Materials Research Bulletin最新文献_第2页

B-site engineered bilayered Ruddlesden-Popper ferrites for efficient oxygen evolution and overall water electrolysis b点工程双层Ruddlesden-Popper铁氧体，用于高效的析氧和整体水电解

IF 5.7 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Research Bulletin

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114040

Zhi Zhang , Zhenyu Lei , Zhenkang Sun , Mengfei Zhang , Yu Zhang , Qi Yang , Xinru Ma , Shengnan Chen , Jia Li , Minkai Qin , Yunyi Cao , Jianguo Liu

Developing durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is pivotal for hydrogen production but hindered by sluggish kinetics. While Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) oxides offer a versatile platform, they often suffer from limited active site density. Herein, we present a targeted B-site engineering strategy to activate bilayer RP ferrites (La_0.25Sr_2.75Fe₂O₇) via systematic Ni incorporation. This substitution strengthens B-O covalency and enriches oxygen vacancies. The optimized LSFN50 exhibits a low overpotential of 344 mV at 10 mA cm^-2, surpassing commercial IrO₂. Mechanistic studies indicate a pH-dependent pathway. Systematic structural and chemical analyses reveal that high-valence Ni³⁺ and Fe-Ni synergy drive surface reconstruction into active oxyhydroxides, with lattice oxygen participation further boosting reaction kinetics. Significantly, an anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolyzer employing the LSFN50 anode delivers an industrial-grade current density of 2.23 A cm^-2 at 1.9 V. This study highlights the critical role of B-site modulation in designing high-performance catalysts for practical energy conversion.

开发耐用的析氧反应（OER）电催化剂对制氢至关重要，但由于动力学缓慢而受到阻碍。虽然Ruddlesden-Popper （RP）氧化物提供了一个通用平台，但它们的活性位点密度有限。本文提出了一种有针对性的b位点工程策略，通过系统的Ni掺入来激活双层RP铁氧体（La0.25Sr2.75Fe2O7）。这种取代强化了B-O共价并丰富了氧空位。优化后的LSFN50在10 mA cm-2下的过电位为344 mV，超过了商用IrO2。机制研究表明ph依赖性途径。系统的结构和化学分析表明，高价Ni3+和Fe-Ni协同作用驱动表面重构成活性氢氧化物，晶格氧参与进一步促进了反应动力学。值得注意的是，采用LSFN50阳极的阴离子交换膜（AEM）水电解器在1.9 V下可提供2.23 A cm-2的工业级电流密度。该研究强调了b位调制在设计用于实际能量转换的高性能催化剂中的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Design and fabrication of termination electrodes for high-reliability multi-layer ceramic capacitors 高可靠性多层陶瓷电容器终端电极的设计与制造

IF 5.7 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Research Bulletin

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114039

Xingcai Wang , Yu Chen , Qijun Cheng , Di Zhou

To enhance the reliability of multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), this study systematically investigates the effects of termination sintering temperature, dwell time, and silver electrode thickness on post-plating board-level reliability and long-term service performance using a proprietary silver paste formulation. Experimental results confirmed that under the optimized parameters (sintering temperature ≥ 760°C, dwell time ≥ 10 min, and silver electrode thickness ≥ 12 μm), glass phase migration was effectively suppressed, and robust adhesion between the glass sealant, ceramic body, and internal electrodes was achieved. This effectively inhibited silver migration, while promoting superior densification of the silver layer. Consequently, the plated terminals exhibited excellent mounting reliability, completely eliminating eutectic soldering-induced blistering and achieving a blistering rate near – zero.

