Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003893
Jennifer A Perry,Jamie M Kronenberg,Staci M Thomas,Mark V Paterno,Robert A Siston,Laura C Schmitt
INTRODUCTIONYoung, active individuals who undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) after an ACL injury often experience suboptimal outcomes, including high risk of second ACL injury. Coupling angle variability has been used previously to investigate the interactions between joints and their relative coordination, but it has not yet been used to investigate future risk of subsequent ACL injury during dynamic tasks post-ACLR. As such, the purpose of this work was to examine the relationship between coordination variability and second ACL injury outcomes in young athletes after primary ACLR along with uninjured controls.METHODSThis work represents a secondary analysis from a larger parent study that included motion capture data at the time of return to sport (RTS) and second ACL injury incidences over a two-year period after RTS in young athletes post-ACLR. We utilized kinematic data during landing to calculate coordination variability with a modified vector coding technique. For this analysis, coordination variability during the landing phase of a single leg landing task was compared among three groups: uninjured control participants (CTRL), participants with ACLR that did not sustain a subsequent second ACL injury (ACL1), and participants with ACLR that sustained a second ACL injury (ACL2).RESULTSOn the uninvolved limb, CTRL demonstrated lower coordination variability compared to ACL1 and ACL2. On the involved limb, CTRL demonstrated the lowest coordination variability and ACL2 demonstrated the highest coordination variability of the three groups.CONCLUSIONSThe higher coordination variability seen in the ACLR groups suggests lower consistency of movement strategies. Additional research is needed to further investigate how coordination variability may impact subsequent injury risk after primary ACLR.
{"title":"Single Leg Landing Coordination Variability and Second Injury in Young Athletes After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.","authors":"Jennifer A Perry,Jamie M Kronenberg,Staci M Thomas,Mark V Paterno,Robert A Siston,Laura C Schmitt","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003893","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONYoung, active individuals who undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) after an ACL injury often experience suboptimal outcomes, including high risk of second ACL injury. Coupling angle variability has been used previously to investigate the interactions between joints and their relative coordination, but it has not yet been used to investigate future risk of subsequent ACL injury during dynamic tasks post-ACLR. As such, the purpose of this work was to examine the relationship between coordination variability and second ACL injury outcomes in young athletes after primary ACLR along with uninjured controls.METHODSThis work represents a secondary analysis from a larger parent study that included motion capture data at the time of return to sport (RTS) and second ACL injury incidences over a two-year period after RTS in young athletes post-ACLR. We utilized kinematic data during landing to calculate coordination variability with a modified vector coding technique. For this analysis, coordination variability during the landing phase of a single leg landing task was compared among three groups: uninjured control participants (CTRL), participants with ACLR that did not sustain a subsequent second ACL injury (ACL1), and participants with ACLR that sustained a second ACL injury (ACL2).RESULTSOn the uninvolved limb, CTRL demonstrated lower coordination variability compared to ACL1 and ACL2. On the involved limb, CTRL demonstrated the lowest coordination variability and ACL2 demonstrated the highest coordination variability of the three groups.CONCLUSIONSThe higher coordination variability seen in the ACLR groups suggests lower consistency of movement strategies. Additional research is needed to further investigate how coordination variability may impact subsequent injury risk after primary ACLR.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003914
Zhilun Zhou,Brian D Schmit,Matthew J Durand,Sandra K Hunter,Allison S Hyngstrom
PURPOSEFemales have worse motor-related functional outcomes than males post stroke. However, it is unclear whether stroke affects motor performance such as neuromuscular fatigability differently between sexes. This study determined sex differences in the impact of stroke on fatigability.METHODSForty-one chronic stroke survivors (23 female, ≥6 months post stroke) and 23 age-matched neurotypical controls (12 female) performed a sustained submaximal (30% of maximum) isometric knee extension contraction with paretic or dominant leg, respectively. Task duration was used to quantify fatigability. Potentiated twitch (Qtw) and surface electromyography (EMG) were assessed to quantify muscle contractile properties and neuromuscular activation, respectively. Separate two-way ANOVAs were performed to determine main and interaction effects of group and sex on fatigability and neuromuscular measurements. Separate Pearson correlations were performed to explore associations between fatigability and neuromuscular measurements.RESULTSThere was an interaction effect of group and sex on task duration where female stroke survivors had a shorter task duration than neurotypical females (254 ± 121 vs. 445 ± 228 s, p < 0.001) whereas this difference was not observed between male stroke survivors (248 ± 132 s) and neurotypical males (260 ± 72 s, p = 0.628). Also, neurotypical females had a longer task duration than neurotypical males (p = 0.009); however, there were no differences in task duration between male and female stroke survivors (p = 0.839). Stroke survivors had a shorter task duration than neurotypical controls (251 ± 124 vs. 356 ± 193 s, p = 0.008). Males had a shorter task duration than females (253 ± 112 vs. 319 ± 186 s, p = 0.027). Stroke survivors had less of a change in Qtw (35 ± 16 vs. 51 ± 13% reduction, p < 0.001) and EMG (35 ± 28 vs. 98 ± 41% increase, p < 0.001) than neurotypical controls during exercise. Females had less of a change in Qtw (36 ± 14 vs. 46 ± 18% reduction, p = 0.020) and EMG (47 ± 39 vs. 67 ± 49% increase, p = 0.021) than males during exercise. Within the stroke survivor group, a shorter task duration was associated with less Qtw reduction for female stroke survivors (r = 0.656, p = 0.001), but a shorter task duration was associated with greater Qtw reduction for male stroke survivors (r = -0.519, p = 0.039).CONCLUSIONSStroke increased fatigability in females but not males during sustained submaximal isometric knee extension exercise. This sex-specific impact of stroke on fatigability is likely due to central versus peripheral mechanisms.
