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Low-Resistance Membrane vs. High-Resistance Membrane Performance Utilizing Electrodialysis–Evaporator Hybrid System in Treating Reject Brine from Kuwait Desalination Plants 利用电渗析-蒸发器混合系统处理科威特海水淡化厂的废盐水时低阻力膜与高阻力膜的性能对比
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080163
B. Al-Anzi, Maryam K. Awadh
This work is an effort to mitigate the existing environmental issues caused by brine discharge from Kuwait’s desalination plants and to find an economical and efficient way of managing reject brine from local desalination plants. Low- and high-resistance membranes (LRMs and HRMs, respectively) were used to produce salt and low-salinity water from brine effluent utilizing an electrodialysis (ED)–evaporator hybrid system. The effect of high current densities of 300, 400, and 500 A/m2 and brine flowrates of 450 and 500 L/h on the quality of produced salt and diluate were investigated for LRM and HRM. The recovered salt purity for LRM is up to 90.58%. Results show that the low-resistance membrane (LRM) achieved higher water recovery, energy consumption, desalination rate, operation time and ion removal rate than those of the high-resistance membrane (HRM) under the same operating conditions. The difference in concentration for 300 A/m2 between LRM and HRM increased from 0.93% at 10 min to 8.28% at 140 min. The difference in diluate concentration effluent is negligible for both membranes, whereas LRM produced higher concentrate effluent than HRM for all current densities and low flowrate (400 L/h). The maximum difference between LRM and HRM (with LRM achieving higher concentrations) is 10.7% for 400 A/m2. The permselectivity of LRM for monovalent cations decreased with current density, whereas the effect on permselectivity for HRM was insignificant for the current density values. The addition of a neutral cell was effective in reducing the buildup of divalent ions on the inner membrane of the cathode side.
这项研究旨在缓解科威特海水淡化厂盐水排放造成的现有环境问题,并寻找一种经济高效的方法来管理当地海水淡化厂的废盐水。利用电渗析(ED)-蒸发器混合系统,分别使用低阻和高阻膜(LRM 和 HRM)从盐水废水中生产盐水和低盐水。研究了 300、400 和 500 A/m2 的高电流密度以及 450 和 500 L/h 的盐水流量对 LRM 和 HRM 产盐和稀释液质量的影响。LRM 的回收盐纯度高达 90.58%。结果表明,在相同的操作条件下,低阻膜(LRM)的水回收率、能耗、脱盐率、操作时间和离子去除率均高于高阻膜(HRM)。在 300 A/m2 条件下,LRM 和 HRM 的浓度差从 10 分钟时的 0.93% 增加到 140 分钟时的 8.28%。对两种膜而言,稀释液浓度流出物的差异可以忽略不计,而在所有电流密度和低流速(400 升/小时)条件下,LRM 产生的浓缩液流出物均高于 HRM。在 400 A/m2 条件下,LRM 和 HRM 之间的最大差异为 10.7%(LRM 浓度更高)。LRM 对单价阳离子的过选择性随电流密度的增加而降低,而 HRM 对过选择性的影响在电流密度值上不明显。添加中性电池可有效减少阴极侧内膜上二价离子的积累。
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引用次数: 0
Carbon-Based Nanocomposite Membranes for Membrane Distillation: Progress, Problems and Future Prospects. 用于膜蒸馏的碳基纳米复合膜:进展、问题和未来展望》。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070160
Chhabilal Regmi, Yuwaraj K Kshetri, S Ranil Wickramasinghe

The development of an ideal membrane for membrane distillation (MD) is of the utmost importance. Enhancing the efficiency of MD by adding nanoparticles to or onto a membrane's surface has drawn considerable attention from the scientific community. It is crucial to thoroughly examine state-of-the-art nanomaterials-enabled MD membranes with desirable properties, as they greatly enhance the efficiency and reliability of the MD process. This, in turn, opens up opportunities for achieving a sustainable water-energy-environment nexus. By introducing carbon-based nanomaterials into the membrane's structure, the membrane gains excellent separation abilities, resistance to various feed waters, and a longer lifespan. Additionally, the use of carbon-based nanomaterials in MD has led to improved membrane performance characteristics such as increased permeability and a reduced fouling propensity. These nanomaterials have also enabled novel membrane capabilities like in situ foulant degradation and localized heat generation. Therefore, this review offers an overview of how the utilization of different carbon-based nanomaterials in membrane synthesis impacts the membrane characteristics, particularly the liquid entry pressure (LEP), hydrophobicity, porosity, and membrane permeability, as well as reduced fouling, thereby advancing the MD technology for water treatment processes. Furthermore, this review also discusses the development, challenges, and research opportunities that arise from these findings.

