Mass spectra of positive ions extracted from low-pressure (300-500 Pa) AC discharges to polymer surfaces show that polyethylene and polypropylene emit significant amounts of water when exposed to dry air of air-SF/sub 6/ coronas, and that this is due to the action of oxygen. This suggests that water trees in polymers may grow without externally supplied water if microdischarges and oxygen are present. The discharge conditions used, pd approximately=2.5 Pa-m, are near the Paschen minimum and correspond to a void of 25- mu m thickness at atmospheric pressure. This is the width at which a partial discharge will initiate at the lowest voltage. The corona ion source mass spectrometer has proved to be a very sensitive device for in situ measurement of the interaction between a gas discharge and a surface.<>
从低压(300-500 Pa)交流放电到聚合物表面提取的正离子的质谱表明，聚乙烯和聚丙烯在暴露于空气- sf /sub - 6/ coronas的干燥空气时释放出大量的水，这是由于氧气的作用。这表明，如果存在微排放和氧气，聚合物中的水树可以在没有外部供水的情况下生长。所使用的放电条件pd约=2.5 Pa-m，接近Paschen最小值，对应于大气压下厚度为25 μ m的空洞。这是在最低电压下开始局部放电的宽度。电晕离子源质谱仪已被证明是一种非常灵敏的装置，可用于现场测量气体放电与表面之间的相互作用
{"title":"In situ mass spectrometric analysis of the deterioration of polymer surfaces by low pressure AC discharges","authors":"R. S. Sigmond, T. Sigmond, A. Goldman, M. Goldman","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69239","url":null,"abstract":"Mass spectra of positive ions extracted from low-pressure (300-500 Pa) AC discharges to polymer surfaces show that polyethylene and polypropylene emit significant amounts of water when exposed to dry air of air-SF/sub 6/ coronas, and that this is due to the action of oxygen. This suggests that water trees in polymers may grow without externally supplied water if microdischarges and oxygen are present. The discharge conditions used, pd approximately=2.5 Pa-m, are near the Paschen minimum and correspond to a void of 25- mu m thickness at atmospheric pressure. This is the width at which a partial discharge will initiate at the lowest voltage. The corona ion source mass spectrometer has proved to be a very sensitive device for in situ measurement of the interaction between a gas discharge and a surface.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124558364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experiments have been carried out to measure the effects of field and field gradient on ionic penetration in a practical cable insulation material, namely, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE). Application of an alternating electric field is shown to increase the flux of ions into XLPE. Flux enhancement is dependent on the field gradients present in the system. The flux also increases as the temperature is raised. The experimental results are in a qualitative agreement with the mechanism of field- and field-gradient-assisted ion migration proposed by R.A. Fouracre et al. (1986).<>
{"title":"An experimental investigation into field enhanced ionic migration","authors":"M. Given, V. Banks, R. Fouracre","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69250","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments have been carried out to measure the effects of field and field gradient on ionic penetration in a practical cable insulation material, namely, cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE). Application of an alternating electric field is shown to increase the flux of ions into XLPE. Flux enhancement is dependent on the field gradients present in the system. The flux also increases as the temperature is raised. The experimental results are in a qualitative agreement with the mechanism of field- and field-gradient-assisted ion migration proposed by R.A. Fouracre et al. (1986).<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115867055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The correlation between the discharge parameters and the corresponding material damage was investigated for small insulating systems (arranged in butt gap formations) of UOPE- (uniaxially oriented polyethylene-) tape/oil systems under both electrical and thermal stresses. These systems were investigated with the aid of a point/plane electrode arrangement. The tests showed that there is a strong correlation between the total surface area damage of the UOPE tapes and the energy dissipated by the discharges. The coefficient of correlation between the total surface area damage and the total energy dissipated in the discharges was between 0.71 and 0.97. This suggests that the measurement of total discharge energy is a very useful technique in evaluating electrical insulation and that it may prove possible to use the technique as a diagnostic for predicting the remaining life of electrical insulation.<>
{"title":"Discharge energy/material damage considerations in a solid/liquid insulating system","authors":"M. Danikas, A. Pearmain","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69215","url":null,"abstract":"The correlation between the discharge parameters and the corresponding material damage was investigated for small insulating systems (arranged in butt gap formations) of UOPE- (uniaxially oriented polyethylene-) tape/oil systems under both electrical and thermal stresses. These systems were investigated with the aid of a point/plane electrode arrangement. The tests showed that there is a strong correlation between the total surface area damage of the UOPE tapes and the energy dissipated by the discharges. The coefficient of correlation between the total surface area damage and the total energy dissipated in the discharges was between 0.71 and 0.97. This suggests that the measurement of total discharge energy is a very useful technique in evaluating electrical insulation and that it may prove possible to use the technique as a diagnostic for predicting the remaining life of electrical insulation.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124286780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An electrical tree was generated from a semiconducting needle electrode in polyethylene. The process form the initiation to growth up to a few 10s of microns was observed and recorded by an optical microscope simultaneously with the partial discharge measurement. The results on several samples were statistically analyzed to further the understanding of the relationship among tree growth, partial discharge, and branching. Based on the results, a possible qualitative model of tree initiation and initial tree growth is presented.<>
