Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.cp18
Nozieana Khairuddin, Sheena John, Suguna Selvakumaran, S. D. Ramaiya
In numerous tropical countries, Passiflora Edulis which is also known as passion fruit is grown largely for domestic consumption in both the fresh and processed form. Generally, the sweeter purple passion fruit referred to as the granadilla is preferred for consumption as fresh fruit, while the yellow passion fruit is grown mainly to produce juice concentrate or single-strength juice, fruit preserves, and jams, and as a flavoring agent. Passion fruit peel was used to extract pectin to produce biofilm because of its gelling properties and chemical composition to avoid wastage in the juice industry. The objective of this study is to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the pectin-based biofilm. The films were prepared using a casting technique where pectin acts as biopolymer, starch as the base, and glycerol as the plasticizer. Calcium chloride and citric acid were used as cross-linking agents. The results of the solubility test showed that pectin-based biofilms made from passion fruit are more hydrophilic compared to starch, but there was no significant difference in moisture content between the control and film containing 5 and 7 w/v% of crosslinking agent added. The film formed with calcium chloride showed better physical and chemical properties in terms of thickness, solubility, and moisture content. The formulation based on starch and pectin mixture was less rigid and had better elasticity compared to the control film. Therefore, producing films from passion fruit is a new alternative by taking waste from the juice industry.
{"title":"Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Crosslinked-Biofilm Made From Passiflora edulis Waste","authors":"Nozieana Khairuddin, Sheena John, Suguna Selvakumaran, S. D. Ramaiya","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.cp18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.cp18","url":null,"abstract":"In numerous tropical countries, Passiflora Edulis which is also known as passion fruit is grown largely for domestic consumption in both the fresh and processed form. Generally, the sweeter purple passion fruit referred to as the granadilla is preferred for consumption as fresh fruit, while the yellow passion fruit is grown mainly to produce juice concentrate or single-strength juice, fruit preserves, and jams, and as a flavoring agent. Passion fruit peel was used to extract pectin to produce biofilm because of its gelling properties and chemical composition to avoid wastage in the juice industry. The objective of this study is to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the pectin-based biofilm. The films were prepared using a casting technique where pectin acts as biopolymer, starch as the base, and glycerol as the plasticizer. Calcium chloride and citric acid were used as cross-linking agents. The results of the solubility test showed that pectin-based biofilms made from passion fruit are more hydrophilic compared to starch, but there was no significant difference in moisture content between the control and film containing 5 and 7 w/v% of crosslinking agent added. The film formed with calcium chloride showed better physical and chemical properties in terms of thickness, solubility, and moisture content. The formulation based on starch and pectin mixture was less rigid and had better elasticity compared to the control film. Therefore, producing films from passion fruit is a new alternative by taking waste from the juice industry.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas12
Wan Zabidii Wan Morni, Mohd Fakhrul Hazim Hilmi Azman, Nurul Ashikin Ismail, Toh Hii Tan, Sui Sien Leong, J. Kamaludeen, S. Mustafa
Waste produced from aquaculture ultimately hampered the water quality and growth performance of species cultured. Therefore, the potential exploitation of photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) from aquaculture waste was investigated to treat the wastewater in the fish culture. In this study, the wastewater was collected from a fishpond and cultured in sunlight-exposed sterile bottles for 14 days. In the water additive experiment, five treatments (in a 30 cm3 aquarium) were prepared namely cultured PSB (T1), aquatic plant hornwort (T2), aquatic plant salvinia (T3), positive control (P), and negative control (N). Five individuals of Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi (2.5±0.5 cm length) were placed in each treatment and reared for 30 days. Meanwhile, for the wastewater treatment, four treatments (in a 30 cm3 aquarium) were prepared namely wastewater from the hatchery fishpond (S1), wastewater from the hatchery fish tank (S2), positive control (P), and negative control (N). The results obtained indicate that T1 treatment significantly improved and maintained the water quality as compared to other treatments. The results showed the amount of ammonia and nitrite in S1 and S2 supplied with T1 for 30 days gradually decreased from day 1 until day 18. While zero amount of ammonia and nitrate was acquired from day 21 until day 30 of the wastewater experiment. The treatment with PSB showcased the bacteria's ability to utilize and absorb nutrients, thereby maintaining and improving water quality. The potential use of beneficial bacteria in the culture system can accelerate the nitrogen cycle for a sustainable way of wastewater management.
