ginger aqueous extract and yellow pumpkin pulp. The level of inclusion of these components was optimized using D-optimal mixture design (Design Expert Software) with regard to sensory attributes.The optimized level of functional milk beverage was chosen based on the desirability of the design and the range assigned to each response. The level of incorporation of milk, pumpkin pulp, aqueous cinnamon and ginger extracts were optimized at 40%, 10%, 20%, and 30% respectively. The antioxidant activity of the cinnamon aqueous extract, ginger aqueous extract, pumpkin pulp and optimized functional milk beverage was found to be 69.95 ± 0.07 %, 56.45 ± 0.08 %, 25.80 ± 0.10 and 60.53 ± 0.03 % respectively. The total phenolic content of cinnamon aqueous extract, ginger aqueous extract, pumpkin pulp and optimized functional milk beverage were 450.88 ± 0.03 mgGAE/100g, 106.93 ± 0.02 mgGAE/100g, 15.59 ± 0.09 mgGAE/100g and 280.63 ± 0.02 mgGAE/100g respectively","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78906836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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