{"title":"The initiation and growth of AC tree in polyethylene","authors":"N. Hozumi, T. Okamoto","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69256","url":null,"abstract":"An electrical tree was generated from a semiconducting needle electrode in polyethylene. The process form the initiation to growth up to a few 10s of microns was observed and recorded by an optical microscope simultaneously with the partial discharge measurement. The results on several samples were statistically analyzed to further the understanding of the relationship among tree growth, partial discharge, and branching. Based on the results, a possible qualitative model of tree initiation and initial tree growth is presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114074031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Barniol, J. Suñé, E. Farrés, I. Placencia, X. Aymerich
The authors study the influence of the partial occupation of the NTS (neutral trapping sites) on the Fowler-Nordheim injection and on the evolution of the stress specifications for thin SiO/sub 2/ films. The results indicate that nu can be considered to be constant in constant-voltage stress and constant-current stress experiments. However, in the case of voltage ramp experiments, this condition is not satisfied and the transmission coefficient has to be numerically recalculated after small time intervals to determine the evolution of the current and of the NTS density with stress time. It is also shown that the partial compensation of the field dependences of the generation rate and the occupation function is such that the evolution of the applied field with time is pseudolinear.<>
{"title":"Effects of the field dependent occupation of electrical-stress-generated traps on the conduction and breakdown of thin SiO/sub 2/ films","authors":"N. Barniol, J. Suñé, E. Farrés, I. Placencia, X. Aymerich","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69182","url":null,"abstract":"The authors study the influence of the partial occupation of the NTS (neutral trapping sites) on the Fowler-Nordheim injection and on the evolution of the stress specifications for thin SiO/sub 2/ films. The results indicate that nu can be considered to be constant in constant-voltage stress and constant-current stress experiments. However, in the case of voltage ramp experiments, this condition is not satisfied and the transmission coefficient has to be numerically recalculated after small time intervals to determine the evolution of the current and of the NTS density with stress time. It is also shown that the partial compensation of the field dependences of the generation rate and the occupation function is such that the evolution of the applied field with time is pseudolinear.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"251 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114158328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Utilizing a frequency-selective amplifier, sensitive Kerr electrooptic field mapping measurements were made in melted (>110 degrees C) low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a small signal AC voltage superimposed on a DC voltage. Preliminary measurements show significant levels of field distortion due to bipolar homocharge injection with charge density magnitudes on the order of 0.01 C/m/sup 3/ for field strengths on the order of 6 kV/cm. The experiment utilizes short parallel-plate electrodes of length 15 cm so that E/sub m/, the electric field necessary for the first light maxima with crossed polarizers, is approximately 500 kV/cm. By normalizing the optically measured average field to the voltage divided by spacing, the Kerr constant of melted LDPE at approximately=140 degrees C was found to be B approximately=1.3*10/sup -15/ m/V/sup 2/. The high sensitivity of the experiment also makes it possible to measure the self-field, and its subsequent decay, due to the charge density alone after the electrodes have been short-circuited.<>
{"title":"Preliminary Kerr electro-optic field measurements in melted polyethylene","authors":"J. Brennan, M. Zahn","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69258","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing a frequency-selective amplifier, sensitive Kerr electrooptic field mapping measurements were made in melted (>110 degrees C) low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with a small signal AC voltage superimposed on a DC voltage. Preliminary measurements show significant levels of field distortion due to bipolar homocharge injection with charge density magnitudes on the order of 0.01 C/m/sup 3/ for field strengths on the order of 6 kV/cm. The experiment utilizes short parallel-plate electrodes of length 15 cm so that E/sub m/, the electric field necessary for the first light maxima with crossed polarizers, is approximately 500 kV/cm. By normalizing the optically measured average field to the voltage divided by spacing, the Kerr constant of melted LDPE at approximately=140 degrees C was found to be B approximately=1.3*10/sup -15/ m/V/sup 2/. The high sensitivity of the experiment also makes it possible to measure the self-field, and its subsequent decay, due to the charge density alone after the electrodes have been short-circuited.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127909467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of electric field distributions in polymer insulating materials under high DC voltage stress as a function of time is discussed. The electric field distributions were measured by the acoustic step-wave probing technique. The acoustic step pressure was generated using piezoelectric transducers. This technique was applied to four kinds of samples: two types of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluorophylene (FEP), and Teflon. From the results, differences in the shapes of distorted electric field distributions were clearly observed for each material. The accumulated charges in the PET and FEP were negative, but those in the Teflon were of both polarities. The magnitude of the electric field distortion was larger at a higher temperature.<>