{"title":"Photosynthetic Bacteria as an Alternative Wastewater Treatment in Freshwater Aquarium Fish Set Up","authors":"Wan Zabidii Wan Morni, Mohd Fakhrul Hazim Hilmi Azman, Nurul Ashikin Ismail, Toh Hii Tan, Sui Sien Leong, J. Kamaludeen, S. Mustafa","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas12","url":null,"abstract":"Waste produced from aquaculture ultimately hampered the water quality and growth performance of species cultured. Therefore, the potential exploitation of photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) from aquaculture waste was investigated to treat the wastewater in the fish culture. In this study, the wastewater was collected from a fishpond and cultured in sunlight-exposed sterile bottles for 14 days. In the water additive experiment, five treatments (in a 30 cm3 aquarium) were prepared namely cultured PSB (T1), aquatic plant hornwort (T2), aquatic plant salvinia (T3), positive control (P), and negative control (N). Five individuals of Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi (2.5±0.5 cm length) were placed in each treatment and reared for 30 days. Meanwhile, for the wastewater treatment, four treatments (in a 30 cm3 aquarium) were prepared namely wastewater from the hatchery fishpond (S1), wastewater from the hatchery fish tank (S2), positive control (P), and negative control (N). The results obtained indicate that T1 treatment significantly improved and maintained the water quality as compared to other treatments. The results showed the amount of ammonia and nitrite in S1 and S2 supplied with T1 for 30 days gradually decreased from day 1 until day 18. While zero amount of ammonia and nitrate was acquired from day 21 until day 30 of the wastewater experiment. The treatment with PSB showcased the bacteria's ability to utilize and absorb nutrients, thereby maintaining and improving water quality. The potential use of beneficial bacteria in the culture system can accelerate the nitrogen cycle for a sustainable way of wastewater management.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"48 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.icfic04
Christine Jinang, Patricia Rachel Roney, Margaret Abat
Carbofuran is toxic to humans and the environment, and its misuse in agriculture results in the violation of Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for most crops. The use of carbofuran in Malaysia is to be banned effectively in May 2023. Limited data were published on the uptake and distribution of carbofuran and its metabolites for most crops. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess carbofuran residues in watermelon grown at the Agriculture Research Centre, Semongok. Carbofuran at 17 kg/ha and 34 kg/ha were applied to watermelon planted under the recommended agronomic practices. The plants were sampled at periodic intervals over 63 days after being treated with carbofuran. The carbofuran and their metabolites in the watermelon leaf, stem, and fruits were determined using a liquid chromatography equipped with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The carbofuran residues were observed up to 35 days after application and reached below the quantification level (0.01 mg/kg) at 42 days after application. Residues were concentrated in the roots and stems for both treatments. About 80 to 90% of the carbofuran was metabolized to carbofuran-3-hydroxy in the watermelon leaves, and 50% in the stems. The highest residue level of carbofuran for application at 17 kg/ha was recorded on Day 9 for roots (0.192 mg/kg), Day 21 for leaves (0.057 mg/kg), and Day 5 for stems (0.134 mg/kg). At 34 kg/ha, the highest carbofuran residues concentrations were recorded on Day 5 for root (0.446 mg/kg) and stem (0.151 mg/kg), and Day 3 for leaves at 0.303 mg/kg. Traces of carbofuran residues were detected in the skin and flesh of the fruit. The carbofuran residue levels in watermelon fruit were below the established MRL of 0.01 mg/kg. Our findings suggest that a proper postharvest interval shall be observed.
