Acid lime (Citurs aurantifolia Swingle) belongs to the family Rutaceae and widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions of India. India is the largest producer of acid lime in the world. In India, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Bihar are grown in larger area. In Tamil Nadu, commercially cultivated in Tirunelveli, Tenkasi, Turicorin, Dindigul, Madurai, Theni, Virudhunagar and Perambalur districts. Fruits are being used for preparation of pickles and beverages. They are rich in vitamin C, minerals and salts. Micronutrients such as Zinc, Iron and boron play a vital role in acid lime for growth and development. With this background, the present experiment on studies on the effect of micronutrients in acid lime var. PKM-1 was conducted at Citrus Research Station (TNAU), Sankarankovil during 2020-21 to study the effect of micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of acid lime. Foliar application was given twice in a season viz., the first spray was given during peak flowering stage and next spray during fruit set stage on selected five trees for each treatment at farmer’s field. The trial was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with thirteen treatments and replicated thrice.
{"title":"Studies On The Effect Of Micronutrients In Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) var. PKM-1","authors":"R. C, M. B, Mahadevan A","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000663","url":null,"abstract":"Acid lime (Citurs aurantifolia Swingle) belongs to the family Rutaceae and widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions of India. India is the largest producer of acid lime in the world. In India, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Bihar are grown in larger area. In Tamil Nadu, commercially cultivated in Tirunelveli, Tenkasi, Turicorin, Dindigul, Madurai, Theni, Virudhunagar and Perambalur districts. Fruits are being used for preparation of pickles and beverages. They are rich in vitamin C, minerals and salts. Micronutrients such as Zinc, Iron and boron play a vital role in acid lime for growth and development. With this background, the present experiment on studies on the effect of micronutrients in acid lime var. PKM-1 was conducted at Citrus Research Station (TNAU), Sankarankovil during 2020-21 to study the effect of micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of acid lime. Foliar application was given twice in a season viz., the first spray was given during peak flowering stage and next spray during fruit set stage on selected five trees for each treatment at farmer’s field. The trial was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with thirteen treatments and replicated thrice.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88496942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Latha Tks, P. T, Rajamanickam S, R. T, K. G., B. V, R. M, P. K
Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD) caused by an ungrouped virus is a destructive and serious disease of urdbean(Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Urdbean is commonly infected by leaf crinkle disease and is distinguished by the symptoms of extreme crinkling, curling, puckering, rugosity of leaves, stunting of plants and malformation of floral organs. An intensive survey was conductedduring the year of2018-2019 in major blackgram growing districts of Tamil Nadu viz., Pudukkottai, Tiruchirappalli,Villupuram, Tenkasiand Coimbatore. The highest disease incidence was recorded in Pudukkottai (24.95%) and lowest incidence was recorded in Coimbatore (17.89%).The transmission of ULCD by seed sprout abrasion and sap inoculation methods was 70.59% and 63.30% respectively. The transmission of ULCD by infected seeds was ranging from 71.89 to 83.62%.
