Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120387
Yujia Dai, Guoquan Zhou, Yiqing Xu, Ziyuan Liu
A data-driven inversion framework is proposed to recover the generative parameters of circular Airy beams from compact focal measurements. A physics-informed simulation pipeline was used to synthesize a large dataset of ring-Airy propagations and to extract experiment-friendly observables. An MLP regressor augmented with engineered intensity descriptors maps these low-dimensional features to beam parameters with fast inference and provides uncertainty estimates via MC-Dropout. Robustness to measurement noise was quantified, uncertainty-based alarms were evaluated for detecting high-error events, and systematic ablations identified which features and training strategies most effectively reduce both average errors and heavy-tailed failures. Compared with linear and tree-based baselines, the MLP attains superior asymptotic accuracy, while gradient-boosted ensembles exhibit better sample efficiency in low-data regimes. The results indicate that engineered intensity features are essential for recovering the apodization factor, that physics-informed side information substantially reduces geometric-parameter error, and that noise augmentation together with uncertainty modelling mitigates catastrophic outliers. Collectively, these findings support practical, compact-measurement inversion strategies for adaptive beam shaping and diagnostic applications.
{"title":"Robust inversion of circular airy beams from compact focal measurements using deep learning","authors":"Yujia Dai, Guoquan Zhou, Yiqing Xu, Ziyuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A data-driven inversion framework is proposed to recover the generative parameters of circular Airy beams from compact focal measurements. A physics-informed simulation pipeline was used to synthesize a large dataset of ring-Airy propagations and to extract experiment-friendly observables. An MLP regressor augmented with engineered intensity descriptors maps these low-dimensional features to beam parameters with fast inference and provides uncertainty estimates via MC-Dropout. Robustness to measurement noise was quantified, uncertainty-based alarms were evaluated for detecting high-error events, and systematic ablations identified which features and training strategies most effectively reduce both average errors and heavy-tailed failures. Compared with linear and tree-based baselines, the MLP attains superior asymptotic accuracy, while gradient-boosted ensembles exhibit better sample efficiency in low-data regimes. The results indicate that engineered intensity features are essential for recovering the apodization factor, that physics-informed side information substantially reduces geometric-parameter error, and that noise augmentation together with uncertainty modelling mitigates catastrophic outliers. Collectively, these findings support practical, compact-measurement inversion strategies for adaptive beam shaping and diagnostic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 120387"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120301
Eduardo Gonçalves Machado , Alan Oliveira de Sá , Wilson S. Melo Jr
Distributed Measuring Systems (DMS) are widely used in various fields, including electrical measurement, environmental monitoring, and beyond. These systems have evolved significantly, now encompassing networks of interconnected devices that perform cooperative measurements across diverse applications, from industrial automation to environmental monitoring. However, due to the proliferation of IoT devices and the increasing connectivity among digital systems, ensuring the integrity of measurement data and the privacy of sensitive metrics has become a paramount concern. In this paper, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) of DMS, analysing 241 papers to understand their significance in the current context, their main applications, their relationship with cybersecurity, and the key topics that can be addressed in future work. Our review highlights several findings. The review identifies key vulnerabilities in DMS, such as network dependence, synchronisation issues, and authentication gaps, alongside proposed countermeasures like encryption, blockchain integration, and lightweight authentication protocols. The study underscores the need for improved measurement accuracy, enhanced privacy mechanisms, and the integration of AI and machine learning to address the growing complexity of DMS. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of DMS, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners aiming to advance the field. By addressing the identified gaps and leveraging emerging technologies, future work can significantly enhance the reliability, security, and efficiency of DMS.
