Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2713
Muhammad Nur Hariri, Ahmad Razali Ishak, Razi Ikhwan Md Rashid
The rate of solid waste generation, especially in Malaysia, has become one of the major concerns for environmental and public health issues. Food waste accounts for the highest percentage of solid waste that ends up in landfills. Due to the living nature of humans and their involvement in agricultural, industrial, and municipal activities, the disposal of food waste happens on a regular basis. Due to the absence of an incineration plant, these wastes are commonly sent into landfills which are considered to be the most cost-effective method for disposal. Nevertheless, consideration for an alternative disposal method such as composting shall not be ruled out entirely. One of the established methods for composting food waste is the utilization of the larvae of the Black Soldier Fly. A study was conducted to assess the growth and nutritional composition, waste reduction capacity and nutritional composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) reared on food waste. We found that the larvae reared with the food waste and effective microorganism (EM), LFWEM (BSFL reared with a mixture of food waste and effective microorganisms), have a slightly better relative growth rate (2.66 ± 0.35 day-1) compared to larvae reared with only food waste (2.44 ± 0.17 day-1). The waste reduction index was higher in the LFWEM group (5.36 ± 0.18 g/day) compared to the control group, LFC (BSFL reared with chicken feed) (4.85 ± 0.03 g/day) and the LFW (BSFL reared with food waste) group (5.13 ± 0.17 g/day). The nutritional composition of the BSFL reared using food waste shows some potential as it surpasses some of the amount of essential amino acids including Arginine, Histidine, Threonine and Valine, found in the commercially available animal feeds. This finding serves as a baseline to propose potential replacements for animal protein by using BSFL reared with food waste.
{"title":"Effect of Food Waste on The Growth Performance, Waste Reduction Efficiency and Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae","authors":"Muhammad Nur Hariri, Ahmad Razali Ishak, Razi Ikhwan Md Rashid","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2713","url":null,"abstract":"The rate of solid waste generation, especially in Malaysia, has become one of the major concerns for environmental and public health issues. Food waste accounts for the highest percentage of solid waste that ends up in landfills. Due to the living nature of humans and their involvement in agricultural, industrial, and municipal activities, the disposal of food waste happens on a regular basis. Due to the absence of an incineration plant, these wastes are commonly sent into landfills which are considered to be the most cost-effective method for disposal. Nevertheless, consideration for an alternative disposal method such as composting shall not be ruled out entirely. One of the established methods for composting food waste is the utilization of the larvae of the Black Soldier Fly. A study was conducted to assess the growth and nutritional composition, waste reduction capacity and nutritional composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) reared on food waste. We found that the larvae reared with the food waste and effective microorganism (EM), LFWEM (BSFL reared with a mixture of food waste and effective microorganisms), have a slightly better relative growth rate (2.66 ± 0.35 day-1) compared to larvae reared with only food waste (2.44 ± 0.17 day-1). The waste reduction index was higher in the LFWEM group (5.36 ± 0.18 g/day) compared to the control group, LFC (BSFL reared with chicken feed) (4.85 ± 0.03 g/day) and the LFW (BSFL reared with food waste) group (5.13 ± 0.17 g/day). The nutritional composition of the BSFL reared using food waste shows some potential as it surpasses some of the amount of essential amino acids including Arginine, Histidine, Threonine and Valine, found in the commercially available animal feeds. This finding serves as a baseline to propose potential replacements for animal protein by using BSFL reared with food waste.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"109 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140359989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2828
Jalaluddin Mostamand, Y. Esa
Recognizing the potential benefits of combining the favorable traits of both species, this study was designed to evaluate the culture performance and morphometric variations of F1 hybrids derived from artificial reciprocal hybridization between Barbonymus schwanenfeldii and Barbonymus gonionotus. Four crosses were successfully produced, namely B. gonionotus ♀ × B. gonionotus ♂ (GG), B. gonionotus ♀ × B. schwanenfeldii ♂ (GS), B. schwanenfeldii ♀ × B. schwanenfeldii ♂ (SS) and B. schwanenfeldii ♀ × B. gonionotus ♂ (SG). Uniform-sized fingerlings of pure GG, hybrid GS, pure SS, and hybrid SG were stocked at a rate of 50 fingerlings per fiberglass 1-tonne tank. The fingerlings were fed a commercial tilapia pellet (Dinding Malaysia) with 35% crude protein, the feeding was done twice a day, at 9:00 and 16:00, with equal portions given at each feeding. After 8 weeks of culture, the mean weight gained by GG, GS, SS, and SG was 7.09 ± 0.06, 5.75 ± 0.15, 4.69 ± 0.21, and 5.60 ± 0.17 g, respectively. The growth performance of the hybrid GS 5.75 ± 0.15 was significantly higher compared to the slow-growing SS (4.69 ± 0.21) but lower than the value recorded in GG (7.09 ± 0.06) under identical rearing conditions. A similar trend was observed in the final weight and specific growth rate (SGR) (%/day). In terms of FCR value, hybrid GS had the best value (1.10 ± 0.10) compared to hybrid SG (1.31 ± 0.13) or pure species (1.29 ± 0.09, 1.39 ± 0.13). Reciprocal hybrids showed intermediate morphometric traits between the two species; The reciprocal hybrids displayed intermediate morphometric traits that fell between the two parental species. The results of the discriminant function analysis confirmed that there were significant differences in the characters of all four species.
{"title":"Evaluation of Growth Performance and Morpho-Meristic Characteristics in The Progenies of Barbonymus gonionotus and Barbonymus schwanenfeldii","authors":"Jalaluddin Mostamand, Y. Esa","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2828","url":null,"abstract":"Recognizing the potential benefits of combining the favorable traits of both species, this study was designed to evaluate the culture performance and morphometric variations of F1 hybrids derived from artificial reciprocal hybridization between Barbonymus schwanenfeldii and Barbonymus gonionotus. Four crosses were successfully produced, namely B. gonionotus ♀ × B. gonionotus ♂ (GG), B. gonionotus ♀ × B. schwanenfeldii ♂ (GS), B. schwanenfeldii ♀ × B. schwanenfeldii ♂ (SS) and B. schwanenfeldii ♀ × B. gonionotus ♂ (SG). Uniform-sized fingerlings of pure GG, hybrid GS, pure SS, and hybrid SG were stocked at a rate of 50 fingerlings per fiberglass 1-tonne tank. The fingerlings were fed a commercial tilapia pellet (Dinding Malaysia) with 35% crude protein, the feeding was done twice a day, at 9:00 and 16:00, with equal portions given at each feeding. After 8 weeks of culture, the mean weight gained by GG, GS, SS, and SG was 7.09 ± 0.06, 5.75 ± 0.15, 4.69 ± 0.21, and 5.60 ± 0.17 g, respectively. The growth performance of the hybrid GS 5.75 ± 0.15 was significantly higher compared to the slow-growing SS (4.69 ± 0.21) but lower than the value recorded in GG (7.09 ± 0.06) under identical rearing conditions. A similar trend was observed in the final weight and specific growth rate (SGR) (%/day). In terms of FCR value, hybrid GS had the best value (1.10 ± 0.10) compared to hybrid SG (1.31 ± 0.13) or pure species (1.29 ± 0.09, 1.39 ± 0.13). Reciprocal hybrids showed intermediate morphometric traits between the two species; The reciprocal hybrids displayed intermediate morphometric traits that fell between the two parental species. The results of the discriminant function analysis confirmed that there were significant differences in the characters of all four species.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"105 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2723
Mohammed Noorfaiz Yusof, Norfazreena Mohd Faudzi, Nur Aziemah Jasni, E. Nillian, S. Senoo, F. Ching
Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer is among the most cultured aquaculture species in the Southeast Asian region due to its remarkable tolerance for a diverse environmental fluctuation. In aquaculture, salinity has a direct influence on many biological, physiological and market value of any cultured fish. This study investigated the impacts of different salinities (0, 15, & 30 ppt) on Asian seabass growth, body indices, feeding performance, organoleptic qualities, and production cost for 85 days. Ninety fish were reared in 700-liter tanks equipped with recirculation system with 10 fish each tank. They were fed with commercial marine feed. The findings revealed Asian seabass in 15 ppt attained significantly higher (p>0.05) body weight (470.40 ± 41.16 g), total length (31.51 ± 0.81 cm), total feed intake (309.28 ± 35.66 g/fish) and daily feed intake (3.64 ± 0.42 g/fish/day) compared to 30 ppt but remained insignificant with 0 ppt. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in terms of body weight gain, specific growth rate, body indices, and feed conversion ratio of Asian seabass when reared in different salinities. The organoleptic qualities showed that rearing Asian seabass in different salinities has no significant effect (p<0.05) on odour, appearance, texture, and flavour score. However, the overall acceptance score of Asian seabass reared in 30 ppt (3.53 ± 0.22) was significantly higher (p>0.05) compared to 15 ppt but remained insignificant with 0 ppt. Economically, Asian seabass cultured in 15 ppt yielded the most optimal conditions for profitable production. The findings conclude 15 ppt can promotes enhanced growth performance and profitability, while 0 ppt and 30 ppt can promote consumer acceptance positively.