{"title":"Uptake and Distribution of Carbofuran and its Metabolites in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)","authors":"Christine Jinang, Patricia Rachel Roney, Margaret Abat","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.icfic04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.icfic04","url":null,"abstract":"Carbofuran is toxic to humans and the environment, and its misuse in agriculture results in the violation of Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for most crops. The use of carbofuran in Malaysia is to be banned effectively in May 2023. Limited data were published on the uptake and distribution of carbofuran and its metabolites for most crops. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess carbofuran residues in watermelon grown at the Agriculture Research Centre, Semongok. Carbofuran at 17 kg/ha and 34 kg/ha were applied to watermelon planted under the recommended agronomic practices. The plants were sampled at periodic intervals over 63 days after being treated with carbofuran. The carbofuran and their metabolites in the watermelon leaf, stem, and fruits were determined using a liquid chromatography equipped with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The carbofuran residues were observed up to 35 days after application and reached below the quantification level (0.01 mg/kg) at 42 days after application. Residues were concentrated in the roots and stems for both treatments. About 80 to 90% of the carbofuran was metabolized to carbofuran-3-hydroxy in the watermelon leaves, and 50% in the stems. The highest residue level of carbofuran for application at 17 kg/ha was recorded on Day 9 for roots (0.192 mg/kg), Day 21 for leaves (0.057 mg/kg), and Day 5 for stems (0.134 mg/kg). At 34 kg/ha, the highest carbofuran residues concentrations were recorded on Day 5 for root (0.446 mg/kg) and stem (0.151 mg/kg), and Day 3 for leaves at 0.303 mg/kg. Traces of carbofuran residues were detected in the skin and flesh of the fruit. The carbofuran residue levels in watermelon fruit were below the established MRL of 0.01 mg/kg. Our findings suggest that a proper postharvest interval shall be observed.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.co03
Nurul Aisyah Yusli, N. Saupi, Hanisah Kamilah
The use of plants as food flavourings, commonly known as herbs and spices, serves as natural sources of flavour, altering the taste and aroma of dishes with only a small amount. Beyond flavour, these plants also contribute essential antioxidants crucial for human health by inhibiting free radicals that can lead to various diseases. In Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia, locals traditionally consume indigenous flavouring plants primarily for their culinary impact, often overlooking the pharmaceutical value these plants may offer. This study aimed to assess the marketable appearance and antioxidant composition of indigenous food flavouring plants in Bintulu. Bunches of Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum were obtained from the local farmers market and analyzed for morphological dimensions, total phenolic content, free radical scavenging ability (DPPH), and ferric reducing ability (FRAP). The edible portion of the plants ranged from 57.33% to 84.99%, with P. edule exhibiting the largest edible blade. Total phenolic content varied from 343.27 to 3245.67 mg GAE/100 g, with P. serratifolia having the highest value. Premna serratifolia demonstrated the strongest radical scavenging activity, while S. polyanthum exhibited the highest ferric reducing ability. All species exhibited high antioxidant composition (IC50 = 0.10 to 27.6 µg/mL, FRAP = 469.88 to 9272.50 mg TE/100 g), indicating potential medicinal utility. Further studies on anti-nutrients like oxalate and phytate are recommended to complement the obtained data. Additionally, an ethnobotanical study is suggested to document the traditional medicinal uses of these plants alongside their role as flavor enhancers in cooking.
{"title":"The Morphological Dimension and Antioxidant Composition of Selected Indigenous Flavouring Plants in Bintulu, Sarawak","authors":"Nurul Aisyah Yusli, N. Saupi, Hanisah Kamilah","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.co03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.co03","url":null,"abstract":"The use of plants as food flavourings, commonly known as herbs and spices, serves as natural sources of flavour, altering the taste and aroma of dishes with only a small amount. Beyond flavour, these plants also contribute essential antioxidants crucial for human health by inhibiting free radicals that can lead to various diseases. In Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia, locals traditionally consume indigenous flavouring plants primarily for their culinary impact, often overlooking the pharmaceutical value these plants may offer. This study aimed to assess the marketable appearance and antioxidant composition of indigenous food flavouring plants in Bintulu. Bunches of Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum were obtained from the local farmers market and analyzed for morphological dimensions, total phenolic content, free radical scavenging ability (DPPH), and ferric reducing ability (FRAP). The edible portion of the plants ranged from 57.33% to 84.99%, with P. edule exhibiting the largest edible blade. Total phenolic content varied from 343.27 to 3245.67 mg GAE/100 g, with P. serratifolia having the highest value. Premna serratifolia demonstrated the strongest radical scavenging activity, while S. polyanthum exhibited the highest ferric reducing ability. All species exhibited high antioxidant composition (IC50 = 0.10 to 27.6 µg/mL, FRAP = 469.88 to 9272.50 mg TE/100 g), indicating potential medicinal utility. Further studies on anti-nutrients like oxalate and phytate are recommended to complement the obtained data. Additionally, an ethnobotanical study is suggested to document the traditional medicinal uses of these plants alongside their role as flavor enhancers in cooking.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"54 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.co6
Siti Nursyadiq Anuar, Jamilah Mohd Salim, Dome Nikong, Norhayati Ab Manaf, Nur Azura Sanusi, Khatijah Omar, Tengku Rozaina Tengku Mohamad
Indigenous tribes and rural communities around the world are known to rely on various plant parts for their livelihood and nutrition, most notably for food. This research aimed to examine and document the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of wild tuber food plants used by the Orang Asli Bateq tribe of Peninsular Malaysia. The findings of this study are critical to scientifically identify and document food sources from the forest that contribute to the tribe's livelihood and, possibly, future food security. In the Bateq villages, information was gathered via semi-structured surveys, field trips, group discussions, and key informant interviews. The results show that TEK influenced the use of wild tubers inherited from their ancestors. The Bateq ate at least 11 different types of wild tubers, including Dioscorea orbiculata, Dioscorea prainiana, and Dioscorea hispida. Most of these wild tubers are from the Dioscoreaceae plant family and must be properly processed before being consumed. The elements related to the traditional knowledge of the wild tubers are the harvesting skills and the practice in the utilization of the plant. The survey also suggests that the selection to use plant tubers is prompted by its delicious taste and nutritional value while being natural and unpolluted food. In terms of plant sustainability, the majority of the Bateq will follow certain conservation techniques to maintain the plants' availability. Understanding what underlies TEK and the tribe's practices in using wild plant resources will preserve the natural legacy of forest resources and biodiversity, and possibly contribute to future food security.
