Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003927
Kevin Moncion,Lynden Rodrigues,Bernat De Las Heras,Elise Wiley,Kira Sikorska,Jacopo Cristini,Elric Y Allison,Janice Eng,Ada Tang,Marc Roig
BACKGROUNDAccurate assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness is a critical component of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and prescription for people with stroke. However, post-stroke disability and neuromuscular impairments are common and may disproportionately affect females throughout the continuum of recovery. There is a need to evaluate alternative whole-body CPET protocols and to characterize the sex-specific CPET responses throughout the continuum of stroke recovery.PURPOSETo characterize the sex-specific CPET responses on a whole-body recumbent stepper CPET using American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) criteria in people with subacute (7-90 days) and chronic (≥6-60 months) stroke.METHODSParticipants underwent a whole-body recumbent stepper symptom-limited CPET. Each CPET was assessed for ventilatory threshold (VT), peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and ACSM maximal oxygen uptake V̇O2max criteria including respiratory exchange ratio [RER] ≥1.10; V̇O2 plateau, heart rate [HR] within 10 beats of HRmax, and ratings of perceived exertion [RPE] ≥17/20 or ≥7/10. Sex differences by stroke chronicity were evaluated via ttests, ranksum tests, Chi-squared, or Fisher's exact tests.RESULTSIn total, 145 participants underwent a symptom limited CPET. In subacute stroke (n=69), no sex differences were found for VT or V̇O2peak (p>0.05), but females were more likely to achieve a V̇O2 plateau (p=0.002). In chronic stroke (n=76), no sex differences were observed for VT or V̇O2max criteria (p>0.05), but females had lower V̇O2peak (p=0.002). Irrespective of sex, achieving the RPE (n=41 subacute [61%], n=38 chronic [54%]) or RER criteria (n=28 subacute [41%], n=39 [51%]) were the most commonly met ACSM criteria.CONCLUSIONSThis whole-body CPET protocol is appropriate for eliciting peak and maximal efforts in people post-stroke, however, clinicians should consider biological sex and stroke chronicity.
{"title":"A Whole-Body Exercise Test to Assess Cardiorespiratory Fitness Across the Stroke Recovery Continuum.","authors":"Kevin Moncion,Lynden Rodrigues,Bernat De Las Heras,Elise Wiley,Kira Sikorska,Jacopo Cristini,Elric Y Allison,Janice Eng,Ada Tang,Marc Roig","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003927","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAccurate assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness is a critical component of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and prescription for people with stroke. However, post-stroke disability and neuromuscular impairments are common and may disproportionately affect females throughout the continuum of recovery. There is a need to evaluate alternative whole-body CPET protocols and to characterize the sex-specific CPET responses throughout the continuum of stroke recovery.PURPOSETo characterize the sex-specific CPET responses on a whole-body recumbent stepper CPET using American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) criteria in people with subacute (7-90 days) and chronic (≥6-60 months) stroke.METHODSParticipants underwent a whole-body recumbent stepper symptom-limited CPET. Each CPET was assessed for ventilatory threshold (VT), peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and ACSM maximal oxygen uptake V̇O2max criteria including respiratory exchange ratio [RER] ≥1.10; V̇O2 plateau, heart rate [HR] within 10 beats of HRmax, and ratings of perceived exertion [RPE] ≥17/20 or ≥7/10. Sex differences by stroke chronicity were evaluated via ttests, ranksum tests, Chi-squared, or Fisher's exact tests.RESULTSIn total, 145 participants underwent a symptom limited CPET. In subacute stroke (n=69), no sex differences were found for VT or V̇O2peak (p>0.05), but females were more likely to achieve a V̇O2 plateau (p=0.002). In chronic stroke (n=76), no sex differences were observed for VT or V̇O2max criteria (p>0.05), but females had lower V̇O2peak (p=0.002). Irrespective of sex, achieving the RPE (n=41 subacute [61%], n=38 chronic [54%]) or RER criteria (n=28 subacute [41%], n=39 [51%]) were the most commonly met ACSM criteria.CONCLUSIONSThis whole-body CPET protocol is appropriate for eliciting peak and maximal efforts in people post-stroke, however, clinicians should consider biological sex and stroke chronicity.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003922
J L Low,K Hesketh,K Falkenhain,M E Jung,J Singer,C A Jones,C Russon,M Cocks,A McManus,J P Little,
PURPOSEExercise interventions play a pivotal role in managing type 2 diabetes (T2D), yielding significant benefits in glycemic control. Despite the recognized role of exercise duration, volume, frequency, and consistency, the literature remains discrepant on which exerts the greatest effect. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine the relationship between exercise duration, volume, frequency, and consistency and markers of glycemic control [HbA1c and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics] following a 26-week mHealth intervention.METHODSInactive adults with newly diagnosed (<2 years) T2D (n = 58) completed blood and 14-day CGM testing before and after a 26-week personalized exercise intervention. Raw exercise data from fitness watches were extracted for each session. Duration, volume, frequency, and consistency were calculated for the full intervention and for the first 13 weeks (greater support) and last 13 weeks (reduced support).RESULTSAverage session duration (57 ± 36 minutes) significantly predicted HbA1c (β = -0.23 (0.07), P = 0.002), 24-hour mean glucose (β = -0.03 (0.01), P = 0.01), and glycemic variability (SD; β = -0.01 (0.0), P = 0.003; Beta coefficients are reported with standard errors). Total exercise time during the first 13 weeks (2931 ± 3362 minutes) also predicted HbA1c (β = -0.001 (0.0), P = 0.01), mean glucose (β = -0.002 (0.0), P = 0.01), and glycemic variability (β = -0.005 (0.0), P = 0.03). No other exercise metrics significantly predicted outcomes.CONCLUSIONSAverage session duration and exercise time accumulated early in the intervention were the only significant predictors of improvements in HbA1c, mean glucose, and glucose variability. These findings suggest that promoting increased exercise duration, independent of type or intensity, may improve glycemic control among individuals with newly diagnosed T2D.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT04653532.