{"title":"Comparisons on Growth Performance, Survivability, Organoleptic Qualities and Economic Feasibility of Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) Reared in Different Salinities","authors":"Mohammed Noorfaiz Yusof, Norfazreena Mohd Faudzi, Nur Aziemah Jasni, E. Nillian, S. Senoo, F. Ching","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2723","url":null,"abstract":"Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer is among the most cultured aquaculture species in the Southeast Asian region due to its remarkable tolerance for a diverse environmental fluctuation. In aquaculture, salinity has a direct influence on many biological, physiological and market value of any cultured fish. This study investigated the impacts of different salinities (0, 15, & 30 ppt) on Asian seabass growth, body indices, feeding performance, organoleptic qualities, and production cost for 85 days. Ninety fish were reared in 700-liter tanks equipped with recirculation system with 10 fish each tank. They were fed with commercial marine feed. The findings revealed Asian seabass in 15 ppt attained significantly higher (p>0.05) body weight (470.40 ± 41.16 g), total length (31.51 ± 0.81 cm), total feed intake (309.28 ± 35.66 g/fish) and daily feed intake (3.64 ± 0.42 g/fish/day) compared to 30 ppt but remained insignificant with 0 ppt. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in terms of body weight gain, specific growth rate, body indices, and feed conversion ratio of Asian seabass when reared in different salinities. The organoleptic qualities showed that rearing Asian seabass in different salinities has no significant effect (p<0.05) on odour, appearance, texture, and flavour score. However, the overall acceptance score of Asian seabass reared in 30 ppt (3.53 ± 0.22) was significantly higher (p>0.05) compared to 15 ppt but remained insignificant with 0 ppt. Economically, Asian seabass cultured in 15 ppt yielded the most optimal conditions for profitable production. The findings conclude 15 ppt can promotes enhanced growth performance and profitability, while 0 ppt and 30 ppt can promote consumer acceptance positively.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"30 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2863
Jibrin Isa Mangwa, Fauziah Abu bakar, Ibrahim Muhammad Haruna, Ibrahim Abdullahi Jaji, Mohammmad Gwam Sodah, Mohamad Maulana Magiman
Soybean production in Lafia, southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria, is impacted by soil phosphorus deficiency, affecting nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and overall crop productivity. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons with different phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 13, 26 & 39 Kg P2O5 ha-1) and six improved soybean varieties (TGX 1985-10F, TGX 1987-10F, TGX 1448-2E, TGX 1987-62F, TGX 1989-19F & TGX 1835-10E) to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilizer rates on nodulation and yields of soybean varieties. The results showed significant variation in soybean nodulation and yields when different phosphorus fertilizer rates were used. Among the six improved soybean varieties tested, TGX 1989-19F and TGX 1987-62F varieties performed best with 39 kg P2O5 ha-1. The results also show that plots that received a 39 kg P2O5 ha-1 produced the highest nodule number (26.3 & 28.7) and nodule weight (203.5 & 221.2 mg/plant) significantly in 2018 and 2019, respectively, compared to those with lower phosphorus rates. The effect of phosphorus fertilizer rates on soybean yields was apparent, with the 39 kg ha-1 phosphorus treatment yielding significantly higher yields than the lower phosphorus treatments. Notably, the TGX 1989-19F variety consistently outperformed the others, yielding the highest yield (1624.0 kg/ha). Based on the results, it is recommended that soybean farmers in the Lafia region consider increasing their phosphorus rates to 39 kg ha-1 for improved nodulation and subsequent yield gains. The TGX 1989-19F variety, due to its exceptional response to this phosphorus level, could be prioritized for cultivation to maximize returns. However, further research and on-farm trials must validate these findings across multiple growing seasons and farm management practices.