{"title":"Stroke Increases Neuromuscular Fatigability in Females but not Males During Isometric Exercise.","authors":"Zhilun Zhou,Brian D Schmit,Matthew J Durand,Sandra K Hunter,Allison S Hyngstrom","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003914","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEFemales have worse motor-related functional outcomes than males post stroke. However, it is unclear whether stroke affects motor performance such as neuromuscular fatigability differently between sexes. This study determined sex differences in the impact of stroke on fatigability.METHODSForty-one chronic stroke survivors (23 female, ≥6 months post stroke) and 23 age-matched neurotypical controls (12 female) performed a sustained submaximal (30% of maximum) isometric knee extension contraction with paretic or dominant leg, respectively. Task duration was used to quantify fatigability. Potentiated twitch (Qtw) and surface electromyography (EMG) were assessed to quantify muscle contractile properties and neuromuscular activation, respectively. Separate two-way ANOVAs were performed to determine main and interaction effects of group and sex on fatigability and neuromuscular measurements. Separate Pearson correlations were performed to explore associations between fatigability and neuromuscular measurements.RESULTSThere was an interaction effect of group and sex on task duration where female stroke survivors had a shorter task duration than neurotypical females (254 ± 121 vs. 445 ± 228 s, p < 0.001) whereas this difference was not observed between male stroke survivors (248 ± 132 s) and neurotypical males (260 ± 72 s, p = 0.628). Also, neurotypical females had a longer task duration than neurotypical males (p = 0.009); however, there were no differences in task duration between male and female stroke survivors (p = 0.839). Stroke survivors had a shorter task duration than neurotypical controls (251 ± 124 vs. 356 ± 193 s, p = 0.008). Males had a shorter task duration than females (253 ± 112 vs. 319 ± 186 s, p = 0.027). Stroke survivors had less of a change in Qtw (35 ± 16 vs. 51 ± 13% reduction, p < 0.001) and EMG (35 ± 28 vs. 98 ± 41% increase, p < 0.001) than neurotypical controls during exercise. Females had less of a change in Qtw (36 ± 14 vs. 46 ± 18% reduction, p = 0.020) and EMG (47 ± 39 vs. 67 ± 49% increase, p = 0.021) than males during exercise. Within the stroke survivor group, a shorter task duration was associated with less Qtw reduction for female stroke survivors (r = 0.656, p = 0.001), but a shorter task duration was associated with greater Qtw reduction for male stroke survivors (r = -0.519, p = 0.039).CONCLUSIONSStroke increased fatigability in females but not males during sustained submaximal isometric knee extension exercise. This sex-specific impact of stroke on fatigability is likely due to central versus peripheral mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTIONOlder adults with type 2 diabetes face increased risks of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Aquatic exercise offers a joint-friendly alternative in this population. However, the influence of water temperature on exercise outcomes remains unclear.PURPOSEThis study compared the effects of warm-water versus cold-water aerobic exercise on physical fitness, glycemic control, and vascular function in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.METHODSThirty-two sedentary older adults (aged 60-75) with type 2 diabetes were randomized into warm-water (36°C; n=16) or cold-water (20°C; n=16) cycling exercise groups, training three times per week for 12 weeks.RESULTSFifteen participants in the warm-water group and twelve in the cold-water group completed the study. Both groups demonstrated improvements in peak aerobic fitness, HbA1c, lipid profiles, pulse wave velocity, flow-mediated dilation, and skin microvascular function (p<0.05). Warm-water exercise produced greater improvements in all indices of foot microvascular reactivity than the cold water group. Warm water training additionally improved isometric leg strength, trunk flexibility, plasma nitric oxide, and reduced oxidative stress (p<0.05), while cold-water exercise led to reductions in blood pressure (p<0.05).CONCLUSIONBoth warm- and cold-water aerobic exercise effectively improved both macro- and micro-vascular function and metabolic health in older adults with type 2 diabetes. However, warm-water exercise conferred extra benefits in muscle strength, flexibility, and oxidative stress, while cold water exercise reduced blood pressure.