众所周知，世界各地的原住民部落和农村社区都依赖各种植物部分来维持生计和营养，其中最主要的是食物。本研究旨在考察和记录马来西亚半岛 Orang Asli Bateq 部落使用的野生块茎食用植物的传统生态知识 (TEK)。这项研究的结果对于科学地识别和记录森林中有助于部落生计和未来粮食安全的食物来源至关重要。在 Bateq 村庄，我们通过半结构化调查、实地考察、小组讨论和关键信息提供者访谈收集信息。结果表明，传统知识影响了对祖先传下来的野生块茎的使用。巴特克人至少食用 11 种不同类型的野生块茎，包括菱形薯蓣（Dioscorea orbiculata）、裸薯蓣（Dioscorea prainiana）和糙薯蓣（Dioscorea hispida）。这些野生块茎大多属于薯蓣科植物，必须经过适当加工才能食用。与野生块茎的传统知识有关的要素是收获技能和利用植物的实践。调查还表明，选择使用植物块茎是因为其味道鲜美、营养价值高，而且是天然无污染的食品。在植物的可持续性方面，大多数巴特克人都会遵循一定的保护技术，以保持植物的可用性。了解传统知识的基础以及部落使用野生植物资源的做法，将有助于保护森林资源和生物多样性的自然遗产，并可能有助于未来的粮食安全。
{"title":"Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Wild Tubers Used by The Orang Asli Bateq Tribe on The East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia","authors":"Siti Nursyadiq Anuar, Jamilah Mohd Salim, Dome Nikong, Norhayati Ab Manaf, Nur Azura Sanusi, Khatijah Omar, Tengku Rozaina Tengku Mohamad","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.co6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.co6","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenous tribes and rural communities around the world are known to rely on various plant parts for their livelihood and nutrition, most notably for food. This research aimed to examine and document the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of wild tuber food plants used by the Orang Asli Bateq tribe of Peninsular Malaysia. The findings of this study are critical to scientifically identify and document food sources from the forest that contribute to the tribe's livelihood and, possibly, future food security. In the Bateq villages, information was gathered via semi-structured surveys, field trips, group discussions, and key informant interviews. The results show that TEK influenced the use of wild tubers inherited from their ancestors. The Bateq ate at least 11 different types of wild tubers, including Dioscorea orbiculata, Dioscorea prainiana, and Dioscorea hispida. Most of these wild tubers are from the Dioscoreaceae plant family and must be properly processed before being consumed. The elements related to the traditional knowledge of the wild tubers are the harvesting skills and the practice in the utilization of the plant. The survey also suggests that the selection to use plant tubers is prompted by its delicious taste and nutritional value while being natural and unpolluted food. In terms of plant sustainability, the majority of the Bateq will follow certain conservation techniques to maintain the plants' availability. Understanding what underlies TEK and the tribe's practices in using wild plant resources will preserve the natural legacy of forest resources and biodiversity, and possibly contribute to future food security.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"20 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138970745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas08
Anderson Bidat, Abdulla- Al-Asif, A. Rajaee, H. Hamli
Freshwater Gastropoda can be considered as the biological indicator in ecosystems such as rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. The objectives of this study are to identify freshwater gastropod species, diversity, and distribution along Sungai Penebak, Sungai Nanga Tiga, and Sungai Kabo in the Betong division. The study was conducted on 10 November 2020. A 50 m transect was laid on the riverbank of all three stations. The existing specimens were counted and collected from each sampling point and stored were taken to the laboratory for species identification. The diversity index and morphological study of freshwater gastropods were performed. Five species of freshwater gastropods belonging to four families were discovered. The five species of freshwater gastropods consisted of Sulcospira pageli, which shows great abundance, followed by Clea nigricans, Brotia costula, Pila ampullacea, and Vittina pennata. The diversity indices of collected Gastropoda species from the different stations, for instance, Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), and Margalef’s richness index were assessed; where station 3 showed higher diversity of Gastropoda compared to other two stations. The information presented in this paper might be helpful for ecological wealth studies and considered as the baseline data for the stream ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysia.