目的：运动干预在治疗2型糖尿病（T2D）中发挥关键作用，对血糖控制有显著益处。尽管人们认识到运动时间、运动量、频率和一致性的作用，但关于哪一种影响最大，文献仍然存在分歧。这项二级分析的目的是确定在26周的移动健康干预后，运动时间、运动量、频率和一致性与血糖控制指标[HbA1c和连续血糖监测（CGM）指标]之间的关系。方法新诊断（<2年）t2dm的不活动成人（n = 58）在26周个性化运动干预前后完成了血液和14天CGM检测。从健身手表中提取了每次锻炼的原始数据。计算全面干预、前13周（更大支持）和后13周（减少支持）的持续时间、数量、频率和一致性。结果平均疗程（57±36分钟）对HbA1c （β = -0.23 (0.07), P = 0.002）、24小时平均血糖（β = -0.03 (0.01), P = 0.01）、血糖变异性(SD, β = -0.01 (0.0), P = 0.003；贝塔系数用标准误差报告)。前13周的总运动时间（2931±3362分钟）也可预测HbA1c (β = -0.001 (0.0), P = 0.01)，平均葡萄糖（β = -0.002 (0.0), P = 0.01）和血糖变异性（β = -0.005 (0.0), P = 0.03）。没有其他运动指标能显著预测结果。结论：干预早期累积的平均疗程和运动时间是HbA1c、平均葡萄糖和葡萄糖变异性改善的唯一显著预测因素。这些发现表明，促进增加运动时间，与类型或强度无关，可能改善新诊断的t2dm患者的血糖控制。临床试验注册。gov NCT04653532。
{"title":"Improved Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes is More Strongly Associated with Exercise Duration Than with Volume, Frequency, or Consistency.","authors":"J L Low,K Hesketh,K Falkenhain,M E Jung,J Singer,C A Jones,C Russon,M Cocks,A McManus,J P Little, ","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003922","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEExercise interventions play a pivotal role in managing type 2 diabetes (T2D), yielding significant benefits in glycemic control. Despite the recognized role of exercise duration, volume, frequency, and consistency, the literature remains discrepant on which exerts the greatest effect. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine the relationship between exercise duration, volume, frequency, and consistency and markers of glycemic control [HbA1c and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics] following a 26-week mHealth intervention.METHODSInactive adults with newly diagnosed (<2 years) T2D (n = 58) completed blood and 14-day CGM testing before and after a 26-week personalized exercise intervention. Raw exercise data from fitness watches were extracted for each session. Duration, volume, frequency, and consistency were calculated for the full intervention and for the first 13 weeks (greater support) and last 13 weeks (reduced support).RESULTSAverage session duration (57 ± 36 minutes) significantly predicted HbA1c (β = -0.23 (0.07), P = 0.002), 24-hour mean glucose (β = -0.03 (0.01), P = 0.01), and glycemic variability (SD; β = -0.01 (0.0), P = 0.003; Beta coefficients are reported with standard errors). Total exercise time during the first 13 weeks (2931 ± 3362 minutes) also predicted HbA1c (β = -0.001 (0.0), P = 0.01), mean glucose (β = -0.002 (0.0), P = 0.01), and glycemic variability (β = -0.005 (0.0), P = 0.03). No other exercise metrics significantly predicted outcomes.CONCLUSIONSAverage session duration and exercise time accumulated early in the intervention were the only significant predictors of improvements in HbA1c, mean glucose, and glucose variability. These findings suggest that promoting increased exercise duration, independent of type or intensity, may improve glycemic control among individuals with newly diagnosed T2D.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT04653532.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003919
Johan Garcia,Paul Allender,Davide Malatesta
PURPOSEThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute exposure to severe normobaric hypoxia vs. normoxia on whole-body fat oxidation and muscle desaturation kinetics over a wide range of identical relative and absolute intensities.METHODSThirteen active men performed i) two maximal incremental tests to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) in normobaric hypoxia [FiO2=13.2%, 3740 m] and normoxia [FiO2=20.7%, 375 m], and ii) two submaximal graded tests, after overnight fasting, to assess fat oxidation and muscle desaturation kinetics as a function of exercise intensity in each condition. Fat oxidation kinetics were measured using indirect calorimetry and characterized using a sinusoidal model. Vastus lateralis desaturation kinetics were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy and the tissue saturation index (TSI), and modeled through a double linear model.RESULTSCompared with the relative (%V̇O2peak) or absolute (%V̇O2peak,nomoxia) exercise intensity, absolute fat oxidation rates (g·min-1) were significantly higher in hypoxia than in normoxia, ranging from 55 to 85 %V̇O2peak (p≤0.023) and from 35 to 60 %V̇O2peak,normoxia (p≤0.027), respectively. The TSI was lower in hypoxia than in normoxia when compared at relative or absolute exercise intensity (p≤0.004), and muscle desaturation reached a maximal level only in hypoxia at high exercise intensity (p≤0.014).CONCLUSIONSCompared with normoxia, acute exposure to severe normobaric hypoxia enhanced fat oxidation pathways during moderate-to-high relative and low-to-moderate absolute exercise intensities while allowing greater and maximal muscle desaturation. These findings highlight the relevance of considering both relative and absolute intensities when comparing fat oxidation during exercise in hypoxia and normoxia and suggest that maximal muscle desaturation is not a limiting factor for fat oxidation during exercise.