{"title":"Aquatic Exercise Training in Warm vs. Cold Water in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Daroonwan Suksom,Saowaluck Suntraluck,Siraprapa Panthong,Hirofumi Tanaka","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003910","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONOlder adults with type 2 diabetes face increased risks of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Aquatic exercise offers a joint-friendly alternative in this population. However, the influence of water temperature on exercise outcomes remains unclear.PURPOSEThis study compared the effects of warm-water versus cold-water aerobic exercise on physical fitness, glycemic control, and vascular function in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.METHODSThirty-two sedentary older adults (aged 60-75) with type 2 diabetes were randomized into warm-water (36°C; n=16) or cold-water (20°C; n=16) cycling exercise groups, training three times per week for 12 weeks.RESULTSFifteen participants in the warm-water group and twelve in the cold-water group completed the study. Both groups demonstrated improvements in peak aerobic fitness, HbA1c, lipid profiles, pulse wave velocity, flow-mediated dilation, and skin microvascular function (p<0.05). Warm-water exercise produced greater improvements in all indices of foot microvascular reactivity than the cold water group. Warm water training additionally improved isometric leg strength, trunk flexibility, plasma nitric oxide, and reduced oxidative stress (p<0.05), while cold-water exercise led to reductions in blood pressure (p<0.05).CONCLUSIONBoth warm- and cold-water aerobic exercise effectively improved both macro- and micro-vascular function and metabolic health in older adults with type 2 diabetes. However, warm-water exercise conferred extra benefits in muscle strength, flexibility, and oxidative stress, while cold water exercise reduced blood pressure.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTIONIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease characterized by exertional dyspnea, desaturation, and exercise intolerance. Desaturation may contribute to cerebral hypoxia during exercise, and in turn, to exercise intolerance. Although pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has been shown to improve functional capacity and symptom management, it remains unclear whether these benefits are partially mediated by improved brain oxygenation.PURPOSETo evaluate whether a 12-month PR program enhances cerebral oxygenation during exercise in patients with IPF. Secondary outcomes included exercise capacity, cognitive function, depression/anxiety, and physical activity levels.METHODSSixteen patients with IPF (68.7± 6.4 years), on antifibrotic therapy, completed a 12-month supervised PR intervention involving aerobic, resistance, flexibility, and breathing exercises. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included spirometry, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), cerebral oxygenation via near-infrared-spectroscopy (NIRS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Hospital Anxiety/Depression Scale (HADS), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).RESULTSFollowing the PR intervention, cerebral oxygenated-hemoglobin (O₂Hbmean-response) during exercise was higher (p=0.04) compared to pre-PR exercise testing. Isowork O2Hb responses (at 50% and 75% of pre-PR peak workload) were significantly elevated (p=0.006). The PR-intervention resulted in improved VO₂peak (p=0.01), CPET duration and peak workload (p=0.02). HADS anxiety/depression scores decreased (p=0.01; p<0.001); the MMSE was not significantly changed (p=0.054). Physical activity levels increased from "low" to "moderate" (p<0.001). Training-induced cerebral oxygenation improvements were significantly correlated with improvements in exercise capacity (VO₂peak% predicted, r=0.54, p=0.03; Workloadpeak r=0.54, p=0.03) and mMRC. (r=0.63, p=0.01).CONCLUSIONSA 12-month PR program enhanced cerebral oxygenation during exercise, improved exercise capacity, physical activity levels, and psychological well-being of IPF patients. Importantly, our findings suggest a potential association between improved cerebral oxygenation and enhanced exercise capacity in IPF.
{"title":"Long-Term Pulmonary Rehabilitation Enhances Cerebral Oxygenation, Functional Capacity, and Psychological Health in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.","authors":"S Kritikou,A Zafeiridis,A Markopoulou,A Boutou,A Zacharias,C Rampiadou,G Kounti,I Gkalgouranas,L Kastritseas,D Chloros,I Stanopoulos,G Pitsiou,K Dipla","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003898","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease characterized by exertional dyspnea, desaturation, and exercise intolerance. Desaturation may contribute to cerebral hypoxia during exercise, and in turn, to exercise intolerance. Although pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has been shown to improve functional capacity and symptom management, it remains unclear whether these benefits are partially mediated by improved brain oxygenation.PURPOSETo evaluate whether a 12-month PR program enhances cerebral oxygenation during exercise in patients with IPF. Secondary outcomes included exercise capacity, cognitive function, depression/anxiety, and physical activity levels.METHODSSixteen patients with IPF (68.7± 6.4 years), on antifibrotic therapy, completed a 12-month supervised PR intervention involving aerobic, resistance, flexibility, and breathing exercises. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included spirometry, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), cerebral oxygenation via near-infrared-spectroscopy (NIRS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Hospital Anxiety/Depression Scale (HADS), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).RESULTSFollowing the PR intervention, cerebral oxygenated-hemoglobin (O₂Hbmean-response) during exercise was higher (p=0.04) compared to pre-PR exercise testing. Isowork O2Hb responses (at 50% and 75% of pre-PR peak workload) were significantly elevated (p=0.006). The PR-intervention resulted in improved VO₂peak (p=0.01), CPET duration and peak workload (p=0.02). HADS anxiety/depression scores decreased (p=0.01; p<0.001); the MMSE was not significantly changed (p=0.054). Physical activity levels increased from \"low\" to \"moderate\" (p<0.001). Training-induced cerebral oxygenation improvements were significantly correlated with improvements in exercise capacity (VO₂peak% predicted, r=0.54, p=0.03; Workloadpeak r=0.54, p=0.03) and mMRC. (r=0.63, p=0.01).CONCLUSIONSA 12-month PR program enhanced cerebral oxygenation during exercise, improved exercise capacity, physical activity levels, and psychological well-being of IPF patients. Importantly, our findings suggest a potential association between improved cerebral oxygenation and enhanced exercise capacity in IPF.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUNDWe have previously shown that critical power (CP) is a key threshold determining the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension (PEH), however, whether this finding depended upon 1) the attainment of task failure or 2) could be augmented by increasing exercise duration above CP remained unclear.PURPOSETo determine 1) whether a similar magnitude of PEH would occur following exhaustive heavy versus supra-CP exercise, and 2) whether the magnitude of PEH depended upon exercise duration above CP.METHODSEighteen healthy participants (14 males and 4 females) performed three criterion trials involving exercise performed to task failure at power outputs that elicited exhaustion in either 6 minutes (WR6), 12 minutes (WR12), or at a heavy intensity (50%ΔGET-CP, halfway between the gas exchange threshold and CP) and all were followed by 60 minutes of seated recovery. Results: Although time to exhaustion was greatest in 50%ΔGET-CP (2606 ± 732 s) versus WR12 (790 ± 67 s) and WR6 (397 ± 42 s, P< 0.001), the magnitude of PEH, as indicated by the change in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) from baseline (WR6 vs 50%ΔGET-CP: -12.9 ± 3.3 mmHg vs -9.4 ± 3.6 mmHg; WR12 vs 50%ΔGET-CP: -12.8 ± 3.7 mmHg vs -9.4 ± 3.6 mmHg, main effect P<0.01) was greater in WR6 and WR12 than 50%ΔGET-CP (all P<0.05). However, the changes in MAP were not different between WR6 and WR12 (P=0.90).CONCLUSIONSThese findings reinforce the notion that critical power is a key threshold determining the magnitude of PEH. Specifically, the magnitude of PEH following exhaustive supra-CP exercise remained greater than heavy exercise when the heavy bout was performed to task failure.
我们之前已经表明，临界功率（CP）是决定运动后低血压（PEH）程度的关键阈值，然而，这一发现是否取决于1)任务失败的实现或2)可以通过增加超过CP的运动时间来增强，目前尚不清楚。目的：确定1)穷尽剧烈运动和超剧烈运动是否会发生类似程度的PEH，以及2)PEH的严重程度是否取决于超过cp的运动时间。方法18名健康参与者（14名男性和4名女性）进行了三项标准试验，包括在6分钟（WR6）、12分钟（WR12）或高强度(50%ΔGET-CP，在气体交换阈值和CP的中间位置)，然后进行60分钟的静坐恢复。结果:虽然时间疲惫是最大的在50%ΔGET-CP(2606±732年代)与WR12(790±67年代)和WR6(397±42 s, P < 0.001), PEH的大小,所显示的变化意味着动脉血压(MAP)从基线(WR6 vs 50%ΔGET-CP: -12.9±3.3毫米汞柱vs -9.4±3.6毫米汞柱;WR12 vs 50%ΔGET-CP: -12.8±3.7毫米汞柱vs -9.4±3.6毫米汞柱,主要影响P < 0.01)在WR6和WR12大于50%ΔGET-CP (P < 0.05)。而MAP在WR6和WR12之间变化无显著性差异（P=0.90）。结论这些发现强化了临界功率是决定PEH程度的关键阈值的概念。具体地说，当重度运动导致任务失败时，穷尽性超cp运动后的PEH强度仍然大于重度运动。
{"title":"Exercise above Critical Power Elicits Greater Post-Exercise Hypotension than Heavy Exercise Performed to Task Failure.","authors":"Tze-Huan Lei,Su Jie Bai,Blake Perry,Toby Mündel,Narihiko Kondo,Naoto Fujii,I-Lin Wang,Milan Peng,Richie Goulding","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003915","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDWe have previously shown that critical power (CP) is a key threshold determining the magnitude of post-exercise hypotension (PEH), however, whether this finding depended upon 1) the attainment of task failure or 2) could be augmented by increasing exercise duration above CP remained unclear.PURPOSETo determine 1) whether a similar magnitude of PEH would occur following exhaustive heavy versus supra-CP exercise, and 2) whether the magnitude of PEH depended upon exercise duration above CP.METHODSEighteen healthy participants (14 males and 4 females) performed three criterion trials involving exercise performed to task failure at power outputs that elicited exhaustion in either 6 minutes (WR6), 12 minutes (WR12), or at a heavy intensity (50%ΔGET-CP, halfway between the gas exchange threshold and CP) and all were followed by 60 minutes of seated recovery. Results: Although time to exhaustion was greatest in 50%ΔGET-CP (2606 ± 732 s) versus WR12 (790 ± 67 s) and WR6 (397 ± 42 s, P< 0.001), the magnitude of PEH, as indicated by the change in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) from baseline (WR6 vs 50%ΔGET-CP: -12.9 ± 3.3 mmHg vs -9.4 ± 3.6 mmHg; WR12 vs 50%ΔGET-CP: -12.8 ± 3.7 mmHg vs -9.4 ± 3.6 mmHg, main effect P<0.01) was greater in WR6 and WR12 than 50%ΔGET-CP (all P<0.05). However, the changes in MAP were not different between WR6 and WR12 (P=0.90).CONCLUSIONSThese findings reinforce the notion that critical power is a key threshold determining the magnitude of PEH. Specifically, the magnitude of PEH following exhaustive supra-CP exercise remained greater than heavy exercise when the heavy bout was performed to task failure.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003913
Damla N Costa,Michael D Jensen
BACKGROUNDWhether there are sex- and obesity-differences in fat oxidation and free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization during low intensity exercise is unclear.METHODSWe studied 21 (9 females) participants without and 24 (16 females) with obesity during 5 hours of treadmill walking (~2 mph). We measured energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation (indirect calorimetry) and FFA-palmitate kinetics and oxidation with isotopic palmitate infusions ([U- 13C]palmitate, and [1- 14C]palmitate or [9,10- 3H]palmitate). Skeletal muscle samples were collected at 1.5 and 5 hours of exercise and 24 hours after exercise. We calculated fatty acid (FA) oxidation, palmitate rate of disappearance (Rd), and intramyocellular triglyceride (imTG)-derived palmitate fractions during exercise.RESULTSAt rest, EE was 1.24 ± 0.23 kcal/min, with FA oxidation contributing 49 ± 13% of total EE. During exercise, FA oxidation accounted for 73 ± 8% of EE, and was not different between males and females (p = 0.34). Plasma FFA-palmitate concentrations were greater in females than males (p = 0.003), mean palmitate Rd and plasma palmitate clearance were not different (p = 0.32 and 0.14, respectively). Plasma FFA-palmitate Rd was correlated with EE (r = 0.49, p = 0.001), with a proportionally greater Rd response in females (p < 0.001). Although absolute plasma FFA-palmitate oxidation rates were comparable between sexes, the percent contribution of FFA-palmitate oxidation to EE was greater in females (p = 0.001). During exercise, imTG-palmitate fraction amounts remained stable.CONCLUSIONSLipid oxidation during low-intensity exercise is similar in males and females, independent of obesity, although next-day values were greater in participants with normal weight. Energy expenditure correlates with plasma palmitate disappearance rates, but is proportionally greater in females. Contribution of plasma palmitate oxidation is greater in females than in males during low intensity exercise.
{"title":"Effects of Sex and Obesity on Lipid Metabolism During Low Intensity Exercise and Post-Exercise Period.","authors":"Damla N Costa,Michael D Jensen","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003913","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDWhether there are sex- and obesity-differences in fat oxidation and free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization during low intensity exercise is unclear.METHODSWe studied 21 (9 females) participants without and 24 (16 females) with obesity during 5 hours of treadmill walking (~2 mph). We measured energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation (indirect calorimetry) and FFA-palmitate kinetics and oxidation with isotopic palmitate infusions ([U- 13C]palmitate, and [1- 14C]palmitate or [9,10- 3H]palmitate). Skeletal muscle samples were collected at 1.5 and 5 hours of exercise and 24 hours after exercise. We calculated fatty acid (FA) oxidation, palmitate rate of disappearance (Rd), and intramyocellular triglyceride (imTG)-derived palmitate fractions during exercise.RESULTSAt rest, EE was 1.24 ± 0.23 kcal/min, with FA oxidation contributing 49 ± 13% of total EE. During exercise, FA oxidation accounted for 73 ± 8% of EE, and was not different between males and females (p = 0.34). Plasma FFA-palmitate concentrations were greater in females than males (p = 0.003), mean palmitate Rd and plasma palmitate clearance were not different (p = 0.32 and 0.14, respectively). Plasma FFA-palmitate Rd was correlated with EE (r = 0.49, p = 0.001), with a proportionally greater Rd response in females (p < 0.001). Although absolute plasma FFA-palmitate oxidation rates were comparable between sexes, the percent contribution of FFA-palmitate oxidation to EE was greater in females (p = 0.001). During exercise, imTG-palmitate fraction amounts remained stable.CONCLUSIONSLipid oxidation during low-intensity exercise is similar in males and females, independent of obesity, although next-day values were greater in participants with normal weight. Energy expenditure correlates with plasma palmitate disappearance rates, but is proportionally greater in females. Contribution of plasma palmitate oxidation is greater in females than in males during low intensity exercise.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003894
Taewoong Kong,Gyeongeun Lee,Jaehun Lee,Hoon Kim
INTRODUCTIONNordic walking, quasi-quadrupedal walking, provides biomechanical benefits to the lower extremities, such as joint load distribution and increased gait speed compared to normal walking. However, limited evidence exists regarding how the Nordic walking affects knee and ankle joint kinematic coordination. The purpose of this study was to investigate sagittal plane kinematics and coordination patterns of the knee and ankle joints during walking and Nordic walking.METHODSTwelve healthy subjects performed five consecutive strides of both conditions, while capturing time-series joint kinematics with a smartphone-based motion capture system (OpenCap). Knee-ankle coupling angles were computed and categorized into In-/Anti-Phase and proximal/distal dominance. A paired t-test was used to analyze discrete variables, including joint range of motion and the number of coordination phases derived from vector coding. Statistical Parametric Mapping was used to analyze differences in time-series knee and ankle joint angles.RESULTSour results showed that the knee range of motion was significantly smaller in Nordic walking (p = 0.040), with reduced knee flexion during the early stance phase (p = 0.001) and push-off to swing phase (p < 0.001). Ankle plantarflexion increased during early stance phase (p = 0.001), while ankle dorsiflexion was smaller in mid-stance (p = 0.002) but greater before push-off (p = 0.047). Compared to normal walking, Nordic walking exhibited a greater number of anti-phase ankle plantarflexion phases (p = 0.012), and fewer anti-phase knee flexion phases (p = 0.005).CONCLUSIONSThese findings suggest that, in novice adults, the quasi-quadrupedal gait strategy of Nordic walking alters inter-joint coordination strategies in a manner distinct from normal walking, particularly by increasing ankle plantarflexion-dominant and decreasing knee flexion-dominant coordination patterns. This study is the first to apply vector coding to Nordic walking, providing new biomechanical insights into its coordination characteristics and potential rehabilitation relevance in novice Nordic walkers.