{"title":"Prevalence and transmission of leaf crinkle disease infecting urdbean in Tamil Nadu","authors":"Latha Tks, P. T, Rajamanickam S, R. T, K. G., B. V, R. M, P. K","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000661","url":null,"abstract":"Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD) caused by an ungrouped virus is a destructive and serious disease of urdbean(Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Urdbean is commonly infected by leaf crinkle disease and is distinguished by the symptoms of extreme crinkling, curling, puckering, rugosity of leaves, stunting of plants and malformation of floral organs. An intensive survey was conductedduring the year of2018-2019 in major blackgram growing districts of Tamil Nadu viz., Pudukkottai, Tiruchirappalli,Villupuram, Tenkasiand Coimbatore. The highest disease incidence was recorded in Pudukkottai (24.95%) and lowest incidence was recorded in Coimbatore (17.89%).The transmission of ULCD by seed sprout abrasion and sap inoculation methods was 70.59% and 63.30% respectively. The transmission of ULCD by infected seeds was ranging from 71.89 to 83.62%.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86520490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sowmiya Chandrasekar, M. Marimuthu, Ayyaswami Saravanan1, S. Angappan, Bhuvaneswari Kaithamalai, Jayakanthan Mannu, Senthilkumar A. Natesan
Indian honey bees are the important managed pollinators of several agricultural and horticultural crops in India. At present, bee colony decline is the biggest crisis amongbeekeepers. The use of neonicotinoid insecticides is considered the prime factor, and they were found to cause a direct impact on bees by mortality and indirectly impair the foraging behavior of bees. Hence, the study aimed to assess the impact of neonicotinoids on the foraging activity of Indian honey bees. The neonicotinoids viz., imidacloprid 17.8 SL, clothianidin 50 WDG, thiamethoxam 25 WG, and thiacloprid 21.7 SC, along with organophosphate dimethoate 30 EC (chemical check) and control (no spray) were sprayed at field recommended doses on cotton crop. Foraging activity of the bees,viz.,incoming foragers with nectar and pollen load and outgoing foragers were counted at the hive entrance during the morning (09.00-11.00), afternoon (13.00-15.00), and evening (16.00-18.00) hours of the day. The data were recorded at pre-treatment count and posttreatment count on different day intervals viz., 1DAS, 3DAS, 7DAS, and 15DAS. The mean number of incoming nectar, pollen foragers, and outgoing foragers were recorded to be maximum in control than neonicotinoid-treated plots. Hence, the reduction in foraging activity may lead to areduction in the food storage area and brood area ultimately lesseningthe overall colony growth. It’s always better to avoid spraying cotton crop during the flowering period using neonicotinoids to dodge the residues even though cotton is not a food crop; meanwhile, it will safeguard the pollinators.
{"title":"Impact of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on the Foraging Activity of Indian Honey Bee, Apiscerana indica (Fab.) in the Cotton Ecosystem","authors":"Sowmiya Chandrasekar, M. Marimuthu, Ayyaswami Saravanan1, S. Angappan, Bhuvaneswari Kaithamalai, Jayakanthan Mannu, Senthilkumar A. Natesan","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000616","url":null,"abstract":"Indian honey bees are the important managed pollinators of several agricultural and horticultural crops in India. At present, bee colony decline is the biggest crisis amongbeekeepers. The use of neonicotinoid insecticides is considered the prime factor, and they were found to cause a direct impact on bees by mortality and indirectly impair the foraging behavior of bees. Hence, the study aimed to assess the impact of neonicotinoids on the foraging activity of Indian honey bees. The neonicotinoids viz., imidacloprid 17.8 SL, clothianidin 50 WDG, thiamethoxam 25 WG, and thiacloprid 21.7 SC, along with organophosphate dimethoate 30 EC (chemical check) and control (no spray) were sprayed at field recommended doses on cotton crop. Foraging activity of the bees,viz.,incoming foragers with nectar and pollen load and outgoing foragers were counted at the hive entrance during the morning (09.00-11.00), afternoon (13.00-15.00), and evening (16.00-18.00) hours of the day. The data were recorded at pre-treatment count and posttreatment count on different day intervals viz., 1DAS, 3DAS, 7DAS, and 15DAS. The mean number of incoming nectar, pollen foragers, and outgoing foragers were recorded to be maximum in control than neonicotinoid-treated plots. Hence, the reduction in foraging activity may lead to areduction in the food storage area and brood area ultimately lesseningthe overall colony growth. It’s always better to avoid spraying cotton crop during the flowering period using neonicotinoids to dodge the residues even though cotton is not a food crop; meanwhile, it will safeguard the pollinators.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89548444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. M., S. V., M. M, S. U, Dhevagi P, C. T, Dinesh G K, K. P
The emerging environmental problem in the tanning industry is the disposal of chromium-contaminated sludge in the soil. In the Walajapet Taluk of the Vellore District, the distribution and mobility of chromium in the soils and sludge surrounding the tannery waste disposal region were explored. This paper presents soil contamination of agricultural lands located in the SIPCOT Industrial complex near Walajapet in Vellore District, India. 64 soil samples were collected from 15 different villages, and the soil samples were analyzed for pH, EC, total chromium, hexavalent, and trivalent chromium. Studies were carried out to find the chromium contamination of the agricultural lands due to industrial effluents. It is found that 75 % of the agricultural soil samples were highly contaminated, posing a risk to agricultural lands, based on the comparison of chromium in the soil with WHO standards. The majority of the soil samples (>80%) from the locations exhibited high Cr (>200 mg kg-1) concentrations that exceeded the maximum permissible limit. Furthermore, soil samples taken near tanneries revealed that tannery effluent has a significant impact. The facts strongly demonstrate the existence of hazardous chromium, resulting in severe deterioration of agricultural land. As a result, developing an effective plan and implementing a suitable remediation technique to address the heavy metals contamination problem is critical.
