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The study of kinetic of silver catalytic degradation of phoxim 银催化降解辛硫磷的动力学研究
IF 1.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102927
In this study, we scrutinized the degradation process of phoxim in the presence of Ag+ ions, maintaining a 1:1 molar ratio under diverse temperature conditions. Phoxim was chosen as the model compound to devise experimental methodologies that would shed light on the kinetic and degradation pathways within a time span of 0 to 184 min across varying temperatures. The Arrhenius equation was harnessed to ascertain the activation energies linked with the degradation of phoxim. The application of the Arrhenius equation enables the computation of the reaction constant at a given temperature, thereby paving the way for the prediction of phoxim concentrations at different temperatures. The second-order rate constant for the reaction was observed to lie within the range of 0.035 to 0.128 L mol-1min-1, and the half-life of the reaction fluctuated between 5.2 and 17 min across different temperatures.
  • The study investigates the degradation of phoxim in the presence of Ag+ ions at various temperatures.
  • The Arrhenius equation was used to calculate the activation energies and predict phoxim concentrations at different temperatures.
  • The second-order rate constant for the reaction ranged from 0.035 to 0.128 L mol-1min-1, with the half-life varying between 5.2 and 17 min.
在本研究中,我们仔细研究了辛硫磷在 Ag+ 离子存在下的降解过程,在不同温度条件下保持 1:1 的摩尔比。我们选择了辛硫磷作为模型化合物,以设计实验方法,阐明在不同温度条件下 0 至 184 分钟时间跨度内的动力学和降解途径。阿伦尼乌斯方程被用来确定与辛硫磷降解相关的活化能。应用阿伦尼乌斯方程可以计算特定温度下的反应常数,从而为预测不同温度下的辛硫磷浓度铺平道路。据观察,反应的二阶速率常数在 0.035 至 0.128 L mol-1min-1 之间,在不同温度下,反应的半衰期在 5.2 至 17 分钟之间波动。-使用阿伦尼乌斯方程计算活化能,并预测不同温度下的辛硫磷浓度。-反应的二阶速率常数为 0.035 至 0.128 L mol-1min-1,半衰期在 5.2 至 17 分钟之间变化。
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引用次数: 0
Usability testing of a conceptual model through retrospective cross-case analysis 通过回顾性交叉分析测试概念模型的可用性
IF 1.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102950

Qualitative conceptual models are commonly used in the scientific literature to make complex phenomena easier to understand. However, the effectiveness and usability of conceptual models to serve as analytical tools is rarely explored and tested, and there is a lack of guidelines for such analyses. This paper adapts and combines the methods of usability testing and cross-case analysis to describe a systematic protocol to facilitate the qualitative evaluation of conceptual models. Usability testing is an established method for identifying problems or shortcomings within a product and for assessing different dimensions of product usability: suitability, accessibility, relevance, and integrity. Cross-case analysis, on the other hand, is a qualitative research method for systematically comparing information from individual case studies and identifying commonalities and patterns that apply across cases. Taken together, these methodological approaches provide a structured way of retrospectively applying a conceptual model to existing literature and thereby evaluating its effectiveness in meeting its intended purpose.

  • We show how researchers can prepare, conduct, and synthesise the results of a usability test of a conceptual model.

  • We provide recommendations for the practical implementation of each step.

  • We outline the benefits, limitations, and ethical considerations that researchers should be aware of.