{"title":"Freshwater Gastropod Diversity in The Selected Lotic Environment, Betong, Sarawak, Borneo","authors":"Anderson Bidat, Abdulla- Al-Asif, A. Rajaee, H. Hamli","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas08","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater Gastropoda can be considered as the biological indicator in ecosystems such as rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. The objectives of this study are to identify freshwater gastropod species, diversity, and distribution along Sungai Penebak, Sungai Nanga Tiga, and Sungai Kabo in the Betong division. The study was conducted on 10 November 2020. A 50 m transect was laid on the riverbank of all three stations. The existing specimens were counted and collected from each sampling point and stored were taken to the laboratory for species identification. The diversity index and morphological study of freshwater gastropods were performed. Five species of freshwater gastropods belonging to four families were discovered. The five species of freshwater gastropods consisted of Sulcospira pageli, which shows great abundance, followed by Clea nigricans, Brotia costula, Pila ampullacea, and Vittina pennata. The diversity indices of collected Gastropoda species from the different stations, for instance, Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’), Pielou’s evenness index (J’), and Margalef’s richness index were assessed; where station 3 showed higher diversity of Gastropoda compared to other two stations. The information presented in this paper might be helpful for ecological wealth studies and considered as the baseline data for the stream ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"351 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138996797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas02
H. Tan, Hui-Zi Lim, Seng Joe Lim, A. S. Babji, S. Sarbini
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is the dried salivary secretion of swiftlets during the breeding season. The widely consumed EBN for its highly unique nutrients has contributed to a high demand for international exportation. However, the processing of EBN to remove inedible materials (i.e. sand, dust, feathers) has contributed to several wastes. The disposal of this waste is hazardous to the environment and a waste of value due to abundant sialylated-mucin (SiaMuc) glycoprotein attached in the impurities. This “waste” is the processing co-product of EBN. Therefore, this study aimed to recover SiaMuc-glycoprotein in EBN co-product (EBNco-P) in the form of bioactive SiaMuc-glycopeptide. Through enzymatic hydrolysis, an eco-friendly alternative to transform insoluble SiaMuc-glycoprotein in EBNco-P into soluble bioactive SiaMuc-glycopeptide, valuable nutrients are separable from the impurities. Previously, through our research, this biotechnology has been applied to cleaned EBN. The research finds that the enzymatic hydrolysis of EBN that produces EBN glycopeptide has led to bioconversion into a high-grade product with enhanced nutritional bioavailability and functionality. Similar results are also revealed in the analyses of cleaned-EBN and EBN co-products. Whereby, the result revealed that the optimum hydrolysis period was at 90 min, in which the DH and enhanced solubility indicated a complete breakdown of glycoprotein into bioactive glycopeptide. This result is in line with the physicochemical analysis result. The hydrolysis has significantly decreased (p≤0.05) the EBN protein content, while the levels for peptide, glycopeptide, polysaccharides, and sialic acid showed the opposite. This study may contribute to broadening the EBN product development in terms of nutraceutical functionality. With the availability of low-cost EBN co-products, this study is beneficial not only scientifically, but also to the consumers, commercialization, and industrialization.