{"title":"Chromium Speciation and Agricultural Soil Contamination in the Surrounding Tannery Regions of Walajaphet, Vellore District, Southern India","authors":"S. M., S. V., M. M, S. U, Dhevagi P, C. T, Dinesh G K, K. P","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000586","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging environmental problem in the tanning industry is the disposal of chromium-contaminated sludge in the soil. In the Walajapet Taluk of the Vellore District, the distribution and mobility of chromium in the soils and sludge surrounding the tannery waste disposal region were explored. This paper presents soil contamination of agricultural lands located in the SIPCOT Industrial complex near Walajapet in Vellore District, India. 64 soil samples were collected from 15 different villages, and the soil samples were analyzed for pH, EC, total chromium, hexavalent, and trivalent chromium. Studies were carried out to find the chromium contamination of the agricultural lands due to industrial effluents. It is found that 75 % of the agricultural soil samples were highly contaminated, posing a risk to agricultural lands, based on the comparison of chromium in the soil with WHO standards. The majority of the soil samples (>80%) from the locations exhibited high Cr (>200 mg kg-1) concentrations that exceeded the maximum permissible limit. Furthermore, soil samples taken near tanneries revealed that tannery effluent has a significant impact. The facts strongly demonstrate the existence of hazardous chromium, resulting in severe deterioration of agricultural land. As a result, developing an effective plan and implementing a suitable remediation technique to address the heavy metals contamination problem is critical.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87594735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. V., M. M., S. N, G. S, Varanavasiappan S, U. D.
The present study aimed to investigate the toxicity and synergistic effect of binary mixtures containing chlorantraniliprole and sesame oil at different ratios against second and third instar larvae of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. The toxicity of different concentrations (LC25 and LC50) of chlorantraniliprole with or without sesame oil (1, 2.5 and 5 per cent) on second and third instar larvae of FAW was determined using the leaf discdip bioassay method. A combination of chlorantraniliprole LC50 plus sesame oil 2.5 per cent has resulted in 74.42 and 81.81 per cent larval mortality on the second and third instars larvae of FAW, respectively. The mortality percentage was 1.52 and 1.57 fold higher than the single effect for the second and third instars of FAW, respectively. These results showed that this combination exhibited high potentiating synergism in both the instars of FAW larvae under laboratory conditions. The activity of Carboxyl Esterase (CarE), Mixed Function Oxidase (MFO) and Glutathione-STransferase (GST) were found to be lesser in chlorantraniliprole LC50 plus sesame oil 2.5 per cent combinations than in single toxicity treatments. Therefore, sesame oil showed good synergism with chlorantraniliprole at the ratio of chlorantraniliprole LC50 plus sesame oil 2.5 per cent on fall armyworm under laboratory conditions.