{"title":"Distributed measuring systems: A systematic review on technological shifts towards security","authors":"Eduardo Gonçalves Machado , Alan Oliveira de Sá , Wilson S. Melo Jr","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Distributed Measuring Systems (DMS) are widely used in various fields, including electrical measurement, environmental monitoring, and beyond. These systems have evolved significantly, now encompassing networks of interconnected devices that perform cooperative measurements across diverse applications, from industrial automation to environmental monitoring. However, due to the proliferation of IoT devices and the increasing connectivity among digital systems, ensuring the integrity of measurement data and the privacy of sensitive metrics has become a paramount concern. In this paper, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) of DMS, analysing 241 papers to understand their significance in the current context, their main applications, their relationship with cybersecurity, and the key topics that can be addressed in future work. Our review highlights several findings. The review identifies key vulnerabilities in DMS, such as network dependence, synchronisation issues, and authentication gaps, alongside proposed countermeasures like encryption, blockchain integration, and lightweight authentication protocols. The study underscores the need for improved measurement accuracy, enhanced privacy mechanisms, and the integration of AI and machine learning to address the growing complexity of DMS. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of DMS, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners aiming to advance the field. By addressing the identified gaps and leveraging emerging technologies, future work can significantly enhance the reliability, security, and efficiency of DMS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 120301"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120320
Chenxi Li , Zhaozong Meng , Zhen Li , Yongwei Zhang , Dong Zhen , Nan Gao , Zonghua Zhang
The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of critical metal components is indispensable to ensure the safety service of major facilities and the efficient operation of high-end equipment. The flexibility and environmental adaptability of existing sensors and measurement techniques have become key challenges restricting the SHM applications and practices. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors obtain structural parameters through electromagnetic induction, which have become a promising solution due to the advantages of passive, wireless, easy deployment, flexible and convenient. This paper presents a novel Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) RFID sensor for metal crack detection. The key contributions include: (1) Modeling of the antenna-coupling sensing mechanism for crack measurement, which clarifies the relationship of structural parameter, antenna impedance, RFID backscatter coefficient, and reader Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and phase. (2) Development of a rotationally symmetric PIFA structure for crack sensing, meander-line design is employed to reduce its size and Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is introduced to enhance the sensitivity. (3) Proposal of a quantitative crack analysis method based on the RSSI and phase, which utilizes multi-frequency sensitivity and monotonicity analysis for optimal frequency selection and crack angle identification, and a polar coordinate curve fitting is employed for crack width estimation. Finally, experimental studies are conducted, and the results verified the effectiveness of the presented sensor and data processing method for metal crack detection. The proposed method has the advantages of being passive, wireless, miniaturized, easy deployment, and high sensitivity, which provides a valuable reference for future intelligent SHM research and practice.
{"title":"Miniaturized PIFA RFID sensor for crack detection using multi-frequency RSSI and phase analysis","authors":"Chenxi Li , Zhaozong Meng , Zhen Li , Yongwei Zhang , Dong Zhen , Nan Gao , Zonghua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of critical metal components is indispensable to ensure the safety service of major facilities and the efficient operation of high-end equipment. The flexibility and environmental adaptability of existing sensors and measurement techniques have become key challenges restricting the SHM applications and practices. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors obtain structural parameters through electromagnetic induction, which have become a promising solution due to the advantages of passive, wireless, easy deployment, flexible and convenient. This paper presents a novel Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) RFID sensor for metal crack detection. The key contributions include: (1) Modeling of the antenna-coupling sensing mechanism for crack measurement, which clarifies the relationship of structural parameter, antenna impedance, RFID backscatter coefficient, and reader Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and phase. (2) Development of a rotationally symmetric PIFA structure for crack sensing, meander-line design is employed to reduce its size and Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is introduced to enhance the sensitivity. (3) Proposal of a quantitative crack analysis method based on the RSSI and phase, which utilizes multi-frequency sensitivity and monotonicity analysis for optimal frequency selection and crack angle identification, and a polar coordinate curve fitting is employed for crack width estimation. Finally, experimental studies are conducted, and the results verified the effectiveness of the presented sensor and data processing method for metal crack detection. The proposed method has the advantages of being passive, wireless, miniaturized, easy deployment, and high sensitivity, which provides a valuable reference for future intelligent SHM research and practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 120320"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120397
Dongxue Wang , Changshuai Fang , Lei Liu , Zhuotong Li , Zhengwen Li , Shuaipeng Yuan , Xiaodong Zhang
Smooth inner-wall components are essential in aerospace propulsion, precision energy systems, and automotive transmissions, where surface-form accuracy directly determines sealing reliability, assembly clearance, and operational safety. In these applications, micrometer-level precision is required. However, existing dimensional inspection techniques, such as coordinate measuring machines and line-structured light scanning, cannot meet this requirement for reflective inner walls due to line-of-sight occlusion, limited probe accessibility, and stitching-induced errors, leaving critical geometries like transmission sleeves cavities inadequately characterized. To address this challenge, we present a grazing-incidence phase measurement deflectometry (GI-PMD) method for high-precision, non-contact measurement of reflective inner walls. A novel grazing-incidence optical configuration and optimized field of view enable seamless full-field imaging without blind areas or stitching. A joint calibration strategy combining direct screen calibration with plane-mirror vector consistency constraints ensures micrometer-level system accuracy, while a cylindrical-coordinate integration algorithm reconstructs 360 ° closed surfaces with high stability and precision. Experimental validation demonstrates reconstruction accuracies of 3 m peak-to-valley and 1 m root-mean-square on plane mirrors and ring gauges, representing more than 30 times improvement over industrial line-structured light methods. In practical application, GI-PMD successfully measured the inner wall of an automotive transmission sleeve, providing quantitative guidance for clearance optimization and vehicle safety assurance. Moreover, it enables integrated surface and pose measurement of discontinuous inner walls, overcoming occlusion-related positioning challenges. These results confirm that GI-PMD offers a micron-capable, full-field, and non-contact metrology solution for smooth reflective inner walls, advancing precision inspection in aerospace and manufacturing industries.
