Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003899
Anthony K May,Anne E Holland,Catherine J Hill,Janet Bondarenko,James R Walsh,Norman R Morris,Kate Hayes,Leona M Dowman
PURPOSEPeripheral muscle dysfunction is common in people with fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Smaller muscle size may contribute to exercise intolerance in this population, yet this is largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate if relationships exist between quadriceps muscle size, exercise capacity, disease severity and dyspnoea in fibrotic ILD, and to characterise these relationships based on exertional oxyhaemoglobin desaturation.METHODSIn this cross-sectional study, quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle thickness (MT) were measured by B-mode ultrasonography in 45 participants with fibrotic ILD. Relationships between quadriceps muscle size and six-minute walk distance (6MWD), peak workload, endurance time, forced vital capacity (FVC), transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO), demographics and dyspnoea were assessed, with additional subgroup analyses for exertional oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ≤ 88%, SpO2 > 88%).RESULTSSmaller CSA and MT were associated with lower 6MWD (both r = 0.49, P < 0.01) and peak workload (CSA r = 0.37, P = 0.028; MT r = 0.60; P < 0.001). Smaller CSA was associated with lower FVC (r = 0.47; P = 0.004). These relationships were stronger in participants who experienced exertional desaturation. There was no significant relationship between muscle size and age, TLCO or dyspnoea. FVC and MT were independently associated with both 6MWD and peak workload.CONCLUSIONSIn fibrotic ILD, those with smaller quadriceps muscle size have lower exercise capacity and worse lung function. This is more apparent in those who experience exertional desaturation. Identifying interventions that preserve quadriceps muscle size in fibrotic ILD would prove beneficial.
目的外周肌功能障碍在纤维化间质性肺疾病（ILD）患者中很常见。在这个人群中，较小的肌肉尺寸可能导致运动不耐受，但这在很大程度上是未知的。本研究的目的是调查在纤维化ILD中四头肌大小、运动能力、疾病严重程度和呼吸困难之间是否存在关系，并基于运动氧血红蛋白去饱和度来描述这些关系。方法采用b超测量45例纤维化性ILD患者的股四头肌横截面积（CSA）和肌肉厚度（MT）。评估股四头肌大小与6分钟步行距离（6MWD）、峰值负荷、耐力时间、用力肺活量（FVC）、一氧化碳传递因子（TLCO）、人口统计学和呼吸困难之间的关系，并对运动时血氧蛋白饱和度（SpO2≤88%,SpO2 > 88%）进行额外的亚组分析。结果CSA和MT越小，6MWD越低（均r = 0.49, P < 0.01），峰值工作负荷越低（CSA r = 0.37, P = 0.028; MT r = 0.60, P < 0.001）。CSA越小，FVC越低（r = 0.47; P = 0.004）。这些关系在经历过劳累去饱和的参与者中更为明显。肌肉大小与年龄、TLCO或呼吸困难无显著关系。FVC和MT与6MWD和峰值工作负荷独立相关。结论在纤维化性ILD中，股四头肌大小较小的患者运动能力较低，肺功能较差。这在那些经历过劳累性去饱和的人身上更为明显。在纤维化性ILD中，确定保留股四头肌大小的干预措施将被证明是有益的。
{"title":"Smaller quadriceps size is associated with lower exercise capacity and greater disease severity in people with fibrotic interstitial lung disease.","authors":"Anthony K May,Anne E Holland,Catherine J Hill,Janet Bondarenko,James R Walsh,Norman R Morris,Kate Hayes,Leona M Dowman","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003899","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEPeripheral muscle dysfunction is common in people with fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Smaller muscle size may contribute to exercise intolerance in this population, yet this is largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate if relationships exist between quadriceps muscle size, exercise capacity, disease severity and dyspnoea in fibrotic ILD, and to characterise these relationships based on exertional oxyhaemoglobin desaturation.METHODSIn this cross-sectional study, quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle thickness (MT) were measured by B-mode ultrasonography in 45 participants with fibrotic ILD. Relationships between quadriceps muscle size and six-minute walk distance (6MWD), peak workload, endurance time, forced vital capacity (FVC), transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO), demographics and dyspnoea were assessed, with additional subgroup analyses for exertional oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ≤ 88%, SpO2 > 88%).RESULTSSmaller CSA and MT were associated with lower 6MWD (both r = 0.49, P < 0.01) and peak workload (CSA r = 0.37, P = 0.028; MT r = 0.60; P < 0.001). Smaller CSA was associated with lower FVC (r = 0.47; P = 0.004). These relationships were stronger in participants who experienced exertional desaturation. There was no significant relationship between muscle size and age, TLCO or dyspnoea. FVC and MT were independently associated with both 6MWD and peak workload.CONCLUSIONSIn fibrotic ILD, those with smaller quadriceps muscle size have lower exercise capacity and worse lung function. This is more apparent in those who experience exertional desaturation. Identifying interventions that preserve quadriceps muscle size in fibrotic ILD would prove beneficial.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003900
Alexios Batrakoulis,Konstantinos Perivoliotis,Kerry S Courneya,Kathryn H Schmitz,Anna L Schwartz,Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna,Nikolaos Liapis,George Tzovaras,Ioannis Baloyiannis
PURPOSEThis network meta-analysis aimed to evaluate and rank the comparative efficacy of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), combined AT and RT (CT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) primarily on body weight and secondarily on body mass index, fat-free mass, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, handgrip strength, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, fatigue, quality of life, anxiety, depression, and exercise adherence in colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors.METHODSMEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and MedRxiv were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception up to July 1, 2025. RCTs published in English comparing exercise to controls (CON) or to another exercise type in CRC patients after colon resection surgery were qualified.RESULTSThirty-two studies involving 2,001 CRC survivors (51.3/48.7 male-female ratio; mean ± SD: age, 58.0 ± 10.2 years; BMI, 27.1 ± 3.9 kg·m -2) were included. HIIT and CT were more effective than CON in improving cardiorespiratory fitness and fasting insulin, respectively. No exercise type was identified as being more efficacious than CON in improving any other outcome measures. Nevertheless, HIIT had the highest probability of being the best exercise intervention for improving body weight, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and quality of life. AT had the highest likelihood of reducing body mass index, fasting glucose, and anxiety. CT had the highest probability of improving fasting insulin, fatigue, depression, and exercise adherence, while RT showed the highest probability of being the most effective exercise type in increasing handgrip strength and fat-free mass.CONCLUSIONSThe current evidence indicates few confirmed benefits of exercise in CRC survivors, suggesting which types of exercise are most promising for a given psychophysiological outcome and may inform further large-scale RCTs of high methodological quality.
目的：本网络荟萃分析旨在评估有氧训练（AT）、阻力训练（RT）、AT和RT联合训练（CT）和高强度间歇训练（HIIT）对结直肠癌（CRC）幸存者体重的比较疗效，其次是体重指数、无脂质量、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、握力、体力活动、心肺健康、疲劳、生活质量、焦虑、抑郁和运动依从性。方法检索medline /PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science、CENTRAL和MedRxiv数据库中自成立至2025年7月1日的随机对照试验（rct）。英文发表的比较结肠切除术后CRC患者运动与对照组（CON）或另一种运动类型的rct是合格的。结果纳入32项研究，涉及2001例结直肠癌幸存者（男女比例51.3/48.7；平均±SD：年龄58.0±10.2岁；BMI 27.1±3.9 kg·m -2）。在改善心肺功能和空腹胰岛素方面，HIIT和CT分别比CON更有效。在改善任何其他结果测量方面，没有一种运动类型被确定为比CON更有效。然而，HIIT最有可能成为改善体重、体力活动、心肺健康和生活质量的最佳运动干预。AT最有可能降低身体质量指数、空腹血糖和焦虑。CT最有可能改善空腹胰岛素、疲劳、抑郁和运动依从性，而RT最有可能成为增加握力和无脂肪量最有效的运动类型。目前的证据表明，运动对结直肠癌幸存者的益处很少，这表明哪种类型的运动对特定的心理生理结果最有希望，并可能为进一步的高方法学质量的大规模随机对照试验提供信息。
{"title":"Comparative efficacy of various exercise types on psychophysiological outcomes in colorectal cancer survivors: a network meta-analysis.","authors":"Alexios Batrakoulis,Konstantinos Perivoliotis,Kerry S Courneya,Kathryn H Schmitz,Anna L Schwartz,Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna,Nikolaos Liapis,George Tzovaras,Ioannis Baloyiannis","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003900","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEThis network meta-analysis aimed to evaluate and rank the comparative efficacy of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), combined AT and RT (CT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) primarily on body weight and secondarily on body mass index, fat-free mass, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, handgrip strength, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, fatigue, quality of life, anxiety, depression, and exercise adherence in colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors.METHODSMEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and MedRxiv were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception up to July 1, 2025. RCTs published in English comparing exercise to controls (CON) or to another exercise type in CRC patients after colon resection surgery were qualified.RESULTSThirty-two studies involving 2,001 CRC survivors (51.3/48.7 male-female ratio; mean ± SD: age, 58.0 ± 10.2 years; BMI, 27.1 ± 3.9 kg·m -2) were included. HIIT and CT were more effective than CON in improving cardiorespiratory fitness and fasting insulin, respectively. No exercise type was identified as being more efficacious than CON in improving any other outcome measures. Nevertheless, HIIT had the highest probability of being the best exercise intervention for improving body weight, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and quality of life. AT had the highest likelihood of reducing body mass index, fasting glucose, and anxiety. CT had the highest probability of improving fasting insulin, fatigue, depression, and exercise adherence, while RT showed the highest probability of being the most effective exercise type in increasing handgrip strength and fat-free mass.CONCLUSIONSThe current evidence indicates few confirmed benefits of exercise in CRC survivors, suggesting which types of exercise are most promising for a given psychophysiological outcome and may inform further large-scale RCTs of high methodological quality.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003892
Yapeng Qi,Yihan Wang,Wenxuan Fang,Xinwei Li,Xiaoxia Du
PURPOSEThe cerebellum is essential for motor control due to its dynamic interactions with the sensorimotor network (SMN). Within the cerebellum, motor functions are organized into two distinct representations, known as the first motor representation (MRP1) and the second motor representation (MRP2). While long-term training in athletes optimizes motor control, the functional reorganization in the cerebellum and its interaction with the SMN remains unclear. Specifically, the unique contributions of MRP1 and MRP2 to motor expertise remain poorly understood.METHODSWe utilized task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to compare 55 elite basketball athletes with 65 non-athlete controls during two general motor tasks: a grip force task focused on upper-limb control and a leg raise task assessing lower-limb postural control. We examined brain activation and effective connectivity across cerebellar and cortical motor regions.RESULTSNo significant differences in regional brain activation were found between the groups. DCM analysis revealed that, compared to non-athletes, athletes' MRP1 showed significant stronger bidirectional connectivity with effector regions in both tasks. In contrast, athletes' MRP2 exhibited a significant decreased connectivity with effