MethodsX最新文献

{"title":"Managing missing MUKEYs in the QSWAT+ SSURGO database","authors":"Mahesh R. Tapas ,&nbsp;Asmita Murumkar ,&nbsp;Chris George ,&nbsp;Brian Brandt ,&nbsp;Jay Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Soil and Water Assessment Tool Plus (SWAT+) is a widely used hydrological model for simulating water flow, sediment transport, and the impacts of land management on watersheds. It relies on soil data to represent how soil properties influence water movement, nutrient cycling, and crop growth within a watershed. The Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database provides detailed, high-resolution soil information essential for such modeling. However, a common challenge arises when missing (Map Unit Keys) in the SWAT+ SSURGO database prevents the creation of Hydrological Response Units (HRUs), effectively halting model development. This study presents a method using QGIS to resolve missing MUKEY issues. Specifically, we demonstrate the use of QGIS's Eliminate Selected Polygons tool with the \"Largest Common Boundary\" option to merge missing MUKEY polygons, maintaining spatial coherence and enabling HRU generation. This approach simplifies the workflow, reduces manual effort, and improves model readiness and accuracy.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>The study presents a method for resolving missing MUKEYs in the QSWAT+ SSURGO database, facilitating further development of SWAT+ and minimizing manual errors.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>QSWAT+ version 3.0.2 improves error reporting by listing missing MUKEYs in the QGIS log, simplifying troubleshooting.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Using QGIS’s Eliminate Selected Polygons tool with the \"Largest Common Boundary\" option preserves spatial integrity while addressing missing data gaps.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 103764"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A protocol for assessing smallholder farmers’ climate resilience: A guidance for researchers to construct a robust multidimensional domain","authors":"Imade Yoga Prasada ,&nbsp;Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo ,&nbsp;Hani Perwitasari ,&nbsp;Agus Dwi Nugroho","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the theoretical frameworks on climate resilience of smallholder farmers have continued to develop. This has encouraged the emergence of a variety of domains, indicators, and items. Meanwhile, inappropriate construct domains, indicators, and items can lead to biased research findings. Therefore, developing a robust construct domain, indicators, and items requires a clear, easily understood, and statistically accountable protocol. This protocol emphasizes the formation of a framework for conducting a statistical approach to assess smallholder farmers’ climate resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 103763"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Existence, Stability, and Control of Glucose-Insulin Dynamics via Caputo-Fabrizio Fractal-Fractional Operators","authors":"Sayed Saber ,&nbsp;Abdullah A. Alahmari","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103757","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This study presents a novel numerical framework for simulating glucose-insulin regulatory dynamics using the Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractal-fractional operator with both constant and variable fractional orders. The model incorporates an exponential decay kernel to capture memory and hereditary effects in metabolic regulation. A Newton interpolation-based numerical scheme is developed to approximate the CF-FF derivatives, ensuring computational stability and accuracy. For the variable-order formulation, the fractional order &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;β&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; dynamically evolves with time, reflecting physiological variability typically observed during intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT). Numerical experiments reproduce physiologically realistic glucose-insulin oscillations and demonstrate how feedback control stabilizes chaotic metabolic behavior. The results are based entirely on simulation evidence calibrated within clinically reported parameter ranges, providing conceptual validation rather than direct patient-data comparison. The proposed approach bridges mathematical fractional calculus with biomedical applications, offering new insights for personalized diabetes management and adaptive glucose control strategies.&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fractal-fractional model formulation capturing glucose-insulin memory and adaptation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Stable numerical scheme using Newton interpolation for accurate fractional integration&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Linear feedback control applied to regulate chaotic glucose-insulin dynamics&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Numerical Methodology for glucose-insulin dynamics. Our investigation of the fractal-fractional glucose-insulin system employs the following analytical framework:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Model Development: We formulate a fractal-fractional-order extension of the minimal glucose insulin model, incorporating an exponential decay type kernel to capture the system's memory effects and anomalous diffusion characteristics inherent in metabolic processes. The model accounts for both insulin-dependent and independent glucose utilization dynamics.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Computational Implementation: We develop a novel numerical solver based on Newton's interpolation polynomials, implementing the Atangana-Seda fractal-fractional derivative formulation. This method provides an efficient computational framework for solving the coupled nonlinear fractional differential equations while maintaining numerical stability across different fractional orders.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;The purpose of this section is to define a mathematical model to study the dynamic behavior of glucose-insulin physiology.