{"title":"Nodulation and Yields of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) Varieties at Varying Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates in Lafia, Nigeria","authors":"Jibrin Isa Mangwa, Fauziah Abu bakar, Ibrahim Muhammad Haruna, Ibrahim Abdullahi Jaji, Mohammmad Gwam Sodah, Mohamad Maulana Magiman","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2863","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean production in Lafia, southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria, is impacted by soil phosphorus deficiency, affecting nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and overall crop productivity. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons with different phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 13, 26 & 39 Kg P2O5 ha-1) and six improved soybean varieties (TGX 1985-10F, TGX 1987-10F, TGX 1448-2E, TGX 1987-62F, TGX 1989-19F & TGX 1835-10E) to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilizer rates on nodulation and yields of soybean varieties. The results showed significant variation in soybean nodulation and yields when different phosphorus fertilizer rates were used. Among the six improved soybean varieties tested, TGX 1989-19F and TGX 1987-62F varieties performed best with 39 kg P2O5 ha-1. The results also show that plots that received a 39 kg P2O5 ha-1 produced the highest nodule number (26.3 & 28.7) and nodule weight (203.5 & 221.2 mg/plant) significantly in 2018 and 2019, respectively, compared to those with lower phosphorus rates. The effect of phosphorus fertilizer rates on soybean yields was apparent, with the 39 kg ha-1 phosphorus treatment yielding significantly higher yields than the lower phosphorus treatments. Notably, the TGX 1989-19F variety consistently outperformed the others, yielding the highest yield (1624.0 kg/ha). Based on the results, it is recommended that soybean farmers in the Lafia region consider increasing their phosphorus rates to 39 kg ha-1 for improved nodulation and subsequent yield gains. The TGX 1989-19F variety, due to its exceptional response to this phosphorus level, could be prioritized for cultivation to maximize returns. However, further research and on-farm trials must validate these findings across multiple growing seasons and farm management practices.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"30 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140358187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2774
Anandarajagopal Kalusalingam, Dania Najiha Hasnu, Abdullah Khan, Ching Siang Tan, B. Menon, Venkateshan Narayanan, K. Goh, Asmuni Mohd Ikmal, N. Talip, Poonguzhali Subramanian, Long Chiau Ming
There are a myriad of potential medicinal plants worldwide. Researchers have found some, while others are still unexplored. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (family: Lamiaceae), commonly known as the cat's whiskers plant, is a well-known herbal plant with many medicinal uses. All the parts of O. stamineus, such as the leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds, have their uses. More than 140 pure compounds were identified and isolated from different extracts of O. stamineus, particularly leaf extracts and stem oils. Flavonoids are the most abundant phytoconstituents found in O. stamineus leaf extract. Several pharmacological activities have been studied and validated using extracts as well as pure compounds. Multiple phytoconstituents attributed to these pharmacological activities such as diuretics, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiepileptic, etc., have been discovered. Considering the purported benefits of O. stamineus, the present review critically evaluates and discusses the pharmacognosy, taxonomy, ethnobotany, pharmacological activities, and phytochemistry of O. stamineus and provides updated information.
全世界有无数潜在的药用植物。研究人员已经发现了一些，但还有一些尚未开发。Orthosiphon stamineus Benth.(俗称猫须草，是一种著名的草本植物，具有多种药用价值。猫须草的所有部分，如叶、茎、花和种子，都有其用途。从欧鼠李的不同提取物中，尤其是叶提取物和茎油中，发现并分离出了 140 多种纯化合物。黄酮类化合物是欧鼠李叶提取物中发现的最丰富的植物成分。利用提取物和纯化合物研究并验证了多种药理活性。已发现多种植物成分具有这些药理活性，如利尿、降血糖、抗氧化、保肝、抗癫痫等。考虑到 O. stamineus 所宣称的功效，本综述对 O. stamineus 的药理、分类、人种植物学、药理活性和植物化学进行了批判性评估和讨论，并提供了最新信息。
{"title":"An Updated Review of Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth","authors":"Anandarajagopal Kalusalingam, Dania Najiha Hasnu, Abdullah Khan, Ching Siang Tan, B. Menon, Venkateshan Narayanan, K. Goh, Asmuni Mohd Ikmal, N. Talip, Poonguzhali Subramanian, Long Chiau Ming","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2774","url":null,"abstract":"There are a myriad of potential medicinal plants worldwide. Researchers have found some, while others are still unexplored. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (family: Lamiaceae), commonly known as the cat's whiskers plant, is a well-known herbal plant with many medicinal uses. All the parts of O. stamineus, such as the leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds, have their uses. More than 140 pure compounds were identified and isolated from different extracts of O. stamineus, particularly leaf extracts and stem oils. Flavonoids are the most abundant phytoconstituents found in O. stamineus leaf extract. Several pharmacological activities have been studied and validated using extracts as well as pure compounds. Multiple phytoconstituents attributed to these pharmacological activities such as diuretics, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiepileptic, etc., have been discovered. Considering the purported benefits of O. stamineus, the present review critically evaluates and discusses the pharmacognosy, taxonomy, ethnobotany, pharmacological activities, and phytochemistry of O. stamineus and provides updated information.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140359139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2869