{"title":"Measurement of electric field distributions in polymer insulating materials under high DC voltage stress","authors":"T. Hoshino, M. Maeda, T. Takada","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69196","url":null,"abstract":"The development of electric field distributions in polymer insulating materials under high DC voltage stress as a function of time is discussed. The electric field distributions were measured by the acoustic step-wave probing technique. The acoustic step pressure was generated using piezoelectric transducers. This technique was applied to four kinds of samples: two types of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluorophylene (FEP), and Teflon. From the results, differences in the shapes of distorted electric field distributions were clearly observed for each material. The accumulated charges in the PET and FEP were negative, but those in the Teflon were of both polarities. The magnitude of the electric field distortion was larger at a higher temperature.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130389902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Injection and transport of charge carriers occurring above a distinct threshold field are shown to play a dominant role in the stability of dielectrics under long-term electrical stress. Since the required threshold fields are well above the design fields of the usual types of insulation they can only be reached very locally at field enhancement tips (conducting defects) or at interfaces in composite insulators. From such tips treeing almost inevitably develops in a series of intermediate steps when applied AC voltage leads to local transgression of the threshold field. The time to failure is found to be strongly dependent on how large the transgression is.<>
{"title":"Space charge injection and partial discharge inception at the metal polymer interface","authors":"B. Fruth, T. Baumann, F. Stucki","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69157","url":null,"abstract":"Injection and transport of charge carriers occurring above a distinct threshold field are shown to play a dominant role in the stability of dielectrics under long-term electrical stress. Since the required threshold fields are well above the design fields of the usual types of insulation they can only be reached very locally at field enhancement tips (conducting defects) or at interfaces in composite insulators. From such tips treeing almost inevitably develops in a series of intermediate steps when applied AC voltage leads to local transgression of the threshold field. The time to failure is found to be strongly dependent on how large the transgression is.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132926698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is suggested that a correct interpretation of partial-discharge transients can be obtained only through the concept of induced charge. The application of this concept enables a partial-discharge theory to be developed by means of which the influence of relevant void parameters can be assessed in a correct way. It is argued that the widely adopted abc-capacitance model does not allow this insight to be achieved. In addition, it is claimed that the abc-model is based on an erroneous application of the concept of capacitance, and, although this simple approach can be a useful tool when discussing measuring techniques, it may lead to quite incorrect conclusions. The relationship between the transients in the applied voltage and current pulses leading to partial breakdown and the induced charge is found.<>
{"title":"On the electrodynamics of partial discharges in voids in solid dielectrics","authors":"Aage Pedersen","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69171","url":null,"abstract":"It is suggested that a correct interpretation of partial-discharge transients can be obtained only through the concept of induced charge. The application of this concept enables a partial-discharge theory to be developed by means of which the influence of relevant void parameters can be assessed in a correct way. It is argued that the widely adopted abc-capacitance model does not allow this insight to be achieved. In addition, it is claimed that the abc-model is based on an erroneous application of the concept of capacitance, and, although this simple approach can be a useful tool when discussing measuring techniques, it may lead to quite incorrect conclusions. The relationship between the transients in the applied voltage and current pulses leading to partial breakdown and the induced charge is found.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133035560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of organic additives and short-circuit tree resistances on the characteristics of DC treeing in low-density polyethylene were investigated. The inception voltage and growth characteristics of DC trees for several different short-circuit resistances were studied on samples blended with additives such as aniline, m-cresol, and p-dichlorobenzene. The observed characteristics for zero short-circuit resistance are mainly related to the short-circuit tree formed at the step of the short-circuit procedure due to the strong Poisson field resulting from space charges in the vicinity of the needle electrode. This kind of tree shows a distinct polarity effect, so that the inception voltage in the case of positive polarity on the needle electrode is larger than in the case of negative polarity. The observed characteristics for high short-circuit resistances are related to the impressed tree, defined as the tree formed when the pressure is impressed at the electrodes. This kind of tree shows a clear inverse polarity effect compared to the case of zero short-circuit resistance.<>
{"title":"The characteristics of DC treeing breakdown associated with short-circuit resistance in low density polyethylene blended with organic compounds","authors":"H. Chae, Myung-Nyung Kim, K. Lim, Bong-Heup Kim","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69232","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of organic additives and short-circuit tree resistances on the characteristics of DC treeing in low-density polyethylene were investigated. The inception voltage and growth characteristics of DC trees for several different short-circuit resistances were studied on samples blended with additives such as aniline, m-cresol, and p-dichlorobenzene. The observed characteristics for zero short-circuit resistance are mainly related to the short-circuit tree formed at the step of the short-circuit procedure due to the strong Poisson field resulting from space charges in the vicinity of the needle electrode. This kind of tree shows a distinct polarity effect, so that the inception voltage in the case of positive polarity on the needle electrode is larger than in the case of negative polarity. The observed characteristics for high short-circuit resistances are related to the impressed tree, defined as the tree formed when the pressure is impressed at the electrodes. This kind of tree shows a clear inverse polarity effect compared to the case of zero short-circuit resistance.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116607549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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