{"title":"Measurement of inner wall surface shape based on grazing incidence phase measurement deflectometry","authors":"Dongxue Wang , Changshuai Fang , Lei Liu , Zhuotong Li , Zhengwen Li , Shuaipeng Yuan , Xiaodong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smooth inner-wall components are essential in aerospace propulsion, precision energy systems, and automotive transmissions, where surface-form accuracy directly determines sealing reliability, assembly clearance, and operational safety. In these applications, micrometer-level precision is required. However, existing dimensional inspection techniques, such as coordinate measuring machines and line-structured light scanning, cannot meet this requirement for reflective inner walls due to line-of-sight occlusion, limited probe accessibility, and stitching-induced errors, leaving critical geometries like transmission sleeves cavities inadequately characterized. To address this challenge, we present a grazing-incidence phase measurement deflectometry (GI-PMD) method for high-precision, non-contact measurement of reflective inner walls. A novel grazing-incidence optical configuration and optimized field of view enable seamless full-field imaging without blind areas or stitching. A joint calibration strategy combining direct screen calibration with plane-mirror vector consistency constraints ensures micrometer-level system accuracy, while a cylindrical-coordinate integration algorithm reconstructs 360 ° closed surfaces with high stability and precision. Experimental validation demonstrates reconstruction accuracies of 3 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> m peak-to-valley and 1 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> m root-mean-square on plane mirrors and ring gauges, representing more than 30 times improvement over industrial line-structured light methods. In practical application, GI-PMD successfully measured the inner wall of an automotive transmission sleeve, providing quantitative guidance for clearance optimization and vehicle safety assurance. Moreover, it enables integrated surface and pose measurement of discontinuous inner walls, overcoming occlusion-related positioning challenges. These results confirm that GI-PMD offers a micron-capable, full-field, and non-contact metrology solution for smooth reflective inner walls, advancing precision inspection in aerospace and manufacturing industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 120397"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the impact of thermal deformation on printing accuracy in a linkage-based fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer. Finite element analysis (FEA) and spatial geometry measurement techniques were employed to analyze the relative positional errors caused by temperature effects. The simulation results were validated through experimental measurements, confirming that high temperatures during printing induce relative displacement between the nozzle and build platform, leading to structural errors within the printing range. Spatial analysis revealed that the average Z-direction error between the nozzle and platform across three A, B, and C-planes ranged from 26 to 27 μm, closely matching the experimental measurement of plane B. Based on these results, a mathematical averaging method was applied to determine error compensation values. The compensation ranges in the Z direction were −2.15 to 2.44 μm for A-plane, −2.29 to 2.83 μm for B-plane, and −2.29 to 2.62 μm for C-plane. The proposed compensation strategy effectively mitigates thermal deformation and improves machining accuracy through an offset correction algorithm embedded in the G-code, which adaptively adjusts the nozzle path coordinates. The findings not only validate the FEA approach but also provide practical guidance for structural optimization and compensation strategies. This work serves as a useful reference for improving accuracy in future 3D printer design and operation.