定性概念模型通常用于科学文献中,使复杂的现象更容易理解。然而,人们很少探讨和测试概念模型作为分析工具的有效性和可用性,也缺乏此类分析的指导原则。本文调整并结合了可用性测试和交叉案例分析的方法,描述了一种促进概念模型定性评估的系统方案。可用性测试是一种成熟的方法,可用于发现产品的问题或缺陷,以及评估产品可用性的不同维度:适用性、可及性、相关性和完整性。另一方面,交叉案例分析是一种定性研究方法,用于系统地比较单个案例研究的信息,并找出适用于不同案例的共性和模式。我们展示了研究人员如何准备、实施和综合概念模型可用性测试的结果。我们为每个步骤的实际实施提供了建议。
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引用次数: 0
Marine mesocosm system: A reliable tool for testing bioaccumulation and effects of seawater enrichment with dissolved iron in reef organisms 海洋中观系统:测试海水中溶解铁对珊瑚礁生物的生物累积和影响的可靠工具
IF 1.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102949

In 2015, a marine mesocosm facility was designed and implemented by the Coral Vivo Project in its research station (Porto Seguro, Bahia State, Brazil) to initially study the effects of global impacts, especially ocean warming and acidification, on coral reefs. However, local impacts, including seawater contamination with metal(loid)s, are considered as a major threat to coral reefs. Also, in 2015, the largest disaster involving a mining dam occurred in Brazil. Iron (Fe) mining tailings originated from the dam failure affected not only freshwater ecosystems (rivers, lakes and lagoons), but also adjacent beaches, mangroves, restingas, reefs and other marine systems. Seawater, sediments and biota were contaminated with metal(loid)s, especially Fe, arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and manganese (Mn). Therefore, we aimed to adapt the marine mesocosm facility of the Coral Vivo Project to evaluate the bioaccumulation and biological impacts of increasing concentrations of dissolved Fe on a diversity of reef organisms. Results obtained indicate a great versatility and reliability of the marine mesocosm system for application in biological and ecological studies on the isolated effect of seawater dissolved Fe on reef organisms of different functional groups simultaneously.

  • Studies involving seawater enrichment with dissolved Fe can be performed using a marine mesocosm system.

  • The marine mesocosm is a reliable tool to study the isolated effects of metal(loid)s on reef organisms.

2015年,Coral Vivo项目在其研究站(巴西巴伊亚州塞古罗港)设计并实施了一个海洋中观宇宙设施,以初步研究全球影响,特别是海洋变暖和酸化对珊瑚礁的影响。然而,包括海水金属污染在内的局部影响也被认为是对珊瑚礁的主要威胁。此外,2015 年,巴西发生了涉及采矿大坝的最大灾难。溃坝产生的铁(Fe)矿尾矿不仅影响了淡水生态系统(河流、湖泊和泻湖),还影响了附近的海滩、红树林、休憩带、珊瑚礁和其他海洋系统。海水、沉积物和生物群受到金属(loid)的污染,尤其是铁、砷(As)、汞(Hg)和锰(Mn)。因此,我们旨在利用珊瑚活体项目的海洋中观宇宙设施,评估溶解铁浓度增加对多种珊瑚礁生物的生物累积和生物影响。研究结果表明,海洋中观生态系具有很大的通用性和可靠性,可同时应用于海水溶解铁对不同功能群礁生物的分离效应的生物学和生态学研究。
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引用次数: 0
Intelligent mobile robot for contagious disease treatments in hospitals 用于医院传染病治疗的智能移动机器人
IF 1.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102941

This paper provides a novel and applicable work that builds a real system for disinfecting the air and surfaces of the environment in a hospital room, with a non-contact measurement system for supporting contagious disease treatments in hospitals. The system is built on an intelligent mobile robot system that operates autonomously in a simulated real treatment room. The research team uses a new positioning algorithm. It is a combination of data from the Lidar sensor, encoder, and Extended Kalman filter. The program that applies segmentation and image feature extraction algorithms is developed to meet requirements of real-time environment mapping in the room. Control algorithms for moving and avoiding obstacles are also proposed. Next, techniques for collecting health data including patient identification, body temperature, and blood oxygen index via wireless sensor network are also mentioned in the article. Analysis and experimental results show qualified outcomes and promise. The main contribution of the paper can be listed as follows.

  • Design and build a new CEE-IMR, an intelligent mobile robot that can regconize patients, guide and lead them walking in hospitals, especially keep a safe distance avoiding contagious deseases.