{"title":"Synergistic Effect of Sesame Oil on Chlorantraniliprole Toxicity and Detoxifying Enzymes Activity against Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)","authors":"G. V., M. M., S. N, G. S, Varanavasiappan S, U. D.","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000597","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to investigate the toxicity and synergistic effect of binary mixtures containing chlorantraniliprole and sesame oil at different ratios against second and third instar larvae of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. The toxicity of different concentrations (LC25 and LC50) of chlorantraniliprole with or without sesame oil (1, 2.5 and 5 per cent) on second and third instar larvae of FAW was determined using the leaf discdip bioassay method. A combination of chlorantraniliprole LC50 plus sesame oil 2.5 per cent has resulted in 74.42 and 81.81 per cent larval mortality on the second and third instars larvae of FAW, respectively. The mortality percentage was 1.52 and 1.57 fold higher than the single effect for the second and third instars of FAW, respectively. These results showed that this combination exhibited high potentiating synergism in both the instars of FAW larvae under laboratory conditions. The activity of Carboxyl Esterase (CarE), Mixed Function Oxidase (MFO) and Glutathione-STransferase (GST) were found to be lesser in chlorantraniliprole LC50 plus sesame oil 2.5 per cent combinations than in single toxicity treatments. Therefore, sesame oil showed good synergism with chlorantraniliprole at the ratio of chlorantraniliprole LC50 plus sesame oil 2.5 per cent on fall armyworm under laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80153857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to compare the performance of mint in two modified Nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic systems viz., Horizontal ( S1 ) and Vertical A types (S2 ) along with three nutrient combinations viz.,T1-NPK@ 40:65:40/hectare,T2-NPK @ 50:75:50/hectare,T3-NPK @ 60:85:60/hectare. The trail was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replication at the Department of Vegetable Science in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. The nutrient quantities were computed for 100 litre of water and were given through fertigation. The pH of 6.5-6.8 and EC around 2Ds/m was continuously maintained throughout the experimental period. The observations viz., plant height(cm), the number of leaves, the number of branches, shoot length (cm), root length (cm), fresh weight of leaves (g), fresh and dry weight of shoot and root (g) , total plant dry weight(g) were determined. It was inferred that (S1T1) vertical A type with nutrient combination of NPK @ 40:65:40/hectare have given maximum yield when compared to other treatments.
{"title":"Comparative Performance of Mint in Different Hydroponics Systems","authors":"S. R., S. R, S. A., K. R K","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000652","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to compare the performance of mint in two modified Nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic systems viz., Horizontal ( S1 ) and Vertical A types (S2 ) along with three nutrient combinations viz.,T1-NPK@ 40:65:40/hectare,T2-NPK @ 50:75:50/hectare,T3-NPK @ 60:85:60/hectare. The trail was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replication at the Department of Vegetable Science in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. The nutrient quantities were computed for 100 litre of water and were given through fertigation. The pH of 6.5-6.8 and EC around 2Ds/m was continuously maintained throughout the experimental period. The observations viz., plant height(cm), the number of leaves, the number of branches, shoot length (cm), root length (cm), fresh weight of leaves (g), fresh and dry weight of shoot and root (g) , total plant dry weight(g) were determined. It was inferred that (S1T1) vertical A type with nutrient combination of NPK @ 40:65:40/hectare have given maximum yield when compared to other treatments.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87682280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considering contemporary conditions such as global warming and groundwater depletion, making sustainable use of available resources is critical. Water conservation solutions such as drip irrigation reduce water exploitation and boost irrigation efficiency. The Thirumalayapalem block of Khammam district in Telangana state was chosen for research. Three villages were purposively chosen for investigation in a designated block, all of which used drip irrigation. A set of ten people was chosen at random from each village. As a result, the sample for the study consisted of 30 farmers who used drip irrigation. The primary data was gathered using a pre-tested and well-structured questionnaire. The influence of drip irrigation increased yield by 61 percent over the previous year without drip irrigation. The average number of irrigation days increased to 40.3 days from 25.1 days due to the impact of drip irrigation, it boosted the yield approximately to 61 percent. The difference in labour use efficiency before and after drip irrigation was 47.96. The overall efficiency of input-expenditure was 64%. The reduced power consumption of drip irrigation was just 11.57 kW, contrasted to 33.76 kW before its adoption. During the adoption of technology, total Income climbed by 50 per cent
{"title":"An Impact of Drip Irrigated Chili Cultivation at Khammam","authors":"R. Y, K. C., S. M","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000592","url":null,"abstract":"Considering contemporary conditions such as global warming and groundwater depletion, making sustainable use of available resources is critical. Water conservation solutions such as drip irrigation reduce water exploitation and boost irrigation efficiency. The Thirumalayapalem block of Khammam district in Telangana state was chosen for research. Three villages were purposively chosen for investigation in a designated block, all of which used drip irrigation. A set of ten people was chosen at random from each village. As a result, the sample for the study consisted of 30 farmers who used drip irrigation. The primary data was gathered using a pre-tested and well-structured questionnaire. The influence of drip irrigation increased yield by 61 percent over the previous year without drip irrigation. The average number of irrigation days increased to 40.3 days from 25.1 days due to the impact of drip irrigation, it boosted the yield approximately to 61 percent. The difference in labour use efficiency before and after drip irrigation was 47.96. The overall efficiency of input-expenditure was 64%. The reduced power consumption of drip irrigation was just 11.57 kW, contrasted to 33.76 kW before its adoption. During the adoption of technology, total Income climbed by 50 per cent","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84273273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Devi Priya Arumugam, Nishanthi Sekar, Sugitha Thangappan, I. Muniraj, Oviya Govindaraj, Santhoshkumar Subramaniam, Shobana Narayanasamy, Raja Asm, S. Uthandi