{"title":"Eco-Sustainable Production of Bioactive Sialyated-Mucin (SiaMuc) Glycopeptide from Edible Bird’s Nest Co-Product","authors":"H. Tan, Hui-Zi Lim, Seng Joe Lim, A. S. Babji, S. Sarbini","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas02","url":null,"abstract":"Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is the dried salivary secretion of swiftlets during the breeding season. The widely consumed EBN for its highly unique nutrients has contributed to a high demand for international exportation. However, the processing of EBN to remove inedible materials (i.e. sand, dust, feathers) has contributed to several wastes. The disposal of this waste is hazardous to the environment and a waste of value due to abundant sialylated-mucin (SiaMuc) glycoprotein attached in the impurities. This “waste” is the processing co-product of EBN. Therefore, this study aimed to recover SiaMuc-glycoprotein in EBN co-product (EBNco-P) in the form of bioactive SiaMuc-glycopeptide. Through enzymatic hydrolysis, an eco-friendly alternative to transform insoluble SiaMuc-glycoprotein in EBNco-P into soluble bioactive SiaMuc-glycopeptide, valuable nutrients are separable from the impurities. Previously, through our research, this biotechnology has been applied to cleaned EBN. The research finds that the enzymatic hydrolysis of EBN that produces EBN glycopeptide has led to bioconversion into a high-grade product with enhanced nutritional bioavailability and functionality. Similar results are also revealed in the analyses of cleaned-EBN and EBN co-products. Whereby, the result revealed that the optimum hydrolysis period was at 90 min, in which the DH and enhanced solubility indicated a complete breakdown of glycoprotein into bioactive glycopeptide. This result is in line with the physicochemical analysis result. The hydrolysis has significantly decreased (p≤0.05) the EBN protein content, while the levels for peptide, glycopeptide, polysaccharides, and sialic acid showed the opposite. This study may contribute to broadening the EBN product development in terms of nutraceutical functionality. With the availability of low-cost EBN co-products, this study is beneficial not only scientifically, but also to the consumers, commercialization, and industrialization.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.cp19
Marianna Justin, Jessica Jeyanthi James Antony, Eldred Anak Embu, S. Subramaniam
Ficus carica Linnaeus is a flowering plant under the Moraceae family, usually propagated conventionally from cuttings due to the seeds being non-viable. However, this method is prone to diseases, and pests, time-consuming and space-intensive. Therefore, other methods are needed to overcome these issues. This study was conducted to induce callus and multiple shoots via plant tissue culture techniques enabling mass production of fig plants. Initially, leaf segments of Ficus carica L. cv Siyah Orak were cultured on different MS media strengths (¼, ½, ¾,1 MS) to induce callus. The highest callus means weight was observed on explant cultured in ¾ MS media (875±0.036). Callus was proliferated by subculturing explant into ¾ MS media supplemented with different concentrations of TDZ (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mg/L). MS media (3/4) supplemented with 2.0 mg/L TDZ (920±0.03) shows the best result for callus proliferation. Callus induction using transverse and longitudinal thin cell layers from nodal segments cultured on different MS media strengths (¼, ½, ¾,1 MS) shows ¼ MS as the optimum media for both tTCL (100±0) and lTCL (96.7±0.15). Friable callus (%) was observed the highest on ½ MS (63.33±0.55) and ¼ MS (76.67±0.50) media for both tTCL and lTCL, respectively. As for the number of leaves produced, both tTCL (0.83±0.0.28) and lTCL (1.00±0.33) explant showed the best results in ¼ MS media. Apical buds produced the highest mean for both the number of leaves and length of the shoot on 1MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP (3.5±0.20, 13.73±0.66), respectively. For root formation (%) and number of roots, both show the best results in media supplemented with 2.5 mg/L IAA (10±0.31, 0.83±0.50). It can be concluded that the best shoot growth performance was observed from apical bud cultured on 1MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP+ 2.5 mg/L IAA.
榕树（Ficus carica Linnaeus）是桑科榕属的一种开花植物，由于种子无法存活，通常采用传统的扦插繁殖方法。然而，这种方法容易受到病虫害的影响，而且耗时耗地。因此，需要其他方法来克服这些问题。本研究通过植物组织培养技术诱导胼胝体和多枝芽，从而实现无花果植株的大规模生产。最初，将无花果（Ficus carica L. cv Siyah Orak）的叶片培养在不同强度的 MS 培养基（¼、½、¾、1 MS）上以诱导胼胝体。在 ¾ MS 培养基上培养的外植体胼胝体平均重量最高（875±0.036）。将外植体移入添加了不同浓度 TDZ（0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 毫克/升）的 ¾ MS 培养基中进行亚培养，可使胼胝体增殖。添加 2.0 mg/L TDZ 的 MS 培养基（3/4）（920±0.03）对胼胝体增殖的效果最好。利用在不同强度的 MS 培养基（¼、½、¾、1 MS）上培养的节段横向和纵向薄细胞层诱导胼胝体的结果表明，¼ MS 是 tTCL（100±0）和 lTCL（96.7±0.15）的最佳培养基。对于 tTCL 和 lTCL，在 ½ MS（63.33±0.55）和 ¼ MS（76.67±0.50）培养基上观察到的易碎胼胝体（%）最高。至于产生的叶片数，tTCL（0.83±0.0.28）和 lTCL（1.00±0.33）外植体在 ¼ MS 培养基中表现最好。在添加了 2.0 mg/L BAP 的 1MS 培养基上，顶芽产生的叶片数和芽体长度的平均值最高，分别为（3.5±0.20，13.73±0.66）。在生根率（%）和根数方面，添加 2.5 毫克/升 IAA 的培养基效果最好（10±0.31，0.83±0.50）。因此，在添加了 2.0 毫克/升 BAP+ 2.5 毫克/升 IAA 的 1MS 培养基上培养出的顶芽生长表现最好。