{"title":"Analysis and compensation of thermal-induced positional errors in linkage-based FDM 3D printer","authors":"Tzu-Chi Chan , Chih-Yu Cheng , Ratnakar Behera , Li-Yuan Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the impact of thermal deformation on printing accuracy in a linkage-based fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer. Finite element analysis (FEA) and spatial geometry measurement techniques were employed to analyze the relative positional errors caused by temperature effects. The simulation results were validated through experimental measurements, confirming that high temperatures during printing induce relative displacement between the nozzle and build platform, leading to structural errors within the printing range. Spatial analysis revealed that the average Z-direction error between the nozzle and platform across three A, B, and C-planes ranged from 26 to 27 μm, closely matching the experimental measurement of plane B. Based on these results, a mathematical averaging method was applied to determine error compensation values. The compensation ranges in the Z direction were −2.15 to 2.44 μm for A-plane, −2.29 to 2.83 μm for B-plane, and −2.29 to 2.62 μm for C-plane. The proposed compensation strategy effectively mitigates thermal deformation and improves machining accuracy through an offset correction algorithm embedded in the G-code, which adaptively adjusts the nozzle path coordinates. The findings not only validate the FEA approach but also provide practical guidance for structural optimization and compensation strategies. This work serves as a useful reference for improving accuracy in future 3D printer design and operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 120373"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2025.120279
Masatsugu Otsuki , Takao Maeda , Taizo Kobayashi
In the context of planetary exploration, it is imperative to predict the mechanical properties of the surface layer, efficiently compensate for the movement of the lander, and acquire information on the properties of the target astronomical body for future missions. To examine the characteristics of the surface layer of the ground on such objects, current methods necessitate the investment of substantial resources such as measuring leg reaction forces, capturing images of pad penetration, or direct measurement with onboard tools. Therefore, in this study, we propose a methodology to estimate the ground characteristics using only a triaxial accelerometer. These devices are commonly installed on landers and rovers. Specifically, during dynamic pad penetration tests conducted in a microgravity environment, we simultaneously measured the reaction force, sinkage, and acceleration, and compared the results. Our results confirmed that the modulus of subgrade reaction calculated from acceleration data is equivalent to that derived from measurements of force and sinkage quantities under the condition of low-velocity contact onto regolith-like terrain such as might be encountered in the exploration of a small body. This facilitates the estimation of the characteristics of the ground and contributes to the mitigation of mission risk and expands our understanding of mechanical properties across a more extensive area.
{"title":"Estimating the mechanical properties of loose soil in low gravity based on acceleration measurements","authors":"Masatsugu Otsuki , Takao Maeda , Taizo Kobayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.120279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2025.120279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of planetary exploration, it is imperative to predict the mechanical properties of the surface layer, efficiently compensate for the movement of the lander, and acquire information on the properties of the target astronomical body for future missions. To examine the characteristics of the surface layer of the ground on such objects, current methods necessitate the investment of substantial resources such as measuring leg reaction forces, capturing images of pad penetration, or direct measurement with onboard tools. Therefore, in this study, we propose a methodology to estimate the ground characteristics using only a triaxial accelerometer. These devices are commonly installed on landers and rovers. Specifically, during dynamic pad penetration tests conducted in a microgravity environment, we simultaneously measured the reaction force, sinkage, and acceleration, and compared the results. Our results confirmed that the modulus of subgrade reaction calculated from acceleration data is equivalent to that derived from measurements of force and sinkage quantities under the condition of low-velocity contact onto regolith-like terrain such as might be encountered in the exploration of a small body. This facilitates the estimation of the characteristics of the ground and contributes to the mitigation of mission risk and expands our understanding of mechanical properties across a more extensive area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 120279"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multi-unit permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have the advantages of good fault tolerance and low driving power. Therefore, they are widely used in high power and high torque propulsion fields. Based on the electromagnetic field-structure coupling model, the electromagnetic vibration of multi-unit PMSMs in the full frequency band under normal operation and fault-tolerant operation is studied in this paper. Firstly, an electromagnetic field analytical model was established to explore the space–time characteristics of air gap flux density and electromagnetic force. Then, a mechanical structure model was established by the finite element method (FEM). An electromagnetic field-structure coupling model was established to explore the full-band electromagnetic vibration characteristics. Finally, the full-band electromagnetic force and electromagnetic vibration under fault-tolerant operation were studied. The results show that the coupling model can quickly and accurately calculate electromagnetic vibrations. When a multi-unit PMSM is operating normally, the electromagnetic vibration contains a large number of full-band harmonics. When a multi-unit PMSM is operating in fault-tolerant, modulation frequencies with a distribution of are generated at low frequency band, and modulation frequencies with a distribution of are generated in high-frequency band. This greatly increases the possibility and intensity of resonance. This study provides a reference for electromagnetic and mechanical fault diagnosis of multi-unit PMSMs.