In the hunt for alternative energy sources, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), such as forestry and agricultural residues, appears to be a potential raw material for transformation into useful bio-products in so-called biorefineries, as it is abundant at low/no cost. The electricity generation capacity is expected to expand from 183 GW to 800 GW by 2031-32. In contrast to demand, India's indigenous energy sources are insufficient, leaving it reliant on crude oil imports (>80%). Alternative 2G renewable energy solutions have become important due to oil geopolitics and environmental concerns. As an agrarian tropical nation, crops produce significant volumes of residues, resulting in both resource waste and a missed opportunity to increase farmer revenue. As a result, forestry and agriculture leftovers on and off the farm can be used to generate bio-energy and other platform chemicals. The recalcitrance and intricacy of cellulose fibrils intertwined with hemicellulose and lignin render lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) generally inaccessible to cellulolytic enzymes in the native state, despite being renewable and inexpensive. Bio delignification/ depolymerization with ligninases can break down such complicated materials. Further hydrolysis of LCB to convert cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions into monomeric sugars is dependent on the costs and robust enzymes such as glycosyl hydrolases (GHs), which have multiple substrates, are more stable at high temperatures and a wide pH range, and have improved catalytic efficiency. Thermozymes, enzymes obtained from thermophilic microbes possess unique characteristics such as temperature, chemical, and pH stability. They can certainly be used in several industrial processes by replacing mesophilic enzymes. Because the process works at slightly elevated temperatures, thermostable ligninases and GHs are of special importance. The biocatalyst's stability and reusability have always been important obstacles in creating biocatalytic reactions. The challenges and potential of employing thermophiles and their derived enzymes (thermozymes) in various stages of biomass conversion into a variety of commercial chemicals are discussed in this review.
{"title":"Current Scenario on Thermozymes for Plant Biomass Deconstruction and Derived Commodity Chemicals","authors":"Devi Priya Arumugam, Nishanthi Sekar, Sugitha Thangappan, I. Muniraj, Oviya Govindaraj, Santhoshkumar Subramaniam, Shobana Narayanasamy, Raja Asm, S. Uthandi","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000625","url":null,"abstract":"In the hunt for alternative energy sources, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), such as forestry and agricultural residues, appears to be a potential raw material for transformation into useful bio-products in so-called biorefineries, as it is abundant at low/no cost. The electricity generation capacity is expected to expand from 183 GW to 800 GW by 2031-32. In contrast to demand, India's indigenous energy sources are insufficient, leaving it reliant on crude oil imports (>80%). Alternative 2G renewable energy solutions have become important due to oil geopolitics and environmental concerns. As an agrarian tropical nation, crops produce significant volumes of residues, resulting in both resource waste and a missed opportunity to increase farmer revenue. As a result, forestry and agriculture leftovers on and off the farm can be used to generate bio-energy and other platform chemicals. The recalcitrance and intricacy of cellulose fibrils intertwined with hemicellulose and lignin render lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) generally inaccessible to cellulolytic enzymes in the native state, despite being renewable and inexpensive. Bio delignification/ depolymerization with ligninases can break down such complicated materials. Further hydrolysis of LCB to convert cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions into monomeric sugars is dependent on the costs and robust enzymes such as glycosyl hydrolases (GHs), which have multiple substrates, are more stable at high temperatures and a wide pH range, and have improved catalytic efficiency. Thermozymes, enzymes obtained from thermophilic microbes possess unique characteristics such as temperature, chemical, and pH stability. They can certainly be used in several industrial processes by replacing mesophilic enzymes. Because the process works at slightly elevated temperatures, thermostable ligninases and GHs are of special importance. The biocatalyst's stability and reusability have always been important obstacles in creating biocatalytic reactions. The challenges and potential of employing thermophiles and their derived enzymes (thermozymes) in various stages of biomass conversion into a variety of commercial chemicals are discussed in this review.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85525425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study aimed to the delimitation of Aulacophora spp. from Tamil Nadu through DNA-barcoding. Samples were collected from three districts of Tamil Nadu and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene ofthree species (A. foveicollis, A. lewisii and A. cincta) was sequenced. Eight specimens were sequenced and was submitted to the Genbank. Molecular delineation of species was done using tree-based (phylogenetic tree), and distance-based (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) approaches. The data set consists of 35 sequences, including an out-group. Two phylogenetic trees were constructed using neighborhood joining and maximum likelihood method. Both the trees resulted in six distinct species groups, and the branching topology was also similar for both the trees. A. foveicollis, A. abdominalis and A. relicta had branched into three distinct groups from a single node, and A. cincta and A. lewisii sub-branched into different clades from another node. ABGD method gave six identical species groups similar to that of morphological data. The p-value for the grouping ranges from 0.001–0.0359, which gave satisfactory results for species delineation. Both tree-based and distance-based approachesenabled the rapid delineation of species with accurate species identification.