开发用于膜蒸馏(MD)的理想膜至关重要。通过在膜表面添加纳米颗粒来提高 MD 的效率已引起科学界的极大关注。彻底研究具有理想特性的最先进纳米材料支持 MD 膜至关重要,因为它们大大提高了 MD 过程的效率和可靠性。这反过来又为实现可持续的水-能源-环境关系提供了机会。通过在膜结构中引入碳基纳米材料,膜可获得出色的分离能力、对各种进水的耐受性以及更长的使用寿命。此外,在 MD 中使用碳基纳米材料还能改善膜的性能特征,如增加渗透性和降低污垢倾向。这些纳米材料还实现了新的膜功能,如原位污物降解和局部发热。因此,本综述概述了在膜合成中使用不同的碳基纳米材料如何影响膜特性,特别是液体进入压力(LEP)、疏水性、孔隙率和膜渗透性,以及如何减少污垢,从而推进水处理过程中的 MD 技术。此外,本综述还讨论了这些发现带来的发展、挑战和研究机会。
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引用次数: 0
Electrophysiological Insights into Antibiotic Translocation and Resistance: The Impact of Outer Membrane Proteins. 抗生素转运和耐药性的电生理学启示:外膜蛋白的影响。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070161
Ishan Ghai

The alarming rise of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria has emerged as a major global health challenge. A key factor contributing to this crisis is the low permeability of the bacterial outer membrane, which acts as a barrier that prevents antibiotics from entering the cell. Protein channels embedded in this outer membrane selectively regulate the influx of hydrophilic compounds, including antibiotics. To combat antibiotic resistance, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing antibiotic permeability through bacterial membrane channels is crucial. This knowledge is key towards elucidating their roles in studing antibiotic resistance. By compiling and analysing the flux data from multiple electrophysiological reversal potential experimental studies, which involves measuring zero-current potentials and the corresponding single-channel conductance, we can calculate the flux of charged antibiotics/compounds across different Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane channels. Through this comprehensive synthesis, this review aims to advance our understanding and stimulate discussions about the physicochemical factors influencing the flux of antibiotics through bacterial membrane protein channels, ultimately enhancing our knowledge in this area.

革兰氏阴性细菌中抗生素耐药性的惊人增长已成为全球健康的一大挑战。导致这一危机的一个关键因素是细菌外膜的低渗透性,它是阻止抗生素进入细胞的屏障。嵌入外膜的蛋白通道可选择性地调节亲水性化合物(包括抗生素)的流入。要对抗抗生素耐药性,了解通过细菌膜通道调节抗生素渗透性的分子机制至关重要。这些知识对于阐明它们在研究抗生素耐药性方面的作用至关重要。通过汇编和分析多项电生理反转电位实验研究的通量数据(包括测量零电流电位和相应的单通道电导),我们可以计算出带电抗生素/化合物通过不同革兰氏阴性细菌外膜通道的通量。这篇综述旨在通过全面的综述,加深我们对影响抗生素通过细菌膜蛋白通道的物理化学因素的理解并激发讨论,最终增进我们在这一领域的知识。
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引用次数: 0
Cleaning of Ultrafiltration Membranes: Long-Term Treatment of Car Wash Wastewater as a Case Study. 超滤膜的清洁:洗车废水的长期处理案例研究。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070159
Wirginia Tomczak, Piotr Woźniak, Marek Gryta, Joanna Grzechulska-Damszel, Monika Daniluk

Car wash wastewaters (CWWs) contain various pollutants with different contents. Hence, selecting an appropriate process for their treatment is a great challenge. Undoubtedly, the ultrafiltration (UF) process is one of the most interesting and reliable choices. Therefore, the main aim of the current study was to investigate the performance of the UF membranes used for the long-term treatment of real CWWs. For this purpose, two polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) values equal to 10 and 100 kDa were applied. As expected, a significant decrease in the permeate flux during the UF run was observed. However, it was immediately demonstrated that the systematic cleaning of membranes (every day) with Insect agent (pH = 11.5) prevented a further decline in the process's performance. In addition, this study focused on the relative flux during the process run with breaks lasting a few days when the UF installation was filled with distilled water. The results of this research indicated that aqueous media favor microorganism adherence to the surface which leads to the formation of biofilms inside processing installations. As a consequence, many attempts have been made to restore the initial membrane performance. It has been found that the application of several chemical agents is required. More precisely, the use of an Insect solution, P3 Ultrasil 11 agent, and phosphoric acid increases the relative flux to a value of 0.8. Finally, it has been indicated that the membranes used in this work are resistant to the long-term exposure to bacteria and chemical agents. However, during the separation of CWWs for the membrane with an MWCO of 10 kDa, a lesser fouling influence and higher effectiveness of cleaning were obtained. Finally, the present study demonstrates a novel analysis and innovative implications towards applying the UF process for the CWW treatment.