  • A novel framework for controlling the robot is proposed. The robot can move flexible, avoid obstacles, etc. based on advanced control algorithms. A new control mechanism is also proposed.

  • Methods of collecting data and processing medical data to support either patients or doctors to improve the effecency in hospitals in contagious disease management.

本文提供了一项新颖而适用的工作,建立了一个用于对病房内的空气和环境表面进行消毒的真实系统,并配备了一个非接触式测量系统,为医院的传染病治疗提供支持。该系统以智能移动机器人系统为基础,可在模拟的真实治疗室中自主运行。研究团队采用了一种新的定位算法。它结合了激光雷达传感器、编码器和扩展卡尔曼滤波器的数据。应用分割和图像特征提取算法的程序是为满足室内实时环境映射的要求而开发的。此外,还提出了移动和避开障碍物的控制算法。接下来,文章还提到了通过无线传感器网络收集健康数据的技术,包括病人身份识别、体温和血氧指数。分析和实验结果显示了合格的成果和前景。本文的主要贡献可以列举如下:-设计并制造了一种新型的 CEE-IMR 智能移动机器人,它可以重新识别病人,引导并带领他们在医院中行走,尤其是保持安全距离,避免传染疾病。基于先进的控制算法,机器人可以灵活移动、避开障碍物等。还提出了一种新的控制机制。-收集数据和处理医疗数据的方法,为患者或医生提供支持,以提高医院在传染病管理方面的效率。
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引用次数: 0
Biodiesel production from agricultural biomass wastes: Duroc breed fat oil, Citrillus lanatus rind, and Sorghum Bagasse 利用农业生物质废物生产生物柴油:杜洛克品种脂肪油、香橼果皮和高粱蔗渣
IF 1.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102948

This research study synthesized a base catalyst from the waste Citrullus lanatus rind (WCLR) for the synthesis of biodiesel from the waste pig fat oil. The high-acid-value oil (high free fatty acid: FFA) was converted to low-acid-value oil through adsorption in sorghum bagasse ash with high particle sizes. The developed base catalyst was obtained from the WCLR and was characterized via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD-FT), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption analysis. The properties of biodiesel were compared with the recommended standard.

Results reflected that the duroc breed pig fat is rich in oil, and the oil is unsaturated. Sorghum bagasse proved to be a good bio-adsorbent for the unsaturated fat FFA reduction. The catalyst produced from WCLR was found to be rich in potassium-calcium-magnesium (K-Ca-Mg) base salts. The predicted yield of 98.69 % (wt./wt.) at 69.96 min, 79.93 °C, 3.15 % (wt.), and 8.57 (vol.) at desirability of 100 % was validated as 98.52 % (wt./wt.). Catalytic strength can be recycled in five cycles. The cost implications indicated that the cost of producing 25 L of biodiesel is $2.61.

This study proved to be the most economical way of producing biodiesel that is environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and easy to produce for future energy needs.

  • Oil was obtained via rendering from duroc breed waste fat oil.

  • Sorghum bagasse was used as adsorbent for acid reduction of high FFA pig fat oil.

  • Base catalyst used was obtained from calcined waste Citrullus lanatus rind.