Muhd Arshad Amin, Hafiza Shukor, N. F. Shoparwe, M. Z. Makhtar, Aidil Abdul Hamid, Wichitpan Rongwong
The study aims to optimize the medium composition for biobutanol production using a Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) hydrolysate by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Various nutrient factors affecting biobutanol production were screened using the Plackett-Burman design. These factors included: NH4NO3, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O, MnSO4.7H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, yeast extract, cysteine, PABA, biotin, and thiamin. The results were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA), which showed that cysteine (P=0.008), NH4NO3 (P=0.011) dan yeast extract (P=0.036) had significant effects on biobutanol production. The established model from the ANOVA analysis had a significant value of Pmodel>F = 0.0299 with an F-value of 32.82 which explains that the factors can explain in detail the variation in the data about the average and the interpretation is true with an R2 value of 0.993. The estimated maximum biobutanol production was 10.56 g/L, whereas the optimized medium produced 15.49 g/L of biobutanol. Process optimizations with optimum concentration of cysteine, NH4NO3, and yeast extract have produced 21.33 g/L biobutanol which is a 37.7% improvement from the non-optimized medium. The findings show that PKC hydrolysate with the addition of optimal concentrations of the three types of medium namely, cysteine (0.15 g/L), NH4NO3 (0.50 g/L), and yeast extract (1.5 g/L) during ABE fermentation, yielded a maximum biobutanol concentration of 21.33 g/L. Therefore, the results of this study provide good indications for promoting PKC hydrolysate as a new source of novel substrates with great potential in producing high biobutanol through ABE fermentation by C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4.
{"title":"Medium Optimization for Biobutanol Production From Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) Hydrolysate By Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4","authors":"Muhd Arshad Amin, Hafiza Shukor, N. F. Shoparwe, M. Z. Makhtar, Aidil Abdul Hamid, Wichitpan Rongwong","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2869","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to optimize the medium composition for biobutanol production using a Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) hydrolysate by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Various nutrient factors affecting biobutanol production were screened using the Plackett-Burman design. These factors included: NH4NO3, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O, MnSO4.7H2O, FeSO4.7H2O, yeast extract, cysteine, PABA, biotin, and thiamin. The results were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA), which showed that cysteine (P=0.008), NH4NO3 (P=0.011) dan yeast extract (P=0.036) had significant effects on biobutanol production. The established model from the ANOVA analysis had a significant value of Pmodel>F = 0.0299 with an F-value of 32.82 which explains that the factors can explain in detail the variation in the data about the average and the interpretation is true with an R2 value of 0.993. The estimated maximum biobutanol production was 10.56 g/L, whereas the optimized medium produced 15.49 g/L of biobutanol. Process optimizations with optimum concentration of cysteine, NH4NO3, and yeast extract have produced 21.33 g/L biobutanol which is a 37.7% improvement from the non-optimized medium. The findings show that PKC hydrolysate with the addition of optimal concentrations of the three types of medium namely, cysteine (0.15 g/L), NH4NO3 (0.50 g/L), and yeast extract (1.5 g/L) during ABE fermentation, yielded a maximum biobutanol concentration of 21.33 g/L. Therefore, the results of this study provide good indications for promoting PKC hydrolysate as a new source of novel substrates with great potential in producing high biobutanol through ABE fermentation by C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140360432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2786
Nursyuhaida Md Shahid, Ruhana Hassan