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div&gt;With the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton numerical scheme, we compute the Lyap","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 103757"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-sectional study on hypertension and diabetes care cascade and prevalence of noncommunicable diseases risk factors in Tamil Nadu: rationale and methods","authors":"Archana Ramalingam ,&nbsp;Joshua Chadwick ,&nbsp;Mosoniro Kriina ,&nbsp;Manjula Devi Neelavanan ,&nbsp;Anusuya Govindan ,&nbsp;Devendhiran R ,&nbsp;Vettrichelvan Venkatasamy ,&nbsp;Emily Devasagayam ,&nbsp;Surya Joseph ,&nbsp;Swathy Madhusoodanan ,&nbsp;Bhoopathy Kangusamy ,&nbsp;Sabarinathan Ramaswamy ,&nbsp;Elavarasu Govindasamy ,&nbsp;Kalaimani I ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Paparaju ,&nbsp;Chokkalingam D ,&nbsp;Dinesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Daniel Rajasekar ,&nbsp;Augustine Duraisamy ,&nbsp;Sudharshini Subramaniam ,&nbsp;Manoj Murekhar","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tamil Nadu conducted the first round of WHO STEPS survey in 2020 to assess non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors. In 2021, subsequently the state launched the Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam (MTM) initiative to deliver home-based care for individuals with NCDs. To evaluate the effectiveness of the program, we designed a population-based survey in 2023–2024 using electoral booth sampling as a primary sampling unit to assess control rates of hypertension and diabetes among individuals aged 18–69 years using the same WHO STEPS approach. Secondary objective was to estimate the prevalence of behavioural and biological NCD risk factors. A multistage cluster sampling method was used across the Tamil Nadu. A total of 8880 participants were selected from 148 clusters. One eligible adult per household was selected using the KISH method. Data were collected through interviews such as sociodemographic, anthropometric and biological parameters. This survey is the first in Tamil Nadu to use updated electoral data as a sampling frame to estimate the care cascade of the hypertension and diabetes. Although limited by its cross-sectional design and lack of biochemical markers test like HbA1c and cholesterol, the survey offers a practical and scalable model for NCD surveillance in India.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>This study used the updated electoral booth data as primary sampling units in the absence of recent census data (India) to ensure the population representativeness.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Comprehensive assessment of hypertension and diabetes care cascade including prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates among the individual aged 18–69 years.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Designed to evaluate the impact of Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam (MTM) scheme and support to evidence based NCD intervention in Tamil Nadu.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 103753"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient data replication in distributed clouds via quantum entanglement algorithms","authors":"Prabhu Shankar B ,&nbsp;RajKumar N ,&nbsp;Jayavadivel Ravi ,&nbsp;Viji C ,&nbsp;Gobinath J ,&nbsp;Govindharaj I ,&nbsp;Dinesh Kumar K ,&nbsp;Elango Muthusamy","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In cloud computing, it remains difficult to make data available in a cloud service such that the data is replicated and maintained consistently across various data centers. Traditional replication systems are sufficient, even though they take too long to process, cause significant data transfers, and face problems with final data consistency. This work presents a new method named Quantum Entanglement-Based Replication Algorithm (QERA), which makes use of quantum entanglement to ensure quick and high-performance synchronization of cloud data across all nodes. In this proposed work, the QERA approach encodes data changes in the primary cloud node onto quantum states and entangled qubit pairs to the related replica nodes. As a result, any change is quickly shown on all replicas without the usual overhead and delay of message broadcasts. It simulates how QERA is designed to decrease latency, promote consistency, and make better use of resources in cloud environments. This paper creates a theoretical framework using IBM Qiskit and Microsoft Quantum Development Kit simulators to compare classical and quantum baseline algorithms. The results show that QERA may greatly enhance the way updates and replications are managed across many cloud systems.</div><div>It demonstrates how QERA can ensure a very synchronized replication among the remote cloud nodes.</div><div>Employs a qubit pair entangled to minimize latency and decrease bandwidth expenses as it goes through updates.</div><div>Combines the idea of quantum teleportation with methods of non-invasive verification made to maintain the integrity of the state without altering the quantum system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 103762"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-powered mental health application with data privacy preservation","authors":"Pooja Bagane ,&nbsp;Anushree Dahiya ,&nbsp;Shardul Kacheria ,&nbsp;Ansh Sehgal ,&nbsp;Shrishti Bajpai ,&nbsp;Obsa Amenu Jebessa","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anxiety disorders, emotional conditions, and stress are becoming an increasing tendency in modern society, which makes digital mental health technologies that provide support in these cases highly demanded. This paper focuses on proposing an AI-driven framework that combines Natural Language Processing (NLP) with privacy-protective systems to recognize emotions in the text of the user. The AES-256 encryption, Supabase authentication, and role-based access control are used to secure data security. It is presented as a multi-label problem of emotion classification, which is fine-tuned on the BERT-base-uncased and ModernBERT Large transformer. ModernBERT exhibited rapid convergence and enhanced situational sensitivity especially when it comes to sarcasm and mixed emotional states.</div><div>Key contributions include:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Planning an emotion feedback loop offering contextual response and customized mindfulness teaching.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Performing a Class imbalance analysis of emotions and trade-offs in precision and recall.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Illustrating privacy-first architecture that is able to integrate with digital-therapy and clinician assisted decision software.