{"title":"The Effect of Nordic Walking on Knee-Ankle Coordination Patterns in the Sagittal Plane: A Vector Coding Analysis.","authors":"Taewoong Kong,Gyeongeun Lee,Jaehun Lee,Hoon Kim","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003894","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONNordic walking, quasi-quadrupedal walking, provides biomechanical benefits to the lower extremities, such as joint load distribution and increased gait speed compared to normal walking. However, limited evidence exists regarding how the Nordic walking affects knee and ankle joint kinematic coordination. The purpose of this study was to investigate sagittal plane kinematics and coordination patterns of the knee and ankle joints during walking and Nordic walking.METHODSTwelve healthy subjects performed five consecutive strides of both conditions, while capturing time-series joint kinematics with a smartphone-based motion capture system (OpenCap). Knee-ankle coupling angles were computed and categorized into In-/Anti-Phase and proximal/distal dominance. A paired t-test was used to analyze discrete variables, including joint range of motion and the number of coordination phases derived from vector coding. Statistical Parametric Mapping was used to analyze differences in time-series knee and ankle joint angles.RESULTSour results showed that the knee range of motion was significantly smaller in Nordic walking (p = 0.040), with reduced knee flexion during the early stance phase (p = 0.001) and push-off to swing phase (p < 0.001). Ankle plantarflexion increased during early stance phase (p = 0.001), while ankle dorsiflexion was smaller in mid-stance (p = 0.002) but greater before push-off (p = 0.047). Compared to normal walking, Nordic walking exhibited a greater number of anti-phase ankle plantarflexion phases (p = 0.012), and fewer anti-phase knee flexion phases (p = 0.005).CONCLUSIONSThese findings suggest that, in novice adults, the quasi-quadrupedal gait strategy of Nordic walking alters inter-joint coordination strategies in a manner distinct from normal walking, particularly by increasing ankle plantarflexion-dominant and decreasing knee flexion-dominant coordination patterns. This study is the first to apply vector coding to Nordic walking, providing new biomechanical insights into its coordination characteristics and potential rehabilitation relevance in novice Nordic walkers.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"156 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145673883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003903
Ariana Nhung Le,Stian Lydersen,Daniel Estil Brissach,Asta K Håberg,Tara L Walker,Mia Schaumberg,Helene Haugen Berg,Dorthe Berg Stensvold,Atefe R Tari
INTRODUCTIONCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with better cognition in older adults. However, the long-term associations between CRF levels and cognitive outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between baseline CRF, changes in CRF (from baseline to year 1 and year 3) and cognition in older adults.METHODSWe included 770 cognitively healthy older adults (367 females; mean age 72.0±2 years at baseline) from the Generation 100 Study. All participants had complete data on CRF and important confounding factors (age, sex, educational attainment and self-rated memory at baseline). Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured directly as peak oxygen uptake using ergospirometry. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) 3-, 5-, and 10 years after baseline. Linear mixed models were used to assess the relationship between CRF at baseline, changes in CRF, and MoCA score over time.RESULTSThe mean MoCA score at year -3, -5, and -10 was 25.3, 25.0 and 24.8, respectively. Higher baseline CRF predicted 0.06 higher MoCA score at year 3 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.09) and 0.07 at year 5 (95 % CI 0.03 to 0.11) but was not associated with MoCA score at year 10 (β 0.02, 95 %CI -0.02 to 0.06). Neither 1-year nor 3-year changes in CRF were associated with MoCA scores at any time point.CONCLUSIONSChanges in CRF over 1 and 3 years were not associated with cognition in healthy older adults. However, higher baseline CRF was linked to better cognition up to 5 years later, suggesting that achieving and maintaining an age-relative high CRF before entering the 7th decade of life might benefit cognitive aging.