Diadema urchins (family Diadematidae) are ecologically important bioindicators of coral reef ecosystems and seagrass beds. Diadema urchins which are widely distributed and broadcast spawners, have been frequently utilized as model invertebrate species for zoogeography research of the Indo-West Pacific region. So far, Malaysian Borneo, located at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia, has been under-sampled. This study aims to fill this sampling gap and provide the first record of Diadema setosum from Malaysian Borneo using genetic diagnostics to conclusively establish the clade-level identity of the species. According to Cytochrome Oxidase I gene analysis, Diadema is monophyletic. Seven species of Diadema namely Diadema palmeri, Diadema clarki, Diadema mexicanum, Diadema antillarum, Diadema paucispinum, Diadema africanum, and Diadema savignyi, formed their subclades with strong bootstrap values, demonstrating interspecific variation. The findings of this study provide further evidence for the presence of two distinct monophyletic clades, with all D. setosum individuals forming a monophyletic clade that later split into two distinct subclades, dividing Red Sea population (D. setosum-b) and Indo-West Pacific populations (D. setosum-a), supported by a significant genetic divergence value ranging from 6.3% to 9.1%. This study also revealed notable levels of nucleotide and population subdivision between the D. setosum from the Indo-West Pacific and the Red Sea populations (Nst = 0.891; Fst = 0.886) with a low number of migrants per generation (Nm = 0.065). This may suggest geographic isolation due to ecological factors preventing each other from surviving in the territory of the other, or that the two clades of D. setosum were a separate species. Additional morphological and molecular analysis is required in the future to ascertain the level of divergence and further resolve the taxonomic confusion within the genus Diadema.
{"title":"Phylogenetic Relationship of Diadema: Emphasis on The Two Distinct Clades of D. Setosum With The Inclusion of Long Spine Black Sea Urchin From Malaysian Borneo","authors":"Nursyuhaida Md Shahid, Ruhana Hassan","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2786","url":null,"abstract":"Diadema urchins (family Diadematidae) are ecologically important bioindicators of coral reef ecosystems and seagrass beds. Diadema urchins which are widely distributed and broadcast spawners, have been frequently utilized as model invertebrate species for zoogeography research of the Indo-West Pacific region. So far, Malaysian Borneo, located at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia, has been under-sampled. This study aims to fill this sampling gap and provide the first record of Diadema setosum from Malaysian Borneo using genetic diagnostics to conclusively establish the clade-level identity of the species. According to Cytochrome Oxidase I gene analysis, Diadema is monophyletic. Seven species of Diadema namely Diadema palmeri, Diadema clarki, Diadema mexicanum, Diadema antillarum, Diadema paucispinum, Diadema africanum, and Diadema savignyi, formed their subclades with strong bootstrap values, demonstrating interspecific variation. The findings of this study provide further evidence for the presence of two distinct monophyletic clades, with all D. setosum individuals forming a monophyletic clade that later split into two distinct subclades, dividing Red Sea population (D. setosum-b) and Indo-West Pacific populations (D. setosum-a), supported by a significant genetic divergence value ranging from 6.3% to 9.1%. This study also revealed notable levels of nucleotide and population subdivision between the D. setosum from the Indo-West Pacific and the Red Sea populations (Nst = 0.891; Fst = 0.886) with a low number of migrants per generation (Nm = 0.065). This may suggest geographic isolation due to ecological factors preventing each other from surviving in the territory of the other, or that the two clades of D. setosum were a separate species. Additional morphological and molecular analysis is required in the future to ascertain the level of divergence and further resolve the taxonomic confusion within the genus Diadema.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140359228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2470
Efrizal, Chika Afrilia Ikbal, R. Jannatan
Dimefluthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, claims to be safe and harmless to mammals. However, the potential risk of mosquito coils containing dimefluthrin to pregnant mice remains uncertain. This study aimed to examine the teratogenic effect of dimefluthrin when inhaled by pregnant mice at different stages of gestation. The study used mosquito coils with 0.031% dimefluthrin as the active ingredient and was exposed to pregnant mice at various pregnancy stages. The results revealed that mosquito coils with dimefluthrin had teratogenic effects, reducing the number of live fetuses and increasing the number of dead fetuses, especially from the seventh to the eighteenth day of pregnancy. Additionally, there was a decrease in fetal weight, length, and volume, particularly during the seventh to eighth day of gestation. Hemorrhages were observed as fetal abnormalities and were highest three hr after exposure every day during pregnancy. The conclusion of this research is pregnant mice exposed to mosquito coil smoke containing dimefluthrin experienced a decrease in the number of live fetuses and an increase in fetal mortality. While there was no significant impact on reabsorption, the fetuses showed reduced weight, and size, and an increased incidence of hemorrhages when exposed for three hr daily during pregnancy.
{"title":"The Teratogenic Effect of Dimefluthrin-Based Mosquito Coils on Pregnant Mice (Mus musculus L.)","authors":"Efrizal, Chika Afrilia Ikbal, R. Jannatan","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2470","url":null,"abstract":"Dimefluthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, claims to be safe and harmless to mammals. However, the potential risk of mosquito coils containing dimefluthrin to pregnant mice remains uncertain. This study aimed to examine the teratogenic effect of dimefluthrin when inhaled by pregnant mice at different stages of gestation. The study used mosquito coils with 0.031% dimefluthrin as the active ingredient and was exposed to pregnant mice at various pregnancy stages. The results revealed that mosquito coils with dimefluthrin had teratogenic effects, reducing the number of live fetuses and increasing the number of dead fetuses, especially from the seventh to the eighteenth day of pregnancy. Additionally, there was a decrease in fetal weight, length, and volume, particularly during the seventh to eighth day of gestation. Hemorrhages were observed as fetal abnormalities and were highest three hr after exposure every day during pregnancy. The conclusion of this research is pregnant mice exposed to mosquito coil smoke containing dimefluthrin experienced a decrease in the number of live fetuses and an increase in fetal mortality. While there was no significant impact on reabsorption, the fetuses showed reduced weight, and size, and an increased incidence of hemorrhages when exposed for three hr daily during pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"119 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140359860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2807
Thanh Pham, Van Huy Nguyen
Celastrus hindsii Benth., a medicinal plant celebrated for its traditionally medicinal and practically therapeutic properties, has been used for generations in Vietnam to support the treatment of ulcers, tumors, and inflammation. The difference between several phenotypes, primarily identified as Broad Leaf (BL) and Narrow Leaf (NL), has been clarified by convincing scientific evidence through our previous proteomics study, which also revealed several bioactive proteins and peptides. Therefore, based on the findings, this study further investigated their therapeutic properties using a bioinformatics tool (BLASTP) and analyzing literature data. The results showed the distinguished variations in protein profile between the NL and BL proteomes and revealed five significant proteins with therapeutic properties. Of these, three proteins can have anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity and have been proven effective in cancer treatment. Therefore, C. hindsii, particularly the BL phenotype with elevated levels of therapeutic proteins, could be a promising plant candidate for future intensive research and applications for cancer treatment.
{"title":"An in silico Approach For Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets For Cancer Treatment From Celastrus hindsii Benth","authors":"Thanh Pham, Van Huy Nguyen","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2807","url":null,"abstract":"Celastrus hindsii Benth., a medicinal plant celebrated for its traditionally medicinal and practically therapeutic properties, has been used for generations in Vietnam to support the treatment of ulcers, tumors, and inflammation. The difference between several phenotypes, primarily identified as Broad Leaf (BL) and Narrow Leaf (NL), has been clarified by convincing scientific evidence through our previous proteomics study, which also revealed several bioactive proteins and peptides. Therefore, based on the findings, this study further investigated their therapeutic properties using a bioinformatics tool (BLASTP) and analyzing literature data. The results showed the distinguished variations in protein profile between the NL and BL proteomes and revealed five significant proteins with therapeutic properties. Of these, three proteins can have anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity and have been proven effective in cancer treatment. Therefore, C. hindsii, particularly the BL phenotype with elevated levels of therapeutic proteins, could be a promising plant candidate for future intensive research and applications for cancer treatment.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"9 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140361320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2808
Hanis Fadhlina Hamdan, Ernie Eileen Rizlan Ross, Mohd Taufiq Mat Jalil, Mohd Akmal Hashim, Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahya
Staphylococcus aureus represents a major bacterial human pathogen that causes a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Various medicinal plants have been used to control its infection, however, the effect of Etlingera elatior on S. aureus biofilm is still uncertain. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of E. elatior extracts against S. aureus. Phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids in different extracts (acetone, methanol, ethanol, and aqueous) of E. elatior. Antibacterial activities were determined by disk diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration assay (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration assay (MBC) while antibiofilm activities were determined by crystal violet assay and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. All the extracts were found to contain phenols, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Only acetone extract showed a high amount of saponins. Among all the extracts, acetone extract showed the widest inhibition zone (21.23±0.2 mm), lowest MIC (20 mg/mL), and lowest MBC (50 mg/mL) values. The acetone extract also showed the highest antibiofilm activities at all biofilm stages (6 hr: 12%-31%; 12 hr: 20%-36%; 18 hr: 27%-32%; 24 hr: 5%-46%). Further analysis with FTIR spectroscopy revealed spectral changes associated with proteins (1700–1400 cm-1), phospholipids, and polysaccharides (1300–700 cm-1) in S. aureus biofilm following the treatment with 200 mg/mL of E. elatior extracts. In conclusion, E. elatior is a potential source of antibacterial and antibiofilm agents to control S. aureus infections. Changes in the composition of proteins, phospholipids, and polysaccharides may mediate the biofilm inhibition by E. elatior extracts. The acetone extract of E. elatior may be useful for various applications such as antimicrobial topical cream and wound dressing.