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 103756"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifurcation analysis and phase portraits for chiral solitons with bohm potential in quantum hall effect","authors":"Lu Tang ,&nbsp;Yakup Yildirim ,&nbsp;Ahmed H. Arnous ,&nbsp;Ahmed Shaker Mahmood ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Zeghaiton Chaloob ,&nbsp;Anjan Biswas","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a comprehensive bifurcation analysis and phase portrait investigation of chiral solitons governed by the chiral nonlinear Schrödinger equation with Bohm potential in the Quantum Hall Effect framework. The equation accounts for chirality, quantum corrections, and nonlinear interactions, making it a valuable model for soliton behavior in quantum fluids. We analyze the system’s dynamical properties, equilibrium points, and solution regimes using bifurcation theory, revealing stability transitions and structural changes in soliton solutions. Phase plane techniques visualize qualitative behaviors under varying parameters. Additionally, we derive exact optical soliton solutions, demonstrating the Bohm potential’s influence on soliton formation and evolution. These findings offer insights into nonlinear wave propagation in chiral quantum systems and have potential applications in condensed matter physics and optical fiber systems.</div><div>The paper analyzes chiral solitons using bifurcation theory and phase portraits to reveal stability transitions and dynamic behaviors.</div><div>Exact soliton solutions are derived, highlighting the effects of Bohm potential and chirality on soliton formation.</div><div>The results provide insights into nonlinear wave propagation in quantum fluids and optical fiber systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 103761"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconciled multiplicative relational two-stage network data envelopment analysis","authors":"M. Burak Erturan","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Relational two-stage network DEA (data envelopment analysis) is an approach for two-stage systems, where all input, output and the intermediate products have same weights regardless of which process they are related. One of the main approaches to relational model is the multiplicative relational approach where main process efficiency is the product of two sub-process efficiencies. A shortcoming of the relational model is that the solution of the sub-process efficiencies may not be unique. Researchers have developed some models to overcome this problem, like prioritizing one sub-process to the other or assessing the sub-process efficiencies first and then the main process efficiency. In this study, a novel methodology is presented for a fairer efficiency assessment, where none of the processes is prioritized.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Reconciled Multiplicative Relational (RMR) model presented in this study uses data reconciliation method to determine maximum efficiency values for all processes simultaneously within the relational constraints.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>RMR model has unique efficiency assessment solution, which solves the non-uniqueness problem and useful where none of the DMUs are preferred to another or there is no previous information in that matter.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 103758"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMI reduction method of CISPR 36 pre-compliance testing using affordable rubber-based materials","authors":"Arief Rufiyanto ,&nbsp;Gamantyo Hendrantoro ,&nbsp;Reza Septiawan ,&nbsp;Eko Setijadi ,&nbsp;Budi Sulistya ,&nbsp;Sardjono Trihatmo","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric motor performance is greatly affected by emissions from the automotive drive system (drivetrain), necessitating research to mitigate electromagnetic interference (EMI). This study proposes a set of methods that employs simple and inexpensive rubber-based materials as shielding to reduce EMI in electric vehicle modules and further explores suitable materials to reduce emissions. The effectiveness of three different rubber compositions as shielding EMI, focusing on the frequency ranges regulated in the CISPR 36 standard, is investigated as pre-compliance testing in radial and transversal orientations of the measurement antenna. The study shows that using these methods together, the rubber-based materials under test can reduce EMI emissions by shielding effectiveness (SE) from 37.742 dB to 37.362 dB for single layer and 74.874 dB to 75.479 dB for combination of 2 layers with up to 50 % probability across several frequency ranges, especially the frequencies regulated in the CISPR 36 standard.</div><div>A realistic method to provide a reasonably cost-effective solution to reduce EMI, particularly for electric cars in the pre-compliance stage, using simple and inexpensive materials, mainly rubber-based materials,</div><div>EMI mitigation method using organic material as an absorber for pre-compliance testing in the frequency range of the CISPR 36 standard,</div><div>Method to determine the best combination of materials to reduce the emissions that arise from the electrical module of the DUT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 103760"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of a thermoelectric cooling approach for localized hypothermia in a murine model","authors":"Kosala D. Waduthanthri ,&nbsp;Gregory S. Korbutt ,&nbsp;Andrew R. Pepper ,&nbsp;Larry D. Unsworth","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving localized and adjustable hypothermia is critical for various clinical and experimental applications, including reducing oxidative stress, modulating inflammatory responses, and enabling temperature-triggered drug delivery. However, existing cooling techniques such as ice packs, and cryogenic sprays limitations in precision, efficiency, duration, and cooling capacity. In this study, we used a commercially available thermoelectric cooling module to construct a simple and low-cost cooling system, and applied it in a preclinical mouse model to achieve focal hypothermia at a subcutaneous transplant site.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>The system, assembled using a TES1–4903 thermoelectric module, a heat sink, and a power supply, achieved rapid temperature reduction rates. At 5 V, the subcutaneous temperature decreased at an average rate of ∼1.5 °C/s during the first 10 s, reaching a stable temperature of ∼8 °C within 120 s. At 2 V, the average rate was ∼0.4 °C/s, stabilizing at ∼17 °C over the same period.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>The system demonstrated precise temperature control with minimal variability, maintaining temperature steps of &lt;2 °C and ensuring a stable temperature range.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Compared to literature, our system highlights the utility of thermoelectric modules for biomedical cooling applications, demonstrating faster and safer subcutaneous hypothermia with more precise temperature control than other approaches.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 103754"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}