{"title":"Electromagnetic vibration analysis in full frequency band of multi-unit PMSMs under fault tolerance state by magnetic field-structure coupling model","authors":"Lieyi Dong , Qi Wei , Depeng Zeng , Wanyou Li , Mauro Andriollo , Zhijun Shuai","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-unit permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have the advantages of good fault tolerance and low driving power. Therefore, they are widely used in high power and high torque propulsion fields. Based on the electromagnetic field-structure coupling model, the electromagnetic vibration of multi-unit PMSMs in the full frequency band under normal operation and fault-tolerant operation is studied in this paper. Firstly, an electromagnetic field analytical model was established to explore the space–time characteristics of air gap flux density and electromagnetic force. Then, a mechanical structure model was established by the finite element method (FEM). An electromagnetic field-structure coupling model was established to explore the full-band electromagnetic vibration characteristics. Finally, the full-band electromagnetic force and electromagnetic vibration under fault-tolerant operation were studied. The results show that the coupling model can quickly and accurately calculate electromagnetic vibrations. When a multi-unit PMSM is operating normally, the electromagnetic vibration contains a large number of full-band harmonics. When a multi-unit PMSM is operating in fault-tolerant, modulation frequencies with a distribution of <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>h</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>±</mo><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> are generated at low frequency band, and modulation frequencies with a distribution of <span><math><mrow><mi>a</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>s</mi></msub><mo>±</mo><mi>c</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>±</mo><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>ω</mi><mi>r</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> are generated in high-frequency band. This greatly increases the possibility and intensity of resonance. This study provides a reference for electromagnetic and mechanical fault diagnosis of multi-unit PMSMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 120365"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120375
He Zhang , Han Liu , Wenlu Ma , Chengyang Zheng , Tonghui Zhang , Runyuan Guo , Lili Liang , Qing Liu
Timely and precise classification of steel strip surface defects is crucial for practical production. However, the scarcity of defect samples makes few-shot classification a critical challenge. Current methods largely rely on complex network architectures, which increase deployment costs and limit practical applicability. To address this issue, this study proposes a forward–reverse rectification network for real-time few-shot steel strip surface defect classification. The model employs a structurally simple backbone for feature extraction and uses Euclidean distance as the classifier. On the basis of the forward process, which classifies samples based on support set prototypes, this study introduces a reverse process that uses correctly classified query samples to enhance the consistency between support and query sample features, thereby preventing prototype shifts caused by support samples with large inter-class differences. The reverse rectification process is learnable parameter-free and only active during training, enhancing the model’s efficiency. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the model achieves excellent classification performance, generalization ability, and real-time capability.
{"title":"Forward-reverse rectification network for real-time few-shot strip steel surface defect classification","authors":"He Zhang , Han Liu , Wenlu Ma , Chengyang Zheng , Tonghui Zhang , Runyuan Guo , Lili Liang , Qing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Timely and precise classification of steel strip surface defects is crucial for practical production. However, the scarcity of defect samples makes few-shot classification a critical challenge. Current methods largely rely on complex network architectures, which increase deployment costs and limit practical applicability. To address this issue, this study proposes a forward–reverse rectification network for real-time few-shot steel strip surface defect classification. The model employs a structurally simple backbone for feature extraction and uses Euclidean distance as the classifier. On the basis of the forward process, which classifies samples based on support set prototypes, this study introduces a reverse process that uses correctly classified query samples to enhance the consistency between support and query sample features, thereby preventing prototype shifts caused by support samples with large inter-class differences. The reverse rectification process is learnable parameter-free and only active during training, enhancing the model’s efficiency. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the model achieves excellent classification performance, generalization ability, and real-time capability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 120375"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120354
Marco Esposito, Matteo Sorrenti, Marco Gherlone
Reconstructing the displacement field from discrete strain measurements, commonly known as shape sensing, plays a crucial role in the development of advanced Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) frameworks. Monitoring displacements throughout a structure’s operational life provides valuable data for predictive maintenance strategies and supports the implementation of digital twin technologies. Among the various shape-sensing techniques, the inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM) has emerged as a prominent solution. However, despite its demonstrated effectiveness, the practical application of iFEM remains limited by the requirement for back-to-back strain sensor configurations, i.e., sensors installed on both surfaces of a thin-walled structure. To overcome this limitation, a new variant called Single Sensor Based iFEM (SSB-iFEM) has recently been proposed. In this work, SSB-iFEM is employed to perform, for the first time, shape sensing on an entire aerospace structure: the half-wing of a commercial hotliner. The test setup reflects the complexity and constraints of real industrial conditions, as only limited structural information is available due to the commercial nature of the test article. Furthermore, the structure is instrumented exclusively on the accessible external surface and tested under simulated operating conditions in a wind tunnel. The experimental results demonstrate the high versatility and accuracy of SSB-iFEM, even when using a reduced set of strain sensors. This study proves that the proposed formulation successfully overcomes the main limitations of standard iFEM and significantly extends the applicability of shape sensing approaches to real-world aerospace structures.