金黄色葡萄球菌是一种主要的人类细菌病原体，可导致多种临床表现。各种药用植物已被用于控制其感染，但 Etlingera elatior 对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜的影响仍不确定。因此，本研究旨在评估 E. elatior 提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌和抗生物膜功效。研究人员进行了植物化学筛选，以确定 E. elatior 不同提取物（丙酮、甲醇、乙醇和水溶液）中是否含有酚类、单宁、皂苷和生物碱。抗菌活性通过盘扩散试验、最低抑菌浓度试验（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度试验（MBC）进行测定，抗生物膜活性则通过水晶紫试验和傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）进行测定。所有提取物都含有酚类、单宁、皂苷和生物碱。只有丙酮提取物含有大量皂甙。在所有提取物中，丙酮提取物显示出最宽的抑制区（21.23±0.2 毫米）、最低的 MIC 值（20 毫克/毫升）和最低的 MBC 值（50 毫克/毫升）。丙酮提取物还在所有生物膜阶段显示出最高的抗生物膜活性（6 小时：12%-31%；12 小时：20%-36%；18 小时：27%-32%；24 小时：5%-46%）。傅立叶变换红外光谱的进一步分析表明，使用 200 毫克/毫升的 E. elatior 提取物处理金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜后，其光谱变化与蛋白质（1700-1400 厘米-1）、磷脂和多糖（1300-700 厘米-1）有关。总之，E. elatior 是一种潜在的抗菌和抗生物膜剂来源，可用于控制金黄色葡萄球菌感染。蛋白质、磷脂和多糖成分的变化可能是 E. elatior 提取物抑制生物膜的介导因素。E.elatior的丙酮提取物可用于多种用途，如抗菌外用乳膏和伤口敷料。
{"title":"Antibiofilm Efficacy and Mode of Action of Etlingera elatior Extracts Against Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Hanis Fadhlina Hamdan, Ernie Eileen Rizlan Ross, Mohd Taufiq Mat Jalil, Mohd Akmal Hashim, Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahya","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v53i1.2808","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus represents a major bacterial human pathogen that causes a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Various medicinal plants have been used to control its infection, however, the effect of Etlingera elatior on S. aureus biofilm is still uncertain. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of E. elatior extracts against S. aureus. Phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids in different extracts (acetone, methanol, ethanol, and aqueous) of E. elatior. Antibacterial activities were determined by disk diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration assay (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration assay (MBC) while antibiofilm activities were determined by crystal violet assay and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. All the extracts were found to contain phenols, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Only acetone extract showed a high amount of saponins. Among all the extracts, acetone extract showed the widest inhibition zone (21.23±0.2 mm), lowest MIC (20 mg/mL), and lowest MBC (50 mg/mL) values. The acetone extract also showed the highest antibiofilm activities at all biofilm stages (6 hr: 12%-31%; 12 hr: 20%-36%; 18 hr: 27%-32%; 24 hr: 5%-46%). Further analysis with FTIR spectroscopy revealed spectral changes associated with proteins (1700–1400 cm-1), phospholipids, and polysaccharides (1300–700 cm-1) in S. aureus biofilm following the treatment with 200 mg/mL of E. elatior extracts. In conclusion, E. elatior is a potential source of antibacterial and antibiofilm agents to control S. aureus infections. Changes in the composition of proteins, phospholipids, and polysaccharides may mediate the biofilm inhibition by E. elatior extracts. The acetone extract of E. elatior may be useful for various applications such as antimicrobial topical cream and wound dressing.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140358609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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