洗车废水(CWW)含有各种不同含量的污染物。因此,选择合适的工艺对其进行处理是一项巨大的挑战。毫无疑问,超滤(UF)工艺是最有趣、最可靠的选择之一。因此,本研究的主要目的是调查用于长期处理实际化武废水的超滤膜的性能。为此,研究人员使用了两种分子量截断值(MWCO)分别为 10 和 100 kDa 的聚醚砜(PES)膜。不出所料,在超滤运行期间观察到渗透通量明显下降。不过,研究立即证明,用昆虫剂(pH = 11.5)对膜进行系统清洗(每天)可防止工艺性能进一步下降。此外,这项研究还重点关注了工艺运行期间的相对通量,当超滤装置中充满蒸馏水时,通量会有几天的间歇期。研究结果表明,水介质有利于微生物附着在表面,从而在处理装置内形成生物膜。因此,人们尝试了许多方法来恢复膜的初始性能。人们发现,需要使用多种化学制剂。更确切地说,使用昆虫溶液、P3 Ultrasil 11 药剂和磷酸可将相对通量提高到 0.8。最后,研究表明,这项工作中使用的膜可以抵御细菌和化学试剂的长期侵蚀。然而,在截留分子量为 10 kDa 的膜分离 CWWs 的过程中,污垢影响较小,清洗效果较好。最后,本研究为将超滤工艺用于化武处理提供了新的分析和创新意义。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Protein on Virus Retention for Different Virus Removal Filters. 不同病毒去除过滤器中蛋白质对病毒滞留影响的比较分析
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070158
Mohammad A Afzal, Joshua Peles, Andrew L Zydney

The performance of virus filters is often determined by the extent of protein fouling, which can affect both filtrate flux and virus retention. However, the mechanisms governing changes in virus retention in the presence of proteins are still not well understood. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of proteins on virus retention by both asymmetric (Viresolve® NFP and Viresolve® Pro) and relatively homogeneous (Ultipor® DV20 and PegasusTM SV4) virus filtration membranes. Experiments were performed with bacteriophage ϕX174 as a model parvovirus and human serum immunoglobulin G (hIgG) as a model protein. The virus retention in 1 g/L hIgG solutions was consistently less than that in a protein-free buffer solution by between 1 to 3 logs for the different virus filters. The virus retention profiles for the two homogeneous membranes were very similar, with the virus retention being highly correlated with the extent of flux decline. Membranes prefouled with hIgG and then challenged with phages also showed much lower virus retention, demonstrating the importance of membrane fouling; the one exception was the Viresolve® Pro membrane, which showed a similar virus retention for the prefouled and pristine membranes. Experiments in which the protein was filtered after the virus challenge demonstrated that hIgG can displace previously captured viruses from within a filter. The magnitude of these effects significantly varied for the different virus filters, likely due to differences in membrane morphology, pore size distribution, and chemistry, providing important insights into the development/application of virus filtration in bioprocessing.