{"title":"Experimental shape sensing of a wing structure using SSB-iFEM: Static assessment and dynamic wind tunnel test","authors":"Marco Esposito, Matteo Sorrenti, Marco Gherlone","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reconstructing the displacement field from discrete strain measurements, commonly known as shape sensing, plays a crucial role in the development of advanced Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) frameworks. Monitoring displacements throughout a structure’s operational life provides valuable data for predictive maintenance strategies and supports the implementation of digital twin technologies. Among the various shape-sensing techniques, the inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM) has emerged as a prominent solution. However, despite its demonstrated effectiveness, the practical application of iFEM remains limited by the requirement for back-to-back strain sensor configurations, i.e., sensors installed on both surfaces of a thin-walled structure. To overcome this limitation, a new variant called Single Sensor Based iFEM (SSB-iFEM) has recently been proposed. In this work, SSB-iFEM is employed to perform, for the first time, shape sensing on an entire aerospace structure: the half-wing of a commercial hotliner. The test setup reflects the complexity and constraints of real industrial conditions, as only limited structural information is available due to the commercial nature of the test article. Furthermore, the structure is instrumented exclusively on the accessible external surface and tested under simulated operating conditions in a wind tunnel. The experimental results demonstrate the high versatility and accuracy of SSB-iFEM, even when using a reduced set of strain sensors. This study proves that the proposed formulation successfully overcomes the main limitations of standard iFEM and significantly extends the applicability of shape sensing approaches to real-world aerospace structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 120354"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120372
Jianchun Yang , Xiaobing Li , Xinke Li , Kui Liang , Huimin Wang , Wenjing Yang
A novel trace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) sensor based on an optical fiber cone fluorescence probe was proposed, which achieves highly sensitive detection of TNT vapor by combining the evanescent wave enhancement effect of the cone-shaped optical fiber with the high selectivity of the allyl-tetraphenylethylene (AL-TPE) fluorescence film. Through numerical calculation, the structure of the fiber cone and the optical fiber bundle are optimized. When the coupling distance is controlled within 2 mm, the coupling efficiency of the excitation light exceeds 90 %. The orthogonal test determines the optimal probe parameters as a small end length of 30 mm, a small end core diameter of 360 μm, and a porous agent of 100 mg. A porous fluorescent film with a thickness of 185 nm was preparated through click polymerization, whose characteristic dimension matches perfectly with the penetration depth of the evanescent wave. The experimental results show that the sensor has good linearity within the TNT concentration range of 0–8 ppb, a sensitivity of 0.1773/ppb, and a detection limit as low as 0.061 ppb. It also shows a rapid response to 10 ppb TNT vapor, with fluorescence quenching rates of 20 % and 36 % within 10 s and 20 s, respectively. Moreover, it has a good reversibility and selectivity.
{"title":"A fiber optic sensor for trace explosives based on fluorescence quenching","authors":"Jianchun Yang , Xiaobing Li , Xinke Li , Kui Liang , Huimin Wang , Wenjing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel trace 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) sensor based on an optical fiber cone fluorescence probe was proposed, which achieves highly sensitive detection of TNT vapor by combining the evanescent wave enhancement effect of the cone-shaped optical fiber with the high selectivity of the allyl-tetraphenylethylene (AL-TPE) fluorescence film. Through numerical calculation, the structure of the fiber cone and the optical fiber bundle are optimized. When the coupling distance is controlled within 2 mm, the coupling efficiency of the excitation light exceeds 90 %. The orthogonal test determines the optimal probe parameters as a small end length of 30 mm, a small end core diameter of 360 μm, and a porous agent of 100 mg. A porous fluorescent film with a thickness of 185 nm was preparated through click polymerization, whose characteristic dimension matches perfectly with the penetration depth of the evanescent wave. The experimental results show that the sensor has good linearity within the TNT concentration range of 0–8 ppb, a sensitivity of 0.1773/ppb, and a detection limit as low as 0.061 ppb. It also shows a rapid response to 10 ppb TNT vapor, with fluorescence quenching rates of 20 % and 36 % within 10 s and 20 s, respectively. Moreover, it has a good reversibility and selectivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18349,"journal":{"name":"Measurement","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 120372"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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