{"title":"Acute Severe Hypoxia Impacts Whole-body Fat Oxidation and Muscle Desaturation Kinetics During Exercise: Intensity Matters.","authors":"Johan Garcia,Paul Allender,Davide Malatesta","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003919","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute exposure to severe normobaric hypoxia vs. normoxia on whole-body fat oxidation and muscle desaturation kinetics over a wide range of identical relative and absolute intensities.METHODSThirteen active men performed i) two maximal incremental tests to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) in normobaric hypoxia [FiO2=13.2%, 3740 m] and normoxia [FiO2=20.7%, 375 m], and ii) two submaximal graded tests, after overnight fasting, to assess fat oxidation and muscle desaturation kinetics as a function of exercise intensity in each condition. Fat oxidation kinetics were measured using indirect calorimetry and characterized using a sinusoidal model. Vastus lateralis desaturation kinetics were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy and the tissue saturation index (TSI), and modeled through a double linear model.RESULTSCompared with the relative (%V̇O2peak) or absolute (%V̇O2peak,nomoxia) exercise intensity, absolute fat oxidation rates (g·min-1) were significantly higher in hypoxia than in normoxia, ranging from 55 to 85 %V̇O2peak (p≤0.023) and from 35 to 60 %V̇O2peak,normoxia (p≤0.027), respectively. The TSI was lower in hypoxia than in normoxia when compared at relative or absolute exercise intensity (p≤0.004), and muscle desaturation reached a maximal level only in hypoxia at high exercise intensity (p≤0.014).CONCLUSIONSCompared with normoxia, acute exposure to severe normobaric hypoxia enhanced fat oxidation pathways during moderate-to-high relative and low-to-moderate absolute exercise intensities while allowing greater and maximal muscle desaturation. These findings highlight the relevance of considering both relative and absolute intensities when comparing fat oxidation during exercise in hypoxia and normoxia and suggest that maximal muscle desaturation is not a limiting factor for fat oxidation during exercise.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003918
Kristen J Koltun,Jennifer N Forse,Evan D Feigel,Dakota Tiede,Chris K Kargl,Elizabeth J Steele,Matthew B Bird,Mita Lovalekar,Brian J Martin,Bradley C Nindl
PURPOSEThis investigation compared changes in body composition between sexes during Marine Corps Officer Candidates School (OCS), and explored potential associations with physical health, performance, and military readiness outcomes.METHODSAt the onset of training, 55 officer candidates (n=27 female) completed body composition analyses and 28 (n=11 female) completed post-testing. Two way mixed measures ANOVAs compared changes over time between sexes and Pearson or Spearman's correlations examined associations among changes in body composition and performance outcomes.RESULTSFollowing training, lean mass (p=0.002, 7%) increased in female but not male candidates. Body fat percentage (p=0.013) decreased to a greater extent in female (p<0.001, -33%) than in male (p<0.001, -26%) candidates. Reductions in body mass and fat mass were similar between sexes. Change in body mass was negatively associated with change in physical fitness test score (p=0.038, r=-0.401), such that greater reductions in body mass would be associated with greater improvements in test score. Positive associations between change in body mass, BMI, and lean mass (p≤0.040, r≥0.414) with change in countermovement jump absolute force were observed. Increased lean mass was associated with reduced CRP concentration (p=0.004, ρ=-0.675).CONCLUSIONSReductions in fat mass and body mass as well as sex-specific changes in lean mass were demonstrated. Lean mass may also be beneficial for maintaining physical performance and health during military training.