在老年人中，心肺健康（CRF）与更好的认知有关。然而，CRF水平与认知结果之间的长期关系尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨老年人基线CRF、CRF变化（从基线到第1年和第3年）与认知之间的关系。方法我们从100代研究中纳入770名认知健康的老年人（367名女性，平均基线年龄72.0±2岁）。所有参与者都有完整的CRF数据和重要的混杂因素（年龄、性别、受教育程度和基线时的自评记忆）。心肺适能直接通过吸氧量峰值测量。认知在基线后3年、5年和10年使用蒙特利尔认知评估（MoCA）进行评估。使用线性混合模型评估基线时CRF、CRF变化和MoCA评分之间的关系。结果3、5、10年MoCA平均评分分别为25.3、25.0、24.8。较高的基线CRF预测第3年MoCA评分升高0.06 (95% CI 0.02 ~ 0.09)，第5年MoCA评分升高0.07 (95% CI 0.03 ~ 0.11)，但与第10年MoCA评分无相关性（β 0.02, 95% CI -0.02 ~ 0.06）。在任何时间点，1年和3年的CRF变化都与MoCA评分无关。结论健康老年人1年和3年的CRF变化与认知无关。然而，较高的基线CRF与5年后更好的认知有关，这表明在进入生命的第7个十年之前达到并保持与年龄相关的高CRF可能有利于认知衰老。
{"title":"Longitudinal Associations Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cognition in Older Adults: a 10-year-follow-up from the Generation 100 Study.","authors":"Ariana Nhung Le,Stian Lydersen,Daniel Estil Brissach,Asta K Håberg,Tara L Walker,Mia Schaumberg,Helene Haugen Berg,Dorthe Berg Stensvold,Atefe R Tari","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003903","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with better cognition in older adults. However, the long-term associations between CRF levels and cognitive outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between baseline CRF, changes in CRF (from baseline to year 1 and year 3) and cognition in older adults.METHODSWe included 770 cognitively healthy older adults (367 females; mean age 72.0±2 years at baseline) from the Generation 100 Study. All participants had complete data on CRF and important confounding factors (age, sex, educational attainment and self-rated memory at baseline). Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured directly as peak oxygen uptake using ergospirometry. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) 3-, 5-, and 10 years after baseline. Linear mixed models were used to assess the relationship between CRF at baseline, changes in CRF, and MoCA score over time.RESULTSThe mean MoCA score at year -3, -5, and -10 was 25.3, 25.0 and 24.8, respectively. Higher baseline CRF predicted 0.06 higher MoCA score at year 3 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.09) and 0.07 at year 5 (95 % CI 0.03 to 0.11) but was not associated with MoCA score at year 10 (β 0.02, 95 %CI -0.02 to 0.06). Neither 1-year nor 3-year changes in CRF were associated with MoCA scores at any time point.CONCLUSIONSChanges in CRF over 1 and 3 years were not associated with cognition in healthy older adults. However, higher baseline CRF was linked to better cognition up to 5 years later, suggesting that achieving and maintaining an age-relative high CRF before entering the 7th decade of life might benefit cognitive aging.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"244 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145656971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSERunning patterns have been conceptualized as a continuum defined by step frequency (SF) and duty factor (DF), two variables proposed to act as independent axes within a dual-axis framework. However, their experimental independence at a fixed speed has not yet been verified. This study aimed to directly test the independence of SF and DF during treadmill running at 11 km/h using a real-time visual biofeedback system.METHODSFifteen trained runners performed a preferred baseline trial followed by 16 randomized conditions in which either SF (±6, ±12%) or DF (±8, ±16%) was imposed while the other variable was free to vary.RESULTSResults showed that SF manipulation did not significantly affect DF (p=0.14), with adjustments in contact and flight time occurring in parallel and preserving the ratio underlying DF. In contrast, extreme DF manipulations (±16%) significantly altered SF (p≤0.03), as opposing adjustments in contact and flight time were insufficient to stabilize step time.CONCLUSIONThese findings provide the first direct experimental evidence that SF and DF can be modulated independently within a functional range, partly confirming the dual-axis model. Practically, SF and DF represent distinct levers for modifying running mechanics, offering clinicians and coaches flexible strategies for performance optimization.
{"title":"Experimental Evidence for the Independent Modulation of Step Frequency and Duty Factor During Endurance Running.","authors":"Aurélien Patoz,David Perrinjaquet,Johan Garcia,Davide Malatesta","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003907","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION/PURPOSERunning patterns have been conceptualized as a continuum defined by step frequency (SF) and duty factor (DF), two variables proposed to act as independent axes within a dual-axis framework. However, their experimental independence at a fixed speed has not yet been verified. This study aimed to directly test the independence of SF and DF during treadmill running at 11 km/h using a real-time visual biofeedback system.METHODSFifteen trained runners performed a preferred baseline trial followed by 16 randomized conditions in which either SF (±6, ±12%) or DF (±8, ±16%) was imposed while the other variable was free to vary.RESULTSResults showed that SF manipulation did not significantly affect DF (p=0.14), with adjustments in contact and flight time occurring in parallel and preserving the ratio underlying DF. In contrast, extreme DF manipulations (±16%) significantly altered SF (p≤0.03), as opposing adjustments in contact and flight time were insufficient to stabilize step time.CONCLUSIONThese findings provide the first direct experimental evidence that SF and DF can be modulated independently within a functional range, partly confirming the dual-axis model. Practically, SF and DF represent distinct levers for modifying running mechanics, offering clinicians and coaches flexible strategies for performance optimization.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145656972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003902
Tomoko Aoyama,Yuki Hikihara,Masashi Watanabe,Hitoshi Wakabayashi,Satoshi Hanawa,David R Lubans,Shigeho Tanaka
PURPOSEUnderstanding the longitudinal tracking of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), adiposity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during childhood is essential for developing effective health interventions. Our study evaluated the tracking of objectively measured MVPA, CRF, and adiposity from early to late elementary school age.METHODSParticipants were recruited through six elementary schools in the Kanto region in Japan. Of the 247 children assessed at baseline in first grade (ages 6-7), 244 participated in a follow-up in fifth grade (ages 10-11). CRF was assessed as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak, mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) during a progressive treadmill test. Body fat percentage was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. MVPA was measured using a triaxial accelerometer worn for 14 consecutive days.RESULTSSpearman rank correlations indicated high tracking of body fat percentage in boys (ρ = 0.65, p <0.001) and girls (ρ = 0.61, p <0.001), and moderate and high tracking of MVPA in boys (ρ = 0.58, p <0.001) and girls (ρ = 0.63, p <0.001). CRF showed moderate tracking in boys (ρ = 0.57, p <0.001), but weaker tracking in girls (ρ = 0.29, p <0.01). Generalized estimating equations analysis adjusted for height revealed significant tracking for all three indicators, with a weaker tracking pattern for CRF in girls compared to boys: body fat percentage (β = 0.89 in boys, 0.79 in girls, both p <0.001), MVPA (β = 0.70 in boys, 0.69 in girls, both p <0.001), and CRF (β = 0.76 in boys, 0.54 in girls, both p <0.001).CONCLUSIONSThese findings support the need for targeted approaches during the early school years to prevent the consolidation of unfavorable profiles in fitness, adiposity, and physical activity. In addition, population-wide approaches throughout the school-age years may be important in supporting fitness development in girls, given the greater variability observed in CRF.