{"title":"Molecular Validation of Aulacophora Species Complex within the Geographical Limits of Tamil Nadu","authors":"Dilipsundar N, C. N, B. V, A. R, Kumaraperumal R","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000596","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to the delimitation of Aulacophora spp. from Tamil Nadu through DNA-barcoding. Samples were collected from three districts of Tamil Nadu and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene ofthree species (A. foveicollis, A. lewisii and A. cincta) was sequenced. Eight specimens were sequenced and was submitted to the Genbank. Molecular delineation of species was done using tree-based (phylogenetic tree), and distance-based (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) approaches. The data set consists of 35 sequences, including an out-group. Two phylogenetic trees were constructed using neighborhood joining and maximum likelihood method. Both the trees resulted in six distinct species groups, and the branching topology was also similar for both the trees. A. foveicollis, A. abdominalis and A. relicta had branched into three distinct groups from a single node, and A. cincta and A. lewisii sub-branched into different clades from another node. ABGD method gave six identical species groups similar to that of morphological data. The p-value for the grouping ranges from 0.001–0.0359, which gave satisfactory results for species delineation. Both tree-based and distance-based approachesenabled the rapid delineation of species with accurate species identification.","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"2040 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91320180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Native predators and parasitoids were identified against the invasive whiteflies in the cotton ecosystem. Over the past several decades, its control has been increasingly based on the use of its natural enemies. The natural enemies identified include Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Chrysoperla carnea, Diadiplosis sp, Orius insidiosus, two coleopteran beetles, Cybocephalus nipponicus, Delphastus catalinae and two species of Aphelinidae parasitoids, Encarsia guadeloupae and Encarsia dispersa. E. dispersa can be distinguished from E. guadeloupae by a combination of characters, including body colour, colour of the meso-scutellar suture, antennal segments, tarsal formula, etc. The identification of the predators and parasitoids was determined through taxonomical based on key characters. During the survey, several predators and parasitoids were recorded and maximum parasitism was recorded by Encarsia guadeloupae and Encarsia dispersa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
{"title":"Taxonomy of Whiteflies' Natural Enemies in Tamil Nadu Cotton Ecosystem","authors":"S. V, S. K, M. M.","doi":"10.29321/maj.10.000711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000711","url":null,"abstract":"Native predators and parasitoids were identified against the invasive whiteflies in the cotton ecosystem. Over the past several decades, its control has been increasingly based on the use of its natural enemies. The natural enemies identified include Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Chrysoperla carnea, Diadiplosis sp, Orius insidiosus, two coleopteran beetles, Cybocephalus nipponicus, Delphastus catalinae and two species of Aphelinidae parasitoids, Encarsia guadeloupae and Encarsia dispersa. E. dispersa can be distinguished from E. guadeloupae by a combination of characters, including body colour, colour of the meso-scutellar suture, antennal segments, tarsal formula, etc. The identification of the predators and parasitoids was determined through taxonomical based on key characters. During the survey, several predators and parasitoids were recorded and maximum parasitism was recorded by Encarsia guadeloupae and Encarsia dispersa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)","PeriodicalId":18154,"journal":{"name":"Madras Agricultural Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90317054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：