{"title":"Sex-specific Lean Mass Changes during Marine Corps Officer Candidates School and Associations with Physical Health, Performance and Military Readiness.","authors":"Kristen J Koltun,Jennifer N Forse,Evan D Feigel,Dakota Tiede,Chris K Kargl,Elizabeth J Steele,Matthew B Bird,Mita Lovalekar,Brian J Martin,Bradley C Nindl","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003918","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEThis investigation compared changes in body composition between sexes during Marine Corps Officer Candidates School (OCS), and explored potential associations with physical health, performance, and military readiness outcomes.METHODSAt the onset of training, 55 officer candidates (n=27 female) completed body composition analyses and 28 (n=11 female) completed post-testing. Two way mixed measures ANOVAs compared changes over time between sexes and Pearson or Spearman's correlations examined associations among changes in body composition and performance outcomes.RESULTSFollowing training, lean mass (p=0.002, 7%) increased in female but not male candidates. Body fat percentage (p=0.013) decreased to a greater extent in female (p<0.001, -33%) than in male (p<0.001, -26%) candidates. Reductions in body mass and fat mass were similar between sexes. Change in body mass was negatively associated with change in physical fitness test score (p=0.038, r=-0.401), such that greater reductions in body mass would be associated with greater improvements in test score. Positive associations between change in body mass, BMI, and lean mass (p≤0.040, r≥0.414) with change in countermovement jump absolute force were observed. Increased lean mass was associated with reduced CRP concentration (p=0.004, ρ=-0.675).CONCLUSIONSReductions in fat mass and body mass as well as sex-specific changes in lean mass were demonstrated. Lean mass may also be beneficial for maintaining physical performance and health during military training.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003921
Seth F McCarthy,Jessica A L Tucker,Tom J Hazell
INTRODUCTIONLactate has been proposed to suppress the release and activation of the orexigenic peptide acylated ghrelin, though no study has synthesized available evidence from acute exercise trials.PURPOSETo determine if exercise-induced lactate accumulation predicts and/or is associated with changes in acylated ghrelin.METHODSA systematic search strategy was developed and conducted in four databases for studies exploring changes in acylated ghrelin and lactate during acute exercise interventions. Using Covidence, studies were identified and included if participants were between the ages of 18 and 65 y, healthy (absence of medical condition or disease), conducted an acute exercise trial, and measured both acylated ghrelin and lactate pre- and post-exercise. Corresponding authors of eligible studies were contacted for individual data and linear mixed-effect models were fitted and repeated measures correlations were conducted to determine if change in (Δ) lactate predicts and/or was associated with Δ acylated ghrelin and acylated ghrelin incremental area under the curve (iAUC).RESULTSTwelve data sets (169 participants) were included in the Δ acylated ghrelin analysis and nine data sets (105 participants) were included in the acylated ghrelin iAUC analysis. There was a significant effect of Δ lactate for both Δ acylated ghrelin (β=-8.1, SE=1.1, p<0.001) and Δ acylated ghrelin iAUC (β=-698, SE=69, p<0.001) and Δ lactate had a negative correlation with both outcomes (rm=-0.41, p<0.001; and rm=-0.59, p<0.001).CONCLUSIONSOverall, this study suggests that exercise-induced lactate accumulation significantly affects Δ acylated ghrelin and acylated ghrelin iAUC and is negatively associated, suggesting greater exercise-induced lactate accumulation would be associated with the suppression of ghrelin.
{"title":"Is Exercise-Induced Lactate Accumulation Associated with Changes in Acylated Ghrelin? A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis.","authors":"Seth F McCarthy,Jessica A L Tucker,Tom J Hazell","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003921","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONLactate has been proposed to suppress the release and activation of the orexigenic peptide acylated ghrelin, though no study has synthesized available evidence from acute exercise trials.PURPOSETo determine if exercise-induced lactate accumulation predicts and/or is associated with changes in acylated ghrelin.METHODSA systematic search strategy was developed and conducted in four databases for studies exploring changes in acylated ghrelin and lactate during acute exercise interventions. Using Covidence, studies were identified and included if participants were between the ages of 18 and 65 y, healthy (absence of medical condition or disease), conducted an acute exercise trial, and measured both acylated ghrelin and lactate pre- and post-exercise. Corresponding authors of eligible studies were contacted for individual data and linear mixed-effect models were fitted and repeated measures correlations were conducted to determine if change in (Δ) lactate predicts and/or was associated with Δ acylated ghrelin and acylated ghrelin incremental area under the curve (iAUC).RESULTSTwelve data sets (169 participants) were included in the Δ acylated ghrelin analysis and nine data sets (105 participants) were included in the acylated ghrelin iAUC analysis. There was a significant effect of Δ lactate for both Δ acylated ghrelin (β=-8.1, SE=1.1, p<0.001) and Δ acylated ghrelin iAUC (β=-698, SE=69, p<0.001) and Δ lactate had a negative correlation with both outcomes (rm=-0.41, p<0.001; and rm=-0.59, p<0.001).CONCLUSIONSOverall, this study suggests that exercise-induced lactate accumulation significantly affects Δ acylated ghrelin and acylated ghrelin iAUC and is negatively associated, suggesting greater exercise-induced lactate accumulation would be associated with the suppression of ghrelin.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PURPOSEIdentify distinct MVPA trajectories between 2 and 12 months post-ACLR and compare tibiofemoral articular cartilage composition changes as well as patient reported outcomes (PROs) between trajectory groups.METHODSDevice-measured MVPA was collected at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months post-ACLR in individuals with ACLR. MVPA trajectories were identified using grouped-based trajectory modeling. Cartilage composition was measured preoperatively (preop) and at 12 months post-ACLR using change in T1ρ (ΔT1ρ) magnetic resonance imaging relaxation times in the lateral (LFC, LT) and medial (MFC, MT) femoral and tibial compartment. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (KOOS) was used to assess PROs at preop, 2, 4, 6, and 12 months post-ACLR. Differences in KOOS subscale scores and ΔT1ρ were compared between MVPA trajectory groups.RESULTSWe identified a consistent MVPA (74.5% of cohort) and high-increasing MVPA trajectory (25.5%). The high-increasing trajectory group engaged in more MVPA at all timepoints compared to the consistent group. The high-increasing trajectory group demonstrated greater ΔT1ρ in the LFC (i.e., deleterious changes in cartilage composition, p=0.006) and higher KOOS sport compared to the consistent MVPA group (p=0.037).CONCLUSIONSIndividuals between 2 and 12 months post-ACLR most commonly engage in the consistent MVPA trajectory. The high-increasing MVPA trajectory group demonstrated worsening LFC cartilage composition. These data indicate that high MVPA in the first 12 months post-ACLR may be linked to deleterious knee tissue changes but not worse PROs.