病毒过滤器的性能通常取决于蛋白质结垢的程度,蛋白质结垢会影响滤液通量和病毒截留率。然而,人们对蛋白质存在时病毒截留率的变化机制仍不甚了解。这项工作的目的是研究蛋白质对非对称(Viresolve® NFP 和 Viresolve® Pro)和相对均质(Ultipor® DV20 和 PegasusTM SV4)病毒过滤膜截留病毒的影响。实验以噬菌体ϕX174 为 parvovirus 模型,以人血清免疫球蛋白 G (hIgG) 为模型蛋白。对于不同的病毒过滤器,病毒在 1 g/L hIgG 溶液中的滞留率始终比在不含蛋白质的缓冲溶液中低 1 至 3 logs。两种均质膜的病毒滞留曲线非常相似,病毒滞留与通量下降的程度高度相关。用 hIgG 预污后再用噬菌体挑战的膜也显示出更低的病毒截留率,这证明了膜结垢的重要性;Viresolve® Pro 膜是一个例外,它在预污膜和原始膜上显示出相似的病毒截留率。在病毒挑战后过滤蛋白质的实验表明,hIgG 能将先前捕获的病毒从过滤器中置换出来。这些效应的大小在不同的病毒过滤器中存在显著差异,这可能是由于膜的形态、孔径分布和化学性质不同造成的,为生物处理中病毒过滤的开发/应用提供了重要的启示。
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Protein on Virus Retention for Different Virus Removal Filters.","authors":"Mohammad A Afzal, Joshua Peles, Andrew L Zydney","doi":"10.3390/membranes14070158","DOIUrl":"10.3390/membranes14070158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The performance of virus filters is often determined by the extent of protein fouling, which can affect both filtrate flux and virus retention. However, the mechanisms governing changes in virus retention in the presence of proteins are still not well understood. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of proteins on virus retention by both asymmetric (Viresolve<sup>®</sup> NFP and Viresolve<sup>®</sup> Pro) and relatively homogeneous (Ultipor<sup>®</sup> DV20 and Pegasus<sup>TM</sup> SV4) virus filtration membranes. Experiments were performed with bacteriophage ϕX174 as a model parvovirus and human serum immunoglobulin G (hIgG) as a model protein. The virus retention in 1 g/L hIgG solutions was consistently less than that in a protein-free buffer solution by between 1 to 3 logs for the different virus filters. The virus retention profiles for the two homogeneous membranes were very similar, with the virus retention being highly correlated with the extent of flux decline. Membranes prefouled with hIgG and then challenged with phages also showed much lower virus retention, demonstrating the importance of membrane fouling; the one exception was the Viresolve<sup>®</sup> Pro membrane, which showed a similar virus retention for the prefouled and pristine membranes. Experiments in which the protein was filtered after the virus challenge demonstrated that hIgG can displace previously captured viruses from within a filter. The magnitude of these effects significantly varied for the different virus filters, likely due to differences in membrane morphology, pore size distribution, and chemistry, providing important insights into the development/application of virus filtration in bioprocessing.</p>","PeriodicalId":18410,"journal":{"name":"Membranes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11278833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141759668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Improving the Accuracy of Permeability Data to Gain Predictive Power: Assessing Sources of Variability in Assays Using Cell Monolayers 提高渗透性数据的准确性以增强预测能力:评估使用细胞单层的测定中的变异性来源
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070157
Cristiana L. Pires, Maria João Moreno
Abstract: The ability to predict the rate of permeation of new compounds across biological membranes is of high importance for their success as drugs, as it determines their efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety profile. In vitro permeability assays using Caco-2 monolayers are commonly employed to assess permeability across the intestinal epithelium, with an extensive number of apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) values available in the literature and a significant fraction collected in databases. The compilation of these Papp values for large datasets allows for the application of artificial intelligence tools for establishing quantitative structure–permeability relationships (QSPRs) to predict the permeability of new compounds from their structural properties. One of the main challenges that hinders the development of accurate predictions is the existence of multiple Papp values for the same compound, mostly caused by differences in the experimental protocols employed. This review addresses the magnitude of the variability within and between laboratories to interpret its impact on QSPR modelling, systematically and quantitatively assessing the most common sources of variability. This review emphasizes the importance of compiling consistent Papp data and suggests strategies that may be used to obtain such data, contributing to the establishment of robust QSPRs with enhanced predictive power.