本研究从废弃鹅掌楸果皮(WCLR)中合成了一种基础催化剂,用于从废弃猪脂肪油中合成生物柴油。高酸值油(高游离脂肪酸)通过吸附在高粒径的高粱蔗渣灰中转化为低酸值油。所开发的基础催化剂来自 WCLR,并通过热重分析 (TGA)、扫描电子显微镜与能量色散 X 射线光谱 (SEM/EDX)、傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)、X 射线衍射 (XRD-FT) 和布鲁瑙尔-艾美特-泰勒 (BET) 吸附分析进行了表征。结果表明,杜洛克种猪脂肪富含油脂,且油脂不饱和。结果表明,杜洛克种猪脂肪富含油脂,且油脂为不饱和油脂,高粱蔗渣被证明是减少不饱和脂肪中脂肪酸的良好生物吸附剂。由 WCLR 制成的催化剂富含钾-钙-镁(K-Ca-Mg)基盐。在 69.96 分钟、79.93 °C、3.15 %(重量)和 8.57(体积)的条件下,在理想度为 100 % 时,预测产率为 98.69 %(重量/重量),经验证为 98.52 %(重量/重量)。催化强度可在五个周期内循环使用。成本影响表明,生产 25 升生物柴油的成本为 2.61 美元。这项研究被证明是生产生物柴油的最经济的方法,既环保、成本效益高,又易于生产,可满足未来的能源需求。
{"title":"Biodiesel production from agricultural biomass wastes: Duroc breed fat oil, Citrillus lanatus rind, and Sorghum Bagasse","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research study synthesized a base catalyst from the waste <em>Citrullus lanatus</em> rind (WCLR) for the synthesis of biodiesel from the waste pig fat oil. The high-acid-value oil (high free fatty acid: FFA) was converted to low-acid-value oil through adsorption in sorghum bagasse ash with high particle sizes. The developed base catalyst was obtained from the WCLR and was characterized via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD-FT), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption analysis. The properties of biodiesel were compared with the recommended standard.</p><p>Results reflected that the duroc breed pig fat is rich in oil, and the oil is unsaturated. Sorghum bagasse proved to be a good bio-adsorbent for the unsaturated fat FFA reduction. The catalyst produced from WCLR was found to be rich in potassium-calcium-magnesium (K-Ca-Mg) base salts. The predicted yield of 98.69 % (wt./wt.) at 69.96 min, 79.93 °C, 3.15 % (wt.), and 8.57 (vol.) at desirability of 100 % was validated as 98.52 % (wt./wt.). Catalytic strength can be recycled in five cycles. The cost implications indicated that the cost of producing 25 L of biodiesel is $2.61.</p><p>This study proved to be the most economical way of producing biodiesel that is environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and easy to produce for future energy needs.</p><ul><li><span>•</span><span><p>Oil was obtained via rendering from duroc breed waste fat oil.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Sorghum bagasse was used as adsorbent for acid reduction of high FFA pig fat oil.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Base catalyst used was obtained from calcined waste <em>Citrullus lanatus</em> rind.</p></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215016124003996/pdfft?md5=55a67182776eaff94e902c4f6b39485c&pid=1-s2.0-S2215016124003996-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142161832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Detection of PCBs and OCPs in the Irtysh River Water (GC-MS/MS) and ecological risk assessment 伊尔蒂什河水中多氯联苯和 OCP 的检测(GC-MS/MS)和生态风险评估
IF 1.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102944

This study optimized a gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 21 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Irtysh River water, including 14 organochlorines (OCPs) and 7 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Factors such as column temperature ramping, selection of qualitative and quantitative ion pairs and collision energy were considered to achieve perfect separation and accurate quantification of all 21 target compounds. The limits of detection (LOD) for PCBs and OCPs ranged from 0.21 to 1.18 ng/L. Applying this method to detect POPs in the Irtysh River revealed concentrations of OCPs ranging from ND to 20.2 ng/L and PCBs from ND to 0.411 ng/L. Source analysis indicated that POPs in the Irtysh River mainly originate from historical industrial and agricultural activities, particularly the deliberate use of pesticides. To ensure ecological safety and human health, expanding the range of target analytes and monitoring periods is necessary. This study provides:

  • Qualitative and quantitative analysis methods for 7 PCBs and 14 OCPs.

  • Recoveries achieved ranged between 74.6 to 109 % with RSD less than 15 %.

  • Analysis of sources, transport pathways, accumulation status, and ecological risks of PCBs and OCPs in the Irtysh River.