{"title":"Physical Activity Trajectories in the First Year Following ACL Reconstruction and Links to Early Markers of Osteoarthritis Development.","authors":"Christin Büttner,Louise Thoma,Caroline Lisee,Hyunwook Lee,Liubov Arbeeva,Natália Favoreto,Jeffrey Spang,Xiaojuan Li,Brian Pietrosimone","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003926","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEIdentify distinct MVPA trajectories between 2 and 12 months post-ACLR and compare tibiofemoral articular cartilage composition changes as well as patient reported outcomes (PROs) between trajectory groups.METHODSDevice-measured MVPA was collected at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months post-ACLR in individuals with ACLR. MVPA trajectories were identified using grouped-based trajectory modeling. Cartilage composition was measured preoperatively (preop) and at 12 months post-ACLR using change in T1ρ (ΔT1ρ) magnetic resonance imaging relaxation times in the lateral (LFC, LT) and medial (MFC, MT) femoral and tibial compartment. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (KOOS) was used to assess PROs at preop, 2, 4, 6, and 12 months post-ACLR. Differences in KOOS subscale scores and ΔT1ρ were compared between MVPA trajectory groups.RESULTSWe identified a consistent MVPA (74.5% of cohort) and high-increasing MVPA trajectory (25.5%). The high-increasing trajectory group engaged in more MVPA at all timepoints compared to the consistent group. The high-increasing trajectory group demonstrated greater ΔT1ρ in the LFC (i.e., deleterious changes in cartilage composition, p=0.006) and higher KOOS sport compared to the consistent MVPA group (p=0.037).CONCLUSIONSIndividuals between 2 and 12 months post-ACLR most commonly engage in the consistent MVPA trajectory. The high-increasing MVPA trajectory group demonstrated worsening LFC cartilage composition. These data indicate that high MVPA in the first 12 months post-ACLR may be linked to deleterious knee tissue changes but not worse PROs.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"152 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003917
Daniel Bok,Emma Turk,Jere Gulin,Marija Rakovac,Carl Foster
PURPOSEThe aims of the study were to (a) investigate the prescriptive validity of Borg's category-ratio 10 (CR-10) rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for high-intensity interval training (HIIT) using the criterion of accumulated time ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max); (b) determine the optimal RPE category for HIIT prescription and (c) analyze the physiological responses to RPE-prescribed HIIT sessions.METHODSSeventeen (12 male) current and former physical education students (age: 24.2 ± 5 years, height: 181.3 ± 7.3, weight: 77.5 ± 12.2 kg; % body fat: 14.3 ± 4.3%) volunteered to participate in the study. Within four visits, separated by at least 48 hours, the participants performed a maximal incremental exercise test and three HIIT sessions. The HIIT sessions included three 3-minute intervals prescribed at RPE 6, 7 or 8 interspersed with 2-minute passive rest.RESULTSTime ≥90% VO2max and ≥90% maximal heart rate (HRmax) as well as mean and peak running speed (v), HR, VO2, respiratory frequency (ƒR), peak minute ventilation (VE), and blood lactate [La] were all significantly lower in HIITRPE6 compared to HIITRPE7 and HIITRPE8, while there were no significant differences between HIITRPE7 and HIITRPE8. Mean VE was significantly different between all three HIIT sessions indicating the validity of RPE for HIIT prescription.CONCLUSIONSRPE can be used to effectively prescribe long format HIIT sessions. RPE 7 appears to be an optimal prescription category as HIITRPE7 elicited similar cardiovascular and metabolic responses to HIITRPE8 but with lower ventilatory stress. VE appeared to be the main perceptual cue for the regulation of running speed, while VO2 was mainly governed by the dynamic of running speed adjustments during HIIT intervals.