为了提高多层陶瓷电容器（mlcc）的可靠性，本研究系统地研究了终端烧结温度、停留时间和银电极厚度对镀后板级可靠性和长期使用性能的影响。实验结果表明，在烧结温度≥760℃、停留时间≥10 min、银电极厚度≥12 μm的优化参数下，玻璃相迁移得到有效抑制，玻璃密封胶与陶瓷本体、内电极之间实现了牢固的粘结。这有效地抑制了银的迁移，同时促进了银层的高密度化。因此，镀端子表现出优异的安装可靠性，完全消除了共晶焊接引起的起泡，并实现了接近零的起泡率。

引用次数: 0

Binder-free NiCoCu/graphene aerogel electrodes for supercapacitors 超级电容器用无粘结剂NiCoCu/石墨烯气凝胶电极

IF 5.7 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Research Bulletin

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114038

Hanyu Yang , Chang Yang , Zhiteng Wang , Chenning Sun , Huidong Xie

Herein, we integrate the advantages of carbon and pseudocapacitive materials by employing a three-dimensional graphene oxide hydrogel network as a template to in situ adsorb the metal ions. Using a template-assisted hydrothermal process, we constructed a self-supporting ternary nickel-cobalt-copper basic carbonate/graphene aerogel (NiCoCu/GA) composite. Results reveal that NiCoCu/GA exhibits a high areal capacitance of 3448.8 mF·cm⁻² at 1 mA·cm⁻² and retains 93.33% of its capacitance after 15,000 charge-discharge cycles. The unique 3D conductive graphene frameworks offer abundant Faradaic reaction sites while ensuring efficient electron transport and structural stability. When assembling NiCoCu/GA and activated carbon into an asymmetric supercapacitor device, it achieves an energy density of 813.9 µWh·cm⁻² at a power density of 49.74 µW·cm⁻² and retains 86.96% of its capacity after 10,000 cycles. This work presents an effective strategy for overcoming the long-standing challenge of balancing high capacitance and long cycle life in supercapacitors.

在这里，我们通过采用三维氧化石墨烯水凝胶网络作为模板来原位吸附金属离子，从而整合了碳和假电容材料的优点。采用模板辅助水热工艺，构建了一种自支撑型三元镍钴铜碱碳酸酯/石墨烯气凝胶（NiCoCu/GA）复合材料。结果表明，NiCoCu/GA在1 mA·cm - 2条件下具有3448.8 mF·cm - 2的高面电容，在15000次充放电循环后仍能保持93.33%的电容。独特的3D导电石墨烯框架提供了丰富的法拉第反应位点，同时确保了有效的电子传递和结构稳定性。将NiCoCu/GA与活性炭组装成非对称超级电容器器件，在49.74µW·cm−2的功率密度下，获得了813.9µWh·cm−2的能量密度，并在10,000次循环后保持了86.96%的容量。这项工作提出了一种有效的策略，克服了长期以来超级电容器平衡高电容和长循环寿命的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Epitaxially grown core–shell NaGdF4:Tm,Yb@NaGdF4:Ce,Tb nanoparticles exhibiting down- and up-conversion luminescence with multifunctional properties 外延生长的核壳纳米粒子NaGdF4:Tm，Yb@NaGdF4:Ce，Tb具有向下和上转换发光的多功能特性

IF 5.7 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Research Bulletin

Pub Date : 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114037

Rashmi Joshi , Manas Srivastava , Ruchi Agrawal , Bheeshma Pratap Singh , Raghumani Singh Ningthoujam

Core@shell nanoparticles, NaGdF₄:Tm–Yb@NaGdF₄:Ce–Tb, were synthesized via a thermolysis method, enabling epitaxial shell growth over the core as a single entity. These nanoparticles exhibit both upconversion and downshifting luminescence. Under 980 nm excitation, emissions from 474 and 800 nm corresponding to Tm³⁺ ions show significantly enhanced intensity in core@shell structures compared to core only nanoparticles, particularly at higher laser powers. This enhancement arises from reduced dipole–dipole interactions among Tm³⁺ ions due to dilution and suppression of surface defects and quenchers. In the down-conversion process, Tm³⁺ emission is quenched under UV excitation (258, 273, and 361 nm), whereas strong Tb³⁺ emission is observed due to efficient energy transfer from Ce³⁺/Gd³⁺ to Tb³⁺ ions. The dual-mode excitation and emission tunability make these nanoparticles promising candidates for security ink applications. Additionally, folic acid–functionalized nanoparticles demonstrate potential for targeted cancer therapy.