本研究优化了气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)方法,用于测定额尔齐斯河水中的 21 种持久性有机污染物(POPs),包括 14 种有机氯(OCPs)和 7 种多氯联苯(PCBs)。为了实现所有 21 种目标化合物的完美分离和精确定量,对色谱柱升温、定性和定量离子对的选择以及碰撞能量等因素进行了考虑。多氯联苯和 OCP 的检测限(LOD)在 0.21 至 1.18 纳克/升之间。应用该方法检测额尔齐斯河中的持久性有机污染物时发现,OCPs 的浓度从 ND 到 20.2 ng/L,PCBs 的浓度从 ND 到 0.411 ng/L。来源分析表明,额尔齐斯河中的持久性有机污染物主要来源于历史上的工业和农业活动,特别是蓄意使用杀虫剂。为确保生态安全和人类健康,有必要扩大目标分析物的范围并延长监测时间。本研究提供了:-7 种多氯联苯和 14 种 OCPs 的定性和定量分析方法-回收率介于 74.6% 和 109% 之间,RSD 小于 15%。
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引用次数: 0
Improved exponential smoothing grey-holt models for electricity price forecasting using whale optimization 利用鲸鱼优化法改进指数平滑灰螺栓电价预测模型
IF 1.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102926

This study introduces a ground-breaking approach, the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA)-based multivariate exponential smoothing Grey-Holt (GMHES) model, designed for electricity price forecasting. Key features of the proposed WOA-GMHES(1,N) model include leveraging historical data to comprehend the underlying trends in electricity prices and utilizing the WOA algorithm for adaptive optimization of model parameters to capture evolving market dynamics. Evaluating the model on authentic high- and low-voltage electricity price data from Cameroon demonstrates its superiority over competing models. The WOA-GMHES(1,N) model achieves remarkable performance with RMSE and SMAPE scores of 12.63 and 0.01 %, respectively, showcasing its accuracy and reliability. Notably, the model proves to be computationally efficient, generating forecasts in <1.3 s. Three key aspects of customization distinguish this novel approach:

  • The WOA algorithm dynamically adjusts model parameters based on evolving electricity market dynamics.

  • The model employs a sophisticated GMHES approach, considering multiple factors for a comprehensive understanding of price trends.

  • The WOA-GMHES(1,N) model stands out for its computational efficiency, providing rapid and precise forecasts, making it a valuable tool for time-sensitive decision-making in the energy sector.

本研究介绍了一种开创性的方法,即基于鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)的多变量指数平滑格雷-霍尔特(GMHES)模型,该模型专为电价预测而设计。WOA-GMHES(1,N) 模型的主要特点包括:利用历史数据理解电价的基本趋势,利用 WOA 算法对模型参数进行自适应优化,以捕捉不断变化的市场动态。在喀麦隆真实的高压和低压电价数据基础上对该模型进行评估,证明其优于其他竞争模型。WOA-GMHES(1,N) 模型的 RMSE 和 SMAPE 分数分别为 12.63% 和 0.01%,表现出了卓越的性能,证明了其准确性和可靠性。WOA-GMHES(1,N) 模型因其计算效率高、预测快速准确而脱颖而出,成为能源行业时效性决策的重要工具。
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引用次数: 0
A simple method to map pollination ecosystem services potential in urban lawns 绘制城市草坪授粉生态系统服务潜力图的简单方法
IF 1.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102943

Urban areas have detrimental impacts on the ecosystems. Nevertheless, they still supply many ecosystem services (ES), such as Pollination, in different urban green spaces (UGS). Lawns are among the most degraded UGS due to very high human impact. Still, flowers such as Dandelions (Taraxacum officinalis) live in these spaces. These flowers are considered a suitable habitat for pollinators. In this work, we develop a methodology to map Pollination ES potential in urban lawns using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. A detailed protocol was developed using high-resolution images, consisting of orthomosaic creation, flower vectorisation, field validation, and finally, Pollination ES potential mapping using Kernel and Point Density. This method can be applied to urban lawns and grasslands in Spring and Summer.