摘要:预测新化合物跨生物膜渗透率的能力对其作为药物的成功与否至关重要,因为这决定了其药效、药代动力学和安全性。使用 Caco-2 单层进行体外渗透性试验通常是为了评估药物在肠上皮细胞中的渗透性,文献中提供了大量表观渗透系数(Papp)值,数据库中也收集了相当一部分表观渗透系数值。将这些 Papp 值汇集到大型数据集后,就可以应用人工智能工具建立定量结构-渗透性关系(QSPR),从而根据新化合物的结构特性预测其渗透性。阻碍准确预测的主要挑战之一是同一化合物存在多个 Papp 值,这主要是由于采用的实验方案不同造成的。本综述探讨了实验室内部和实验室之间的变异程度,以解释其对 QSPR 建模的影响,系统地定量评估了最常见的变异来源。本综述强调了汇编一致的 Papp 数据的重要性,并提出了可用于获取此类数据的策略,从而有助于建立预测能力更强的稳健 QSPR。
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引用次数: 0
Mixed-Matrix Organo–Silica–Hydrotalcite Membrane for CO2 Separation Part 2: Permeation and Selectivity Study 用于分离二氧化碳的混合基质有机硅氢铝土膜 第 2 部分:渗透性和选择性研究
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070156
Lucas Bünger, Tim Kurtz, K. Garbev, P. Stemmermann, Dieter Stapf
This study introduces an innovative approach to designing membranes capable of separating CO2 from industrial gas streams at higher temperatures. The novel membrane design seeks to leverage a well-researched, high-temperature CO2 adsorbent, hydrotalcite, by transforming it into a membrane. This was achieved by combining it with an amorphous organo-silica-based matrix, extending the polymer-based mixed-matrix membrane concept to inorganic compounds. Following the membrane material preparation and investigation of the individual membrane in Part 1 of this study, we examine its permeation and selectivity here. The pure 200 nm thick hydrotalcite membrane exhibits Knudsen behavior due to large intercrystalline pores. In contrast, the organo-silica membrane demonstrates an ideal selectivity of 13.5 and permeance for CO2 of 1.3 × 10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 at 25 °C, and at 150 °C, the selectivity is reduced to 4.3. Combining both components results in a hybrid microstructure, featuring selective surface diffusion in the microporous regions and unselective Knudsen diffusion in the mesoporous regions. Further attempts to bridge both components to form a purely microporous microstructure are outlined.
本研究介绍了一种创新方法,用于设计能够在较高温度下从工业气体流中分离二氧化碳的膜。新颖的膜设计旨在利用一种经过深入研究的高温二氧化碳吸附剂--氢铝土,将其转化为一种膜。通过将其与无定形有机硅基质相结合,将基于聚合物的混合基质膜概念扩展到无机化合物,从而实现了这一目标。继本研究第一部分的膜材料制备和单个膜的研究之后,我们在此研究其渗透性和选择性。由于晶间孔隙较大,200 nm 厚的纯氢氧化铝膜表现出克努森特性。相比之下,有机硅膜在 25 °C 时的理想选择性为 13.5,对二氧化碳的渗透率为 1.3 × 10-7 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1,在 150 °C 时,选择性降至 4.3。将这两种成分结合在一起会产生一种混合微观结构,其特点是微孔区域的选择性表面扩散和介孔区域的非选择性克努森扩散。本文概述了将这两种成分桥接起来以形成纯微孔微结构的进一步尝试。
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引用次数: 0
High-Performance Flexible Hybrid Silica Membranes with an Ultrasonic Atomization-Assisted Spray-Coated Active Layer on Polymer for Isopropanol Dehydration 用于异丙醇脱水的高性能柔性混合二氧化硅膜,聚合物上具有超声雾化辅助喷涂活性层
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070154
Mingjia Liao, He Guan, Hongfen Zuo, Guannan Ren, Genghao Gong
Organic–inorganic hybrid silica materials, incorporating an organic group bridging two silicon atoms, have demonstrated great potential in creating membranes with excellent permselectivity. Yet, the large-scale production of polymer-supported flexible hybrid silica membranes has remained a significant challenge. In this study, we present an easy and scalable approach for fabricating these membranes. By employing a sol–gel ultrasonic spray process with a single-pass method, we deposited a thin and uniform hybrid active layer onto a porous polymer substrate. We first optimized the deposition conditions, including substrate temperature, the binary solvent ratio of the silica sol, and various ultrasonic spray parameters. The resulting flexible hybrid silica membranes exhibited exceptional dehydration performance for isopropanol (IPA)/water solutions (IPA: 90 wt%) in the pervaporation process, achieving a water flux of 0.6 kg/(m2 h) and a separation factor of around 1300. This work demonstrates that the single-pass ultrasonic spray method is an effective strategy for the large-scale production of polymer-supported flexible hybrid silica membranes.