{"title":"Rating Of Perceived Exertion as Prescription Tool to Maximize Oxygen Uptake Response During High-Intensity Interval Training.","authors":"Daniel Bok,Emma Turk,Jere Gulin,Marija Rakovac,Carl Foster","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003917","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEThe aims of the study were to (a) investigate the prescriptive validity of Borg's category-ratio 10 (CR-10) rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale for high-intensity interval training (HIIT) using the criterion of accumulated time ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max); (b) determine the optimal RPE category for HIIT prescription and (c) analyze the physiological responses to RPE-prescribed HIIT sessions.METHODSSeventeen (12 male) current and former physical education students (age: 24.2 ± 5 years, height: 181.3 ± 7.3, weight: 77.5 ± 12.2 kg; % body fat: 14.3 ± 4.3%) volunteered to participate in the study. Within four visits, separated by at least 48 hours, the participants performed a maximal incremental exercise test and three HIIT sessions. The HIIT sessions included three 3-minute intervals prescribed at RPE 6, 7 or 8 interspersed with 2-minute passive rest.RESULTSTime ≥90% VO2max and ≥90% maximal heart rate (HRmax) as well as mean and peak running speed (v), HR, VO2, respiratory frequency (ƒR), peak minute ventilation (VE), and blood lactate [La] were all significantly lower in HIITRPE6 compared to HIITRPE7 and HIITRPE8, while there were no significant differences between HIITRPE7 and HIITRPE8. Mean VE was significantly different between all three HIIT sessions indicating the validity of RPE for HIIT prescription.CONCLUSIONSRPE can be used to effectively prescribe long format HIIT sessions. RPE 7 appears to be an optimal prescription category as HIITRPE7 elicited similar cardiovascular and metabolic responses to HIITRPE8 but with lower ventilatory stress. VE appeared to be the main perceptual cue for the regulation of running speed, while VO2 was mainly governed by the dynamic of running speed adjustments during HIIT intervals.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003923
Arianne Imbeault,Julien Morizot,Linda S Pagani
PURPOSEMany youngsters have unhealthy lifestyle. This raises risks of emotional distress (i.e. depressive and anxiety symptoms). Conversely, those with emotional distress are also at risk of having an unhealthy lifestyle. We aim to examine the association between emotional distress and lifestyle in children.METHODSData were from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development which was collected in Quebec province, Canada. Lifestyle and emotional distress were assessed by questionnaires completed by mothers, teachers, and children at ages 8 (N = 1451, 52% girls), 10 (N = 1334), and 12 years (N = 1355). Latent profile analysis was used to derive lifestyle profiles. Logistic regression and mean difference analysis were conducted to test the associations between emotional distress and lifestyle profiles.RESULTSAt age 10 years, four profiles were found: (1) healthy (43 %); fair (38 %); inactive (15 %); and sedentary (4 %). Children in the sedentary lifestyle profile had significantly more depressive symptoms at age 12 years compared to the healthy lifestyle profiles (Mean Difference [MD] = -1.618, 95% CI = -2.841, -0.396, p = .009), the fair lifestyle profile (MD = -1.399, 95% CI = -2.629, -0.170, p = .03), and the inactive lifestyle profile (MD = -1.609, 95% CI = -2.966, -0.253, p = .02). Effect sizes were large (respectively d = 1.13, d = 0.97, and d = 1.12).CONCLUSIONSParents and schools should provide more opportunities for extracurricular physical activity from an early age. The study would have benefited from including distinct type of sport and electronic devices instead of aggregated variables to evaluate differential associations with emotional distress.
许多年轻人有不健康的生活方式。这增加了情绪困扰的风险（即抑郁和焦虑症状）。相反，那些有情绪困扰的人也有不健康生活方式的风险。我们的目的是研究儿童情绪困扰和生活方式之间的关系。方法数据来自加拿大魁北克省的魁北克儿童发展纵向研究。生活方式和情绪困扰通过母亲、教师和8岁（N = 1451, 52%女孩）、10岁（N = 1334）和12岁（N = 1355）儿童填写的问卷进行评估。使用潜在剖面分析得出生活方式剖面。采用Logistic回归和均值差异分析来检验情绪困扰与生活方式之间的关系。结果在10岁时，发现4种类型：(1)健康（43%）；一般（38%）；无活性（15%）；久坐不动（4%）。与健康生活方式组相比，久坐生活方式组的儿童在12岁时明显有更多的抑郁症状（Mean Difference [MD] = -1.618, 95% CI = -2.841, -0.396, p = 0.009）、正常生活方式组（MD = -1.399, 95% CI = -2.629, -0.170, p = 0.03）和不活跃生活方式组（MD = -1.609, 95% CI = -2.966, -0.253, p = 0.02）。效应量较大（分别为d = 1.13、d = 0.97和d = 1.12）。结论家长和学校应尽早为孩子提供课外体育活动的机会。这项研究将受益于纳入不同类型的运动和电子设备，而不是汇总变量来评估与情绪困扰的不同关联。