Core@shell纳米粒子，NaGdF4:Tm - Yb@NaGdF4: Ce-Tb，通过热分解方法合成，使外延壳在核心上作为一个单一实体生长。这些纳米粒子具有上转换和下移两种发光特性。在980 nm激发下，Tm +离子对应的474和800 nm的辐射在core@shell结构中的强度比纯核心纳米颗粒明显增强，特别是在更高的激光功率下。这种增强是由于Tm +离子之间的偶极子-偶极子相互作用的减少，这是由于表面缺陷和淬灭剂的稀释和抑制。在下转换过程中，Tm +在紫外线激发下（258、273和361 nm）被猝灭，而Tb +由于Ce + /Gd +向Tb +离子的高效能量转移而具有强发射。双模激发和发射可调性使这些纳米粒子成为安全油墨应用的有希望的候选者。此外，叶酸功能化纳米颗粒显示出靶向癌症治疗的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

A comparative analysis of the dielectric, thermal and mechanical characteristics of butyl rubber composites with low dielectric fillers for flexible microwave substrate applications 低介电填料丁基橡胶复合材料在柔性微波衬底中的介电、热、力学特性对比分析

IF 5.7 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Research Bulletin

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114034

Muhammed Azeem Vadakkathintakath , Abhijith Sivan , Shameer Keelaillam , Anju Pradeep , Murali K P

This study examines the device-level performance of elastomer-based microwave substrates embedded with low-dielectric ceramic fillers. It assesses whether fillers in the substrate composite can be replaced to achieve similar performance across a wide frequency range. Butyl rubber composites with alumina and fused silica fillers were prepared and characterised using XRD, SEM, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, DSC, TGA, and DTA. Thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, tensile strength, and hardness tests were performed. Dielectric parameters were obtained via the probe method using a Vector Network Analyser (VNA). The findings indicate that thermal and mechanical characteristics are mostly similar, with slight variations in dielectric behaviour observed across the GHz frequency spectrum. The practical applicability of these composites was demonstrated by designing and testing triband antennas operating at 2.6, 3.6, and 4.5 GHz on both single- and multilayer substrate configurations, confirming their suitability and comparable performance for flexible, application-specific microwave systems.

本研究考察了嵌入低介电陶瓷填料的弹性体基微波衬底的器件级性能。它评估衬底复合材料中的填料是否可以被替换以在宽频率范围内实现类似的性能。采用XRD、SEM、FTIR、拉曼光谱、DSC、TGA、DTA等方法对以氧化铝和熔融二氧化硅为填料的丁基橡胶复合材料进行表征。进行了导热系数、热膨胀系数、抗拉强度和硬度测试。利用矢量网络分析仪（VNA）通过探针法获得介电参数。研究结果表明，热学和力学特性基本相似，在GHz频谱上观察到介电行为略有变化。通过设计和测试工作在2.6、3.6和4.5 GHz的三频天线，以及单层和多层基板配置，证明了这些复合材料的实际适用性，并证实了它们在灵活、特定应用的微波系统中的适用性和相当性能。

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引用次数: 0

Advanced hydrogen peroxide sensor based on modified platinum nanoparticles through square wave voltammetry 基于修饰铂纳米粒子的先进过氧化氢传感器方波伏安法