有机-无机杂化二氧化硅材料包含一个有机基团与两个硅原子桥接,在制造具有优异包选择性的膜方面具有巨大潜力。然而,大规模生产聚合物支撑的柔性杂化二氧化硅膜仍是一项重大挑战。在本研究中,我们提出了一种简单且可扩展的方法来制造这些膜。通过采用溶胶-凝胶超声喷涂工艺和单程法,我们在多孔聚合物基底上沉积了薄而均匀的混合活性层。我们首先优化了沉积条件,包括基底温度、二氧化硅溶胶的二元溶剂比例以及各种超声波喷雾参数。所制备的柔性混合二氧化硅膜在过蒸发过程中对异丙醇(IPA)/水溶液(IPA:90 wt%)表现出了优异的脱水性能,水通量达到 0.6 kg/(m2 h),分离因子约为 1300。这项工作表明,单程超声喷涂法是大规模生产聚合物支撑的柔性混合二氧化硅膜的有效策略。
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引用次数: 0
Performance and Impact of Crosslinking Level of Hierarchical Anion-Exchange Membranes on Demineralization of a Complex Food Solution by Electrodialysis 分层阴离子交换膜的性能及交联度对电渗析法复杂食品溶液脱矿物质的影响
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070155
Elodie Khetsomphou, Francesco Deboli, Mateusz L. Donten, Laurent Bazinet
Promising results were recently reported for hierarchical ion-exchange membranes, fabricated by the UV crosslinking of a thin functional coating on a porous substrate, on model NaCl solution demineralization by electrodialysis (ED). Hierarchical anion-exchange membranes (hAEMs) have never been tested with complex solutions to demonstrate their potential use in the biofood industry. The impact of three different crosslinking densities of the ion-exchange coating (EbN-1, EbN-2 and EbN-3) on the performances of whey demineralization by ED was investigated and compared with commercial AMX. The results showed that by increasing the coating crosslinking density, the membrane conductivity decreased, leading to an increase in the global system resistance during whey demineralization (from +28% to +64%). However, 18% sweet whey solutions were successfully treated until 70% demineralization for all membranes. The energy consumption (averaged EbN value of 14.8 vs. 15.1 Wh for AMX) and current efficiency (26.0 vs. 27.4%) were similar to the control. Potential fouling by non-protein nitrogen was detected by ATR-FTIR for hAEMs impacting some membranes properties and ED performances. Overall, EbN-1 obtained results were comparable with the benchmark and can be considered as an alternative membrane for whey demineralization by ED and other applications in the demineralization of complex products from the food industry.
最近有报告称,通过紫外线交联多孔基底上的薄功能涂层而制成的分层离子交换膜,在电渗析(ED)对模型氯化钠溶液进行脱盐处理方面取得了可喜的成果。分层阴离子交换膜(hAEM)从未在复杂溶液中进行过测试,以证明其在生物食品工业中的潜在用途。研究了三种不同交联密度的离子交换膜(EbN-1、EbN-2 和 EbN-3)对电渗析法乳清脱盐性能的影响,并与商用 AMX 进行了比较。结果表明,随着涂层交联密度的增加,膜电导率降低,导致乳清脱盐过程中的整体系统阻力增加(从 +28% 增加到 +64%)。不过,所有膜都能成功处理 18% 的甜乳清溶液,直至 70% 的脱盐。能耗(平均 EbN 值为 14.8 Wh,而 AMX 为 15.1 Wh)和电流效率(26.0%,而 AMX 为 27.4%)与对照组相似。通过 ATR-FTIR 检测发现,非蛋白氮对 hAEMs 的潜在污垢会影响膜的某些特性和 ED 性能。总之,EbN-1 获得的结果与基准相当,可被视为通过 ED 对乳清进行脱盐的替代膜,以及食品工业复杂产品脱盐的其他应用。
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引用次数: 0
Performance and Environmental Assessment of Biochar-Based Membranes Synthesized from Traditional and Eco-Friendly Solvents 用传统溶剂和环保溶剂合成的生物炭膜的性能和环境评估
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070153
Abelline K. Fionah, Isaac Oluk, Laura Brady, Diana M. Byrne, Isabel C. Escobar