{"title":"A Natural Experiment of Childhood Lifestyle on Emotional Distress Outcomes Using a Birth Cohort of Typically Developing Children.","authors":"Arianne Imbeault,Julien Morizot,Linda S Pagani","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003923","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEMany youngsters have unhealthy lifestyle. This raises risks of emotional distress (i.e. depressive and anxiety symptoms). Conversely, those with emotional distress are also at risk of having an unhealthy lifestyle. We aim to examine the association between emotional distress and lifestyle in children.METHODSData were from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development which was collected in Quebec province, Canada. Lifestyle and emotional distress were assessed by questionnaires completed by mothers, teachers, and children at ages 8 (N = 1451, 52% girls), 10 (N = 1334), and 12 years (N = 1355). Latent profile analysis was used to derive lifestyle profiles. Logistic regression and mean difference analysis were conducted to test the associations between emotional distress and lifestyle profiles.RESULTSAt age 10 years, four profiles were found: (1) healthy (43 %); fair (38 %); inactive (15 %); and sedentary (4 %). Children in the sedentary lifestyle profile had significantly more depressive symptoms at age 12 years compared to the healthy lifestyle profiles (Mean Difference [MD] = -1.618, 95% CI = -2.841, -0.396, p = .009), the fair lifestyle profile (MD = -1.399, 95% CI = -2.629, -0.170, p = .03), and the inactive lifestyle profile (MD = -1.609, 95% CI = -2.966, -0.253, p = .02). Effect sizes were large (respectively d = 1.13, d = 0.97, and d = 1.12).CONCLUSIONSParents and schools should provide more opportunities for extracurricular physical activity from an early age. The study would have benefited from including distinct type of sport and electronic devices instead of aggregated variables to evaluate differential associations with emotional distress.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003911
Xinyue Zhang,Jiawei Zhao,BinBin Zhao,Li Xin
PURPOSEPhysical activity (PA) has been linked to better cognitive ability (CA), but the bidirectionality of this association and the role of activity intensity remain unclear. We aimed to examine bidirectional longitudinal associations between PA and CA across three national cohorts.METHODSWe used harmonized data from three population-based aging studies: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS), and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Participants aged ≥50 years with three waves of data were included (n = 15,120). PA was categorized by intensity (light, moderate, vigorous) and self-reported at baseline and follow-up. CA was assessed via composite scores of memory, orientation, and numeracy. We applied linear mixed-effects models to estimate longitudinal bidirectional associations between PA (PA intensity) and CA, adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related covariates.RESULTSIn ELSA cohort, we observed modest but statistically significant bidirectional associations between PA and CA. In CHARLS cohort, the CA-PA association attenuated to non-significance after adjusting for chronic conditions, while the HRS cohort showed similar patterns to CHARLS. Notably, Moderate-intensity PA showed the most consistent longitudinal associations with subsequent cognitive outcomes across all cohorts (β = 0.024, p = 0.001). Evidence for reverse association was also observed across all cohorts (β = 0.016, p = 0.017). No systematic moderation by gender or baseline age was detected. Results were broadly comparable across cohorts, despite differences in measurement and cultural context.CONCLUSIONSRegular moderate-intensity PA may support cognitive health in later life, and cognitive function may in turn influence ongoing engagement in MPA. These findings underscore the value of reciprocal benefits of moderate-intensity PA as cognitive health strategies in aging populations.
体育活动（PA）与更好的认知能力（CA）有关，但这种关联的双向性和活动强度的作用尚不清楚。我们的目的是在三个国家队列中检查PA和CA之间的双向纵向关联。方法我们使用了三个基于人口的老龄化研究的统一数据：英国老龄化纵向研究（ELSA）、美国健康与退休研究（HRS）和中国健康与退休纵向研究（CHARLS）。纳入年龄≥50岁的三波数据参与者（n = 15,120）。PA按强度（轻度、中度、剧烈）和基线和随访时的自我报告进行分类。CA通过记忆、取向和计算能力的综合得分来评估。我们应用线性混合效应模型来估计PA （PA强度）和CA之间的纵向双向关联，并调整了社会人口统计学和健康相关协变量。结果在ELSA队列中，我们观察到PA和CA之间存在适度但有统计学意义的双向关联。在CHARLS队列中，经过慢性疾病调整后，CA-PA关联减弱至不显著，而HRS队列显示出与CHARLS相似的模式。值得注意的是，在所有队列中，中等强度PA与随后的认知结果表现出最一致的纵向关联（β = 0.024, p = 0.001）。在所有队列中也观察到反向关联的证据（β = 0.016, p = 0.017）。没有发现性别或基线年龄的系统性调节。尽管在测量和文化背景上存在差异，但结果在队列之间具有广泛的可比性。结论有规律的中等强度PA可能支持老年认知健康，认知功能可能反过来影响持续的MPA参与。这些发现强调了中等强度PA作为老年人认知健康策略的互惠效益的价值。
{"title":"Longitudinal Bidirectional Associations Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Ability in Older Adults Across the UK, US, and China.","authors":"Xinyue Zhang,Jiawei Zhao,BinBin Zhao,Li Xin","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003911","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEPhysical activity (PA) has been linked to better cognitive ability (CA), but the bidirectionality of this association and the role of activity intensity remain unclear. We aimed to examine bidirectional longitudinal associations between PA and CA across three national cohorts.METHODSWe used harmonized data from three population-based aging studies: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS), and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Participants aged ≥50 years with three waves of data were included (n = 15,120). PA was categorized by intensity (light, moderate, vigorous) and self-reported at baseline and follow-up. CA was assessed via composite scores of memory, orientation, and numeracy. We applied linear mixed-effects models to estimate longitudinal bidirectional associations between PA (PA intensity) and CA, adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related covariates.RESULTSIn ELSA cohort, we observed modest but statistically significant bidirectional associations between PA and CA. In CHARLS cohort, the CA-PA association