IF 5.7 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Research Bulletin

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114031

Weilong Bao , Hang Lu , Fei Li , Siyuan Lu

Morphological and size control of Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs) has long been pursued to improve the catalytic performance of Pt-based electrochemical sensors during recent decades. In this study, a high‑performance hydrogen peroxide sensor was developed by electrochemically depositing PtNPs onto a polyaniline‑modified glassy carbon electrode (PANI/GCE). Subsequently, the PtNPs/PANI/GCE electrode was separately subjected to two distinct methods, namely square wave (SW) treatment and square wave voltammetry (SWV). It was found that SWV was able to alter the exposed surface of platinum nanoparticles from (111) to (200), which leads to the formation of the angular nano-edges on the original Pt nanospheres. This structural transformation effectively increased the number of active sites and enlarged the effective surface area for the catalytic redox reaction of hydrogen peroxide. Owing to such advantages, the prepared PtNPs/PANI/GCE-SWV electrode exhibits a wide linear range from 50 μM to 30 mM and an excellent sensitivity of 294.90 μA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻² for H₂O₂ detection. In addition, SWV endowed the fabricated sensor with superior stability and reproducibility, thereby demonstrating promising prospects in the commercialization of stretchable and wearable biosensors.

近几十年来，人们一直在追求Pt纳米颗粒的形态和尺寸控制，以提高基于Pt的电化学传感器的催化性能。在这项研究中，通过电化学沉积PtNPs到聚苯胺修饰的玻碳电极（PANI/GCE）上，开发了一种高性能过氧化氢传感器。随后，对PtNPs/PANI/GCE电极分别进行方波（SW）处理和方波伏安法（SWV）处理。研究发现，SWV可以使铂纳米球的暴露表面由（111）改变为（200），从而在原铂纳米球上形成棱角状的纳米边缘。这种结构转变有效地增加了活性位点的数量，扩大了过氧化氢催化氧化还原反应的有效表面积。由于这些优点，制备的PtNPs/PANI/GCE-SWV电极具有50 μM ~ 30 mM的宽线性范围，检测H2O2的灵敏度为294.90 μA·mM−1·cm−2。此外，SWV使所制备的传感器具有优越的稳定性和可重复性，因此在可拉伸和可穿戴生物传感器的商业化方面具有广阔的前景。

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引用次数: 0

A self-powered hybrid wind sensor based on electromagnetic energy harvesting and triboluminescent sensing 基于电磁能量收集和摩擦发光传感的自供电混合风传感器

IF 5.7 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Research Bulletin

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114032

Qin Li, Junbin Yu, Junfei Lin, Hongyu Guo, Zhenglin Li, Qiuhang Liu, Dongyun Qin, Jiliang Mu, Jian He, Xiujian Chou

Recent advances in hybrid wind-driven sensors integrating triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and electromagnetic generators (EMGs) have improved robustness and multimodal energy conversion, yet most devices still suffer from high cut-in wind speeds and unstable outputs. Here, we present a self-powered hybrid-mode energy-harvesting visual sensor (EHVS) that integrates a single-electrode TENG with a Halbach array-enhanced EMG for simultaneous wind-speed visualization and energy harvesting. A ZnS:Cu-doped Ecoflex layer functions as both the triboelectric interface and a mechanoluminescent medium, enabling direct optical feedback under airflow-induced deformation. The Halbach-reinforced EMG provides stable electrical output at wind speeds as low as 1.5 m/s, achieving a maximum power of 14.7 mW at 3.5 m/s to support low-power Bluetooth transmission. The EHVS enables intuitive, autonomous, and long-term environmental monitoring.

集成摩擦电纳米发电机（TENGs）和电磁发电机（emg）的混合风力驱动传感器的最新进展改善了鲁棒性和多模态能量转换，但大多数设备仍然受到高切割风速和不稳定输出的影响。在这里，我们提出了一种自供电的混合模式能量收集视觉传感器（EHVS），它将单电极TENG与Halbach阵列增强的肌电图集成在一起，可以同时实现风速可视化和能量收集。ZnS: cu掺杂的Ecoflex层同时具有摩擦电界面和机械发光介质的功能，可以在气流引起的变形下实现直接的光学反馈。halbach增强的肌电图在低至1.5米/秒的风速下提供稳定的电力输出，在3.5米/秒的风速下实现14.7兆瓦的最大功率，以支持低功耗蓝牙传输。EHVS能够实现直观、自主和长期的环境监测。