目的了解儿童时期心肺适能（CRF）、肥胖和中高强度体力活动（MVPA）的纵向追踪对制定有效的健康干预措施至关重要。我们的研究评估了从小学早期到晚期对客观测量的MVPA、CRF和肥胖的跟踪。方法通过日本关东地区的六所小学招募参与者。247名儿童在一年级（6-7岁）接受基线评估，244名儿童在五年级（10-11岁）参加了随访。在渐进式跑步机测试中，CRF被评估为峰值摄氧量（vo2峰值，mL·kg·min⁻¹）。采用双能x线吸收仪测量体脂率。使用连续佩戴14天的三轴加速度计测量MVPA。结果spearman秩相关分析显示，男孩体脂率高（ρ = 0.65, p <0.001）、女孩体脂率高（ρ = 0.61, p <0.001），男孩体脂率中、高（ρ = 0.58, p <0.001）、女孩体脂率中、高（ρ = 0.63, p <0.001）。男孩的CRF有中度跟踪（ρ = 0.57, p <0.001），女孩的跟踪较弱（ρ = 0.29, p <0.01）。经身高调整后的广义估计方程分析显示，所有三个指标都有显著的跟踪，女孩的CRF跟踪模式较弱：体脂率（男孩β = 0.89，女孩0.79，均p <0.001）、MVPA（男孩β = 0.70，女孩0.69，均p <0.001）和CRF（男孩β = 0.76，女孩0.54，均p <0.001）。结论：这些发现支持了在学校早期采取有针对性的方法来防止在健康、肥胖和体育活动方面的不利状况的巩固的必要性。此外，考虑到在CRF中观察到的更大变异性，在整个学龄阶段的全民方法可能对支持女孩的健身发展很重要。
{"title":"Longitudinal Tracking of Objective Measures of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition, and Physical Activity in Children.","authors":"Tomoko Aoyama,Yuki Hikihara,Masashi Watanabe,Hitoshi Wakabayashi,Satoshi Hanawa,David R Lubans,Shigeho Tanaka","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003902","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEUnderstanding the longitudinal tracking of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), adiposity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during childhood is essential for developing effective health interventions. Our study evaluated the tracking of objectively measured MVPA, CRF, and adiposity from early to late elementary school age.METHODSParticipants were recruited through six elementary schools in the Kanto region in Japan. Of the 247 children assessed at baseline in first grade (ages 6-7), 244 participated in a follow-up in fifth grade (ages 10-11). CRF was assessed as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak, mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) during a progressive treadmill test. Body fat percentage was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. MVPA was measured using a triaxial accelerometer worn for 14 consecutive days.RESULTSSpearman rank correlations indicated high tracking of body fat percentage in boys (ρ = 0.65, p <0.001) and girls (ρ = 0.61, p <0.001), and moderate and high tracking of MVPA in boys (ρ = 0.58, p <0.001) and girls (ρ = 0.63, p <0.001). CRF showed moderate tracking in boys (ρ = 0.57, p <0.001), but weaker tracking in girls (ρ = 0.29, p <0.01). Generalized estimating equations analysis adjusted for height revealed significant tracking for all three indicators, with a weaker tracking pattern for CRF in girls compared to boys: body fat percentage (β = 0.89 in boys, 0.79 in girls, both p <0.001), MVPA (β = 0.70 in boys, 0.69 in girls, both p <0.001), and CRF (β = 0.76 in boys, 0.54 in girls, both p <0.001).CONCLUSIONSThese findings support the need for targeted approaches during the early school years to prevent the consolidation of unfavorable profiles in fitness, adiposity, and physical activity. In addition, population-wide approaches throughout the school-age years may be important in supporting fitness development in girls, given the greater variability observed in CRF.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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