attenuated to non-significance after adjusting for chronic conditions, while the HRS cohort showed similar patterns to CHARLS. Notably, Moderate-intensity PA showed the most consistent longitudinal associations with subsequent cognitive outcomes across all cohorts (β = 0.024, p = 0.001). Evidence for reverse association was also observed across all cohorts (β = 0.016, p = 0.017). No systematic moderation by gender or baseline age was detected. Results were broadly comparable across cohorts, despite differences in measurement and cultural context.CONCLUSIONSRegular moderate-intensity PA may support cognitive health in later life, and cognitive function may in turn influence ongoing engagement in MPA. These findings underscore the value of reciprocal benefits of moderate-intensity PA as cognitive health strategies in aging populations.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145752656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003912
Ludwig Rappelt,Lars Donath,Tim Wiedenmann,Florian Micke,Sebastian Mühlenhoff,Steffen Held
PURPOSEWith the Olympic rowing distance reduced to 1500 m for 2028, the anaerobic power reserve (APR) framework has been proposed to evaluate anaerobic performance and differentiate physiological profiles. This study investigated performance predictions and athlete profiles using the APR framework and related physical performance measures.METHODSThirty-one female (simulated 2000-m performance (P2k) = 285.1 ± 36.0 W) and 63 male (P2k = 422.8 ± 62.2 W) (sub-)elite German rowers completed tests for maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), maximal lactate accumulation rate (cLamax), peak power output (PPO), power at V̇O2max (MAP), at 2 mmol·L⁻¹ (P2) and 4 mmol·L⁻¹ blood lactate (P4), and P2k. Backward stepwise regression models were used to predict P2k and models performance was evaluated via a k-fold cross-validation approach. Commonality analyses and LGM metrics were used to assess predictor contribution, while k-means clustering based on the power reserve ratio (PRR = PPOꞏMAP -1) were used to identify athlete subgroups.RESULTSFor P2k prediction, P4, PPO, and V̇O2max in females (average results from k-fold cross-validation: R 2 = 0.90, RMSE = 9.3 W, MAE = 6.3 W), and P4, MAP, and PPO in males (R 2 = 0.93, RMSE = 16.2 W, MAE = 12.6 W) showed excellent model fits. Commonality analyses revealed ~90% shared variance contributions among predictors. K-means clustering identified sprint-type (females: PRR ≥1.52; males: PRR ≥1.66) and endurance-type rowers (females: PRR ≤1.43; males: PRR ≤1.62) along the PRR continuum.CONCLUSIONSKey predictors for P2k highlight the interplay between the aerobic and anaerobic systems. Moreover, the distinct sprint- and endurance-type clusters emphasize the physiological diversity among rowers, even among athletes with similar performance outcomes. Longitudinal PRR assessments may support talent identification and tailored training strategies.
{"title":"Performance Prediction and Athlete categorization using the Anaerobic Power Reserve Framework in Rowing.","authors":"Ludwig Rappelt,Lars Donath,Tim Wiedenmann,Florian Micke,Sebastian Mühlenhoff,Steffen Held","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003912","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEWith the Olympic rowing distance reduced to 1500 m for 2028, the anaerobic power reserve (APR) framework has been proposed to evaluate anaerobic performance and differentiate physiological profiles. This study investigated performance predictions and athlete profiles using the APR framework and related physical performance measures.METHODSThirty-one female (simulated 2000-m performance (P2k) = 285.1 ± 36.0 W) and 63 male (P2k = 422.8 ± 62.2 W) (sub-)elite German rowers completed tests for maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), maximal lactate accumulation rate (cLamax), peak power output (PPO), power at V̇O2max (MAP), at 2 mmol·L⁻¹ (P2) and 4 mmol·L⁻¹ blood lactate (P4), and P2k. Backward stepwise regression models were used to predict P2k and models performance was evaluated via a k-fold cross-validation approach. Commonality analyses and LGM metrics were used to assess predictor contribution, while k-means clustering based on the power reserve ratio (PRR = PPOꞏMAP -1) were used to identify athlete subgroups.RESULTSFor P2k prediction, P4, PPO, and V̇O2max in females (average results from k-fold cross-validation: R 2 = 0.90, RMSE = 9.3 W, MAE = 6.3 W), and P4, MAP, and PPO in males (R 2 = 0.93, RMSE = 16.2 W, MAE = 12.6 W) showed excellent model fits. Commonality analyses revealed ~90% shared variance contributions among predictors. K-means clustering identified sprint-type (females: PRR ≥1.52; males: PRR ≥1.66) and endurance-type rowers (females: PRR ≤1.43; males: PRR ≤1.62) along the PRR continuum.CONCLUSIONSKey predictors for P2k highlight the interplay between the aerobic and anaerobic systems. Moreover, the distinct sprint- and endurance-type clusters emphasize the physiological diversity among rowers, even among athletes with similar performance outcomes. Longitudinal PRR assessments may support talent identification and tailored training strategies.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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