  • A novel method was developed to map pollination potential in lawns.

  • Dandelions (Taraxacum officinale) were mapped using UAV high-resolution images.

  • The method is helpful to identify areas with pollination potential in urban lawns.

城市地区对生态系统有不利影响。然而,在不同的城市绿地 (UGS) 中,它们仍然提供许多生态系统服务 (ES),如授粉。由于人类的高度影响,草坪是退化最严重的 UGS 之一。尽管如此,蒲公英(Taraxacum officinalis)等花卉仍生活在这些空间中。这些花卉被认为是授粉者的理想栖息地。在这项工作中,我们开发了一种使用无人飞行器绘制城市草坪授粉 ES 潜力图的方法。我们利用高分辨率图像制定了详细的规程,包括创建正射影像图、花卉矢量化、实地验证,最后利用核密度和点密度绘制授粉ES潜力图。利用无人机高分辨率图像绘制了蒲公英(Taraxacum officinale)地图。
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引用次数: 0
Heating decoys to mimic thermal signatures of live animals for drones 为无人机加热诱饵以模仿活体动物的热信号
IF 1.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102933

Thermal sensors mounted on drones (unoccupied aircraft systems) are popular and effective tools for monitoring cryptic animal species, although few studies have quantified sampling error of animal counts from thermal images. Using decoys is one effective strategy to quantify bias and count accuracy; however, plastic decoys do not mimic thermal signatures of representative species. Our objective was to produce heat signatures in animal decoys to realistically match thermal images of live animals obtained from a drone-based sensor. We tested commercially available methods to heat plastic decoys of three different size classes, including chemical foot warmers, manually heated water, electric socks, pad, or blanket, and mini and small electric space heaters. We used criteria in two categories, 1) external temperature differences from ambient temperatures (ambient difference) and 2) color bins from a palette in thermal images obtained from a drone near the ground and in the air, to determine if heated decoys adequately matched respective live animals in four body regions. Three methods achieved similar thermal signatures to live animals for three to four body regions in external temperatures and predominantly matched the corresponding yellow color bins in thermal drone images from the ground and in the air. Pigeon decoys were best and most consistently heated with three-foot warmers. Goose and deer decoys were best heated by mini and small space heaters, respectively, in their body cavities, with a heated sock in the head of the goose decoy. The materials and equipment for our best heating methods were relatively inexpensive, commercially available items that provide sustained heat and could be adapted to various shapes and sizes for a wide range of avian and mammalian species. Our heating methods could be used in future studies to quantify bias and validate methodologies for drone surveys of animals with thermal sensors.

  • We determined optimal heating methods for plastic animal decoys with inexpensive and commercially available equipment to mimic thermal signatures of live animals.

  • Methods could be used to quantify bias and improve thermal surveys of animals with drones in future studies.

安装在无人机(无人驾驶飞机系统)上的热传感器是监测隐蔽动物物种的流行而有效的工具,但很少有研究对热图像中动物计数的取样误差进行量化。使用诱饵是量化偏差和计数准确性的有效策略之一;然而,塑料诱饵并不能模拟代表性物种的热信号。我们的目标是在动物诱饵中产生热信号,以真实地匹配从无人机传感器获得的活体动物热图像。我们测试了市售的加热三种不同大小的塑料诱饵的方法,包括化学暖脚器、手动加热水、电热袜、垫子或毯子以及迷你和小型电热空间加热器。我们采用了两类标准:1)外部温度与环境温度的差异(环境差异);2)无人机在近地面和空中获取的热图像调色板中的色块,以确定加热后的诱饵是否在四个身体区域与各自的活体动物充分匹配。三种方法在三到四个身体区域的外部温度上都获得了与活体动物相似的热特征,并且主要与地面和空中无人机热图像中相应的黄色色块相匹配。使用三脚加热器对鸽子诱饵的加热效果最好,也最稳定。鹅诱饵和鹿诱饵的最佳加热方法分别是在其体腔内使用迷你加热器和小型空间加热器,并在鹅诱饵的头部使用加热袜。我们的最佳加热方法所使用的材料和设备都是相对廉价的市售物品,它们可以提供持续的热量,并可适用于各种鸟类和哺乳动物物种的各种形状和大小。我们确定了塑料动物诱饵的最佳加热方法,这些方法使用的是廉价的商用设备,可以模拟活体动物的热信号。
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引用次数: 0
Total organic carbon quantification in soils and sediments: Performance test of a modified sample preparation method 土壤和沉积物中的总有机碳定量:改良样品制备方法的性能测试
IF 1.6 Q2 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102934