Water contamination resulting from coal spills is one of the largest environmental problems affecting communities in the Appalachia Region of the United States. This coal slurry contains potentially toxic substances, such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and coal cleaning chemicals, and its leakage into water bodies (lakes, rivers, and aquifers) can lead to adverse health effects not only for freshwater bodies and plant life but also for humans. This study focused on two major experiments. The first experiment involved the use of biochar to create a biochar–polysulfone (BC-PSf) flat-sheet multifunctional membrane to remove organic contaminants, and the other major experiment compared eco-friendly (gamma-valerolactone—GVL; Rhodiasolv® PolarClean—PC) and petroleum-derived solvents (i.e., N-methyl-pyrrolidone—NMP) in the fabrication of the biochar–polysulfone membranes. The resulting membranes were tested for their efficiency in removing both positively and negatively charged organic contaminants from the collected water at varying pH values. A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) with accompanying uncertainty and sensitivity analyses was carried out to understand the global environmental impacts of incorporating biochar, NMP, GVL, and PC in the synthesis of PSf/NMP, BC-PSf/NMP, PSf/GVL, BC-PSf/GVL, PSf/PC, and BC-PSf/PC membranes at a set surface area of 1000 m2. The results showed that the addition of biochar to the membrane matrix increased the surface area of the membranes and improved both their adsorptive and mechanical properties. The membranes with biochar incorporated in their matrix showed a higher potential for contaminant removal than those without biochar. The environmental impacts normalized to the BC-PSf/GVL membrane showed that the addition of biochar increased global warming impacts, eutrophication, and respiratory impacts by over 100% in all the membrane configurations with biochar. The environmental impacts were highly sensitive to biochar addition (Spearman’s coefficient > 0.8). The BC/PSf membrane with Rhodiasolv® PolarClean had the lowest associated global environmental impacts among all the membranes with biochar. Ultimately, this study highlighted potential tradeoffs between functional performance and global environmental impacts regarding choices for membrane fabrication.
煤炭泄漏造成的水污染是影响美国阿巴拉契亚地区社区的最大环境问题之一。煤泥中含有潜在的有毒物质,如碳氢化合物、重金属和煤炭清洁剂,煤泥泄漏到水体(湖泊、河流和地下蓄水层)中不仅会对淡水水体和植物造成不良影响,还会对人类健康造成不良影响。这项研究主要进行了两项实验。第一个实验是使用生物炭制造生物炭-聚砜(BC-PSf)平板多功能膜,以去除有机污染物;另一个主要实验是在制造生物炭-聚砜膜的过程中比较环保型溶剂(γ-缬内酯-GVL;Rhodiasolv® PolarClean-PC)和石油衍生溶剂(即 N-甲基吡咯烷酮-NMP)。在不同的 pH 值条件下,测试了所得膜去除收集水中带正电和负电的有机污染物的效率。为了了解在合成 PSf/NMP、BC-PSf/NMP、PSf/GVL、BC-PSf/GVL、PSf/PC 和 BC-PSf/PC 膜时加入生物炭、NMP、GVL 和 PC 对全球环境的影响,在设定表面积为 1000 平方米的条件下,进行了生命周期比较评估(LCA)以及不确定性和敏感性分析。结果表明,在膜基质中添加生物炭增加了膜的表面积,改善了膜的吸附性和机械性能。与不添加生物炭的膜相比,基质中添加了生物炭的膜具有更高的污染物去除潜力。以 BC-PSf/GVL 膜为标准的环境影响表明,在所有含有生物炭的膜配置中,生物炭的加入使全球变暖影响、富营养化和呼吸系统影响增加了 100%以上。环境影响对生物炭的添加高度敏感(Spearman 系数大于 0.8)。在所有含有生物炭的膜中,含有 Rhodiasolv® PolarClean 的 BC/PSf 膜对全球环境的相关影响最小。最终,这项研究强调了在膜制造选择方面,功能性能和全球环境影响之间的潜在权衡。
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