{"title":"Optimization of Different Auxin and Cytokinin Combination in Nutrient Medium for Establishment of Optimal in vitro Multiple Plantlet in Ficus carica L. cv Siyah Orak","authors":"Marianna Justin, Jessica Jeyanthi James Antony, Eldred Anak Embu, S. Subramaniam","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.cp19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.cp19","url":null,"abstract":"Ficus carica Linnaeus is a flowering plant under the Moraceae family, usually propagated conventionally from cuttings due to the seeds being non-viable. However, this method is prone to diseases, and pests, time-consuming and space-intensive. Therefore, other methods are needed to overcome these issues. This study was conducted to induce callus and multiple shoots via plant tissue culture techniques enabling mass production of fig plants. Initially, leaf segments of Ficus carica L. cv Siyah Orak were cultured on different MS media strengths (¼, ½, ¾,1 MS) to induce callus. The highest callus means weight was observed on explant cultured in ¾ MS media (875±0.036). Callus was proliferated by subculturing explant into ¾ MS media supplemented with different concentrations of TDZ (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mg/L). MS media (3/4) supplemented with 2.0 mg/L TDZ (920±0.03) shows the best result for callus proliferation. Callus induction using transverse and longitudinal thin cell layers from nodal segments cultured on different MS media strengths (¼, ½, ¾,1 MS) shows ¼ MS as the optimum media for both tTCL (100±0) and lTCL (96.7±0.15). Friable callus (%) was observed the highest on ½ MS (63.33±0.55) and ¼ MS (76.67±0.50) media for both tTCL and lTCL, respectively. As for the number of leaves produced, both tTCL (0.83±0.0.28) and lTCL (1.00±0.33) explant showed the best results in ¼ MS media. Apical buds produced the highest mean for both the number of leaves and length of the shoot on 1MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP (3.5±0.20, 13.73±0.66), respectively. For root formation (%) and number of roots, both show the best results in media supplemented with 2.5 mg/L IAA (10±0.31, 0.83±0.50). It can be concluded that the best shoot growth performance was observed from apical bud cultured on 1MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP+ 2.5 mg/L IAA.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"95 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.cp17
Nurul Aisyah Yusli, N. Saupi, Samantha Natalie Dadi
Usage of wrapping or packaging is very significant in food processing to protect, secure, and provide a specific image of the food contained. Around 10,000 years ago, food wrappers were developed by our ancestors using natural substances such as animal skins, tree stems, and leaves. There is limited information on food wrappers based on Sarawak’s natural resources. However, among the older Sarawak communities, such knowledge is present and valuable. Unfortunately, this information is on the verge of extinction due to a lack of documentary. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify and document the plant-based food wrappers used by the communities in Sarawak. An ethnobotanical study was conducted using face-to-face interviews with 384 respondents. The study was conducted in a semi-structured manner from December 2021 until May 2022. A total of 21 species of plants from 11 different families has been identified as food wrapper by the community in Bintulu, Sarawak. The community dominantly used leaves as food wrappers because they can be handled easily and enhance the aroma of the food. Some plant-based food wrapper gives a distinct flavor and aroma to the food when applied with heat. Plant-based food wrappers also had huge potential as more than 90% of respondents were satisfied with the usage and suggested that these wrappers be developed into ready-made form. Locals also informed that plant-based food wrappers can help to expand their economic profit, especially for sellers. Therefore, this study was able to discover the indigenous plant species utilized as traditional food wrappers that have been forgotten. However, further study about the nutritional composition, fiber structure, antibacterial ability, and volatile compound of the species can be conducted to provide a full record of the plants, especially as food aroma enhancers.
{"title":"Documentation of Plant-Based Food Wrapper Utilised by Communities in Bintulu, Sarawak","authors":"Nurul Aisyah Yusli, N. Saupi, Samantha Natalie Dadi","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.cp17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.cp17","url":null,"abstract":"Usage of wrapping or packaging is very significant in food processing to protect, secure, and provide a specific image of the food contained. Around 10,000 years ago, food wrappers were developed by our ancestors using natural substances such as animal skins, tree stems, and leaves. There is limited information on food wrappers based on Sarawak’s natural resources. However, among the older Sarawak communities, such knowledge is present and valuable. Unfortunately, this information is on the verge of extinction due to a lack of documentary. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify and document the plant-based food wrappers used by the communities in Sarawak. An ethnobotanical study was conducted using face-to-face interviews with 384 respondents. The study was conducted in a semi-structured manner from December 2021 until May 2022. A total of 21 species of plants from 11 different families has been identified as food wrapper by the community in Bintulu, Sarawak. The community dominantly used leaves as food wrappers because they can be handled easily and enhance the aroma of the food. Some plant-based food wrapper gives a distinct flavor and aroma to the food when applied with heat. Plant-based food wrappers also had huge potential as more than 90% of respondents were satisfied with the usage and suggested that these wrappers be developed into ready-made form. Locals also informed that plant-based food wrappers can help to expand their economic profit, especially for sellers. Therefore, this study was able to discover the indigenous plant species utilized as traditional food wrappers that have been forgotten. However, further study about the nutritional composition, fiber structure, antibacterial ability, and volatile compound of the species can be conducted to provide a full record of the plants, especially as food aroma enhancers.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas11
J. Kamaludeen, Mohammad Nasir Hassan, M. Malahubban, Kamil Latif, Lirong Yu Abit, S. S. Syed Hussain, S. Mustafa, Nora Faten Afifah Mohamad, Muhammad Hakim Mohammad Ali Hanafiah, Paul Bura Thlama, Herinda Pertiwi, Sarah A. Altwaim
The present research is a comparative study on the prevalence of parasites in marine finfish among the two major marine zones; namely the pelagic zone and benthic zone. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the parasite prevalence in both zones, as well as to determine the effect of differing marine zones regarding the presence of parasites in fish. A total of 30 individual fish occurring in pelagic and benthic zones were randomly selected from three different fishmongers at a wet market in Bintulu, Sarawak. Both the gill and stomach content of the samples were examined to detect the presence of parasites. Nematodes and trematodes were observed in the intestinal tract of the fish, Cymothoa exigua was found attached to the fish tongue, and monogenean parasites were also detected on the gills. The prevalence of the parasite was roughly equal in Setipinna breviceps, Ilisha megaloptera, and Selaroides leptolepis. The highest prevalence of parasites (87.50%) from fish in the benthic zone based on fish size was for fish measuring between 20.1 - 30.00 cm in total length (P-value=0.3778), whereas for pelagic fish, the highest prevalence of parasites (100%) in fish measurements of 30.1 – 40.0 cm in total length (P-value=0.0044). A major factor for the diversity of marine fish parasites occurring in the different zones is the difference in feeding behavior of the hosts and depth distribution which resulted in low or high rates of parasite infestation.
{"title":"Prevalence of Parasites in Fish from The Pelagic and Benthic Zones","authors":"J. Kamaludeen, Mohammad Nasir Hassan, M. Malahubban, Kamil Latif, Lirong Yu Abit, S. S. Syed Hussain, S. Mustafa, Nora Faten Afifah Mohamad, Muhammad Hakim Mohammad Ali Hanafiah, Paul Bura Thlama, Herinda Pertiwi, Sarah A. Altwaim","doi":"10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i5.fisas11","url":null,"abstract":"The present research is a comparative study on the prevalence of parasites in marine finfish among the two major marine zones; namely the pelagic zone and benthic zone. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the parasite prevalence in both zones, as well as to determine the effect of differing marine zones regarding the presence of parasites in fish. A total of 30 individual fish occurring in pelagic and benthic zones were randomly selected from three different fishmongers at a wet market in Bintulu, Sarawak. Both the gill and stomach content of the samples were examined to detect the presence of parasites. Nematodes and trematodes were observed in the intestinal tract of the fish, Cymothoa exigua was found attached to the fish tongue, and monogenean parasites were also detected on the gills. The prevalence of the parasite was roughly equal in Setipinna breviceps, Ilisha megaloptera, and Selaroides leptolepis. The highest prevalence of parasites (87.50%) from fish in the benthic zone based on fish size was for fish measuring between 20.1 - 30.00 cm in total length (P-value=0.3778), whereas for pelagic fish, the highest prevalence of parasites (100%) in fish measurements of 30.1 – 40.0 cm in total length (P-value=0.0044). A major factor for the diversity of marine fish parasites occurring in the different zones is the difference in feeding behavior of the hosts and depth distribution which resulted in low or high rates of parasite infestation.","PeriodicalId":18160,"journal":{"name":"Malaysian applied biology","volume":"14 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139001303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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