引用次数: 0

Thermally controlled Er3+-Ho3+ energy transfer in NaYGeO4 olivine phosphor for enhanced NIR-II luminescence and sensitive thermometry 热控制Er3+-Ho3+在NaYGeO4橄榄石荧光粉中的能量转移，增强NIR-II发光和灵敏测温

IF 5.7 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Research Bulletin

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114033

Hui Zeng , Xiaolang Fan , Yangbo Wang , Huaiyong Li

Lanthanide NIR-II luminescence free from thermal quenching is attractive for various applications at elevated temperatures. Here, we present a thermal enhancement of Er³⁺ NIR-II luminescence based on the synergy of phonon assisted Er³⁺-Er³⁺ cross relaxations and controllable Er³⁺-Ho³⁺ energy transfer. The lattice expansion of NaYGeO₄ olivine phosphor upon heating (298–823 K) suppresses the Er³⁺-Ho³⁺ energy transfer and leads up to 46.1 times enhancement of Er³⁺ NIR-II luminescence under 379 nm excitation. The NIR-II luminescence evolution as increasing temperature allows dual-mode ratiometric thermometry, i.e., luminescence intensity ratios (LIRs) based on Er^{3+ 4}I_13/2 Stark sublevels and on Er^{3+ 4}I_13/2 and Ho^{3+ 5}I₆ levels. Obtained relative sensitivities above 0.46% K^‒1 over a broad temperature range of 298–673 K with a maximum of 2.32% K^-1 suggest NaYGeO₄:Er³⁺/Ho³⁺ phosphor as a promising NIR-II luminescence thermometer. Moreover, this research offers an available perspective for designing thermal-enhanced NIR luminescence in ordinary thermal expansion materials.

无热猝灭的镧系NIR-II发光对高温下的各种应用具有吸引力。在这里，我们提出了基于声子辅助Er3+-Er3+交叉弛豫和可控Er3+-Ho3+能量转移协同作用的Er3+ NIR-II发光的热增强。在加热（298 ~ 823 K）时，NaYGeO4橄榄石荧光粉的晶格膨胀抑制了Er3+-Ho3+的能量转移，导致Er3+ NIR-II在379 nm激发下的发光增强了46.1倍。NIR-II发光随温度升高的演变允许双模比例测温，即基于Er3+ 4I13/2 Stark亚能级和Er3+ 4I13/2和Ho3+ 5I6能级的发光强度比（lir）。在298 ~ 673 K的较宽温度范围内获得了0.46% K-1以上的相对灵敏度，最大值为2.32% K-1，表明NaYGeO4:Er3+/Ho3+荧光粉是一种很有前途的NIR-II发光温度计。此外，本研究为设计普通热膨胀材料的热增强近红外发光提供了一个可行的前景。

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引用次数: 0

Self-assembled monolayer-based ETLs for perovskite solar cells: A review 钙钛矿太阳能电池自组装单层etl的研究进展

IF 5.7 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Research Bulletin

Pub Date : 2026-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114029

Othmane El baz, Mohamed Ilsouk, Sarah Derbali

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are gaining significant attention due to their remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), cost-effective fabrication, and scalable manufacturing processes. Meanwhile, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have emerged as useful interfacial materials and as effective hole transport layers (HTLs) in PSCs with tunable energy-level alignment, passivation properties, and improved charge transport properties. Recently their application as electron transport layers (ETLs) has gained much more attention as an economically viable and scalable option compared to conventional inorganic ETLs while ensuring improved device performance. The present review provides an overview of the advantages of SAMs and their role in modifying the interfaces between HTLs and perovskite, as well as between ETLs and perovskite. In addition, this review focuses on the latest advances in SAM-based ETLs demonstrating their potential to replace the conventional ETLs used in PSCs. The challenges associated with the application of SAMs in PSCs are also discussed, including issues related to stability and characterization techniques.

钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）由于其卓越的功率转换效率（pce）、经济高效的制造和可扩展的制造工艺而受到广泛关注。同时，自组装单层（sam）已成为有用的界面材料和有效的空孔传输层（HTLs），具有可调的能级排列，钝化性能和改进的电荷传输性能。最近，它们作为电子传输层（etl）的应用获得了更多的关注，与传统的无机etl相比，它是一种经济可行和可扩展的选择，同时确保了设备性能的提高。本文综述了SAMs的优点及其在修饰HTLs和钙钛矿之间以及ETLs和钙钛矿之间的界面方面的作用。此外，本文重点介绍了基于sam的etl的最新进展，展示了它们取代psc中使用的传统etl的潜力。本文还讨论了与在psc中应用SAMs相关的挑战，包括与稳定性和表征技术相关的问题。

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引用次数: 0

Synthesis and analysis of titanium nitride/titanium oxynitride films using colliding plasma pulsed laser deposition techniques 碰撞等离子体脉冲激光沉积技术合成氮化钛/氮化氧钛薄膜及分析

IF 5.7 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Materials Research Bulletin

Pub Date : 2026-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2026.114030

Ravi Pratap Singh , Astha Shukla

Titanium nitride/oxynitride thin films hold significant potential for use as transparent coatings and for creating functionalized surfaces. We have investigated the synthesis and analysis of titanium nitride/ titanium oxynitride thin films on quartz substrates using reactive colliding pulsed laser deposition (CPLD) technique. The major challenge in reactive pulsed laser deposition of titanium nitride/oxynitride is controlling the reactive incorporation of nitrogen and oxygen species in the titanium plasma, due to complex plasma plume dynamics. Here, we have systematically investigated the interaction and expansion of colliding titanium plasma plumes over a broad pressure range (10⁻⁵ mbar to 10 mbar) using 2D imaging. The 2D imaging reveals that expansion of the plasma plume is strongly influenced by background pressure. At low pressure colliding plasma plumes expand freely in forward direction. While higher pressure leads to plume confinement due to increased collisions between the plasma and ambient species. Based on this study, we performed colliding-plume PLD in ambient air to deposit TiN/oxynitride films. The characterization of deposited films using XRD and EDXA confirms the presence of titanium nitride/ oxynitride phases with nitrogen content of ≈5 wt% and significant oxygen arising from both substrate and oxide formation. Optical transmittance measurements show the high transmittance (∼90%) in the range 400 nm-700 nm, consistent with non-uniform distribution of titanium nitride particulates and presence of titanium oxynitride.

氮化钛/氧化氮化钛薄膜具有作为透明涂层和创建功能化表面的巨大潜力。采用反应碰撞脉冲激光沉积（CPLD）技术在石英衬底上合成了氮化钛/氮化钛氧薄膜，并对其进行了分析。由于复杂的等离子体羽流动力学，反应性脉冲激光沉积氮化钛/氮化氧的主要挑战是控制氮和氧在钛等离子体中的反应性结合。在这里，我们系统地研究了碰撞钛等离子体羽流在宽压力范围内（10 - 5毫巴至10毫巴）的相互作用和膨胀。二维成像显示，等离子体羽流的膨胀受到背景压力的强烈影响。在低压下，碰撞的等离子体羽流向前自由膨胀。而由于等离子体和周围物质之间的碰撞增加，更高的压力导致羽流限制。在此基础上，我们在环境空气中进行了碰撞羽流PLD沉积TiN/氮化氧薄膜。利用XRD和EDXA对沉积膜进行表征，证实了氮化钛/氮化氧相的存在，氮含量为≈5 wt%，并且在衬底和氧化物形成过程中都产生了大量的氧。光学透射率测量表明，在400 nm ~ 700 nm范围内具有较高的透射率（~ 90%），与氮化钛颗粒的不均匀分布和氮化钛氧的存在相一致。

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引用次数: 0