The total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of particulate samples is a key parameter to characterize soils and sediments. To demonstrate the applicability and reliability of a modified sample preparation method for the direct measurement of TOC contents in suspended particulate samples, we analyzed five certified reference materials (CRMs) with varying TOC concentrations using a Shimadzu TOC-L CPH analyzer. Measured values were calibrated with a multi-point curve that cover the full range of the expected TOC concentrations and the results were validated using statistical values and measures. The method validation reveals that the measurements are accurate and precise for CRMs from marine and soil contexts, but show a low accuracy for the CRM containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This demonstrates the applicability and reliability of the modified preparation method for direct TOC determination of suspended particulate samples. Therefore, it is relevant for a broader community, beyond geosciences, and for users employing devices of other manufacturers to analyze TOC in suspended particulate samples.

  • Modified preparation method uses reduced sample weights and yields accurate and precise results.

  • Cost-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative: reduces waste by saving acid and ultrapure water.

  • Avoids incomplete dissolution of dolomite by heating acidified samples.

颗粒样本的总有机碳(TOC)浓度是表征土壤和沉积物特征的一个关键参数。为了证明改进后的样品制备方法在直接测量悬浮颗粒样品中 TOC 含量方面的适用性和可靠性,我们使用岛津 TOC-L CPH 分析仪分析了五种不同 TOC 浓度的有证标准物质 (CRM)。测量值通过多点曲线进行校准,该曲线涵盖了所有预期的 TOC 浓度范围,并使用统计值和测量方法对结果进行了验证。方法验证结果表明,对海洋和土壤中的有证有机污染物的测量准确而精确,但对含有多环芳烃(PAHs)的有证有机污染物的测量精度较低。这表明改进后的制备方法适用于直接测定悬浮颗粒样本中的 TOC,而且非常可靠。因此,该方法不仅适用于地质科学领域,还适用于使用其他制造商设备分析悬浮颗粒样本中 TOC 的用户。
{"title":"Total organic carbon quantification in soils and sediments: Performance test of a modified sample preparation method","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102934","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.102934","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of particulate samples is a key parameter to characterize soils and sediments. To demonstrate the applicability and reliability of a modified sample preparation method for the direct measurement of TOC contents in suspended particulate samples, we analyzed five certified reference materials (CRMs) with varying TOC concentrations using a Shimadzu TOC-L CPH analyzer. Measured values were calibrated with a multi-point curve that cover the full range of the expected TOC concentrations and the results were validated using statistical values and measures. The method validation reveals that the measurements are accurate and precise for CRMs from marine and soil contexts, but show a low accuracy for the CRM containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This demonstrates the applicability and reliability of the modified preparation method for direct TOC determination of suspended particulate samples. Therefore, it is relevant for a broader community, beyond geosciences, and for users employing devices of other manufacturers to analyze TOC in suspended particulate samples.</p><ul><li><span>•</span><span><p>Modified preparation method uses reduced sample weights and yields accurate and precise results.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Cost-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative: reduces waste by saving acid and ultrapure water.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Avoids incomplete dissolution of dolomite by heating acidified samples.</p></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215016124003856/pdfft?md5=8b9b7d3b762f3a7473205230c627ed1c&pid=1-s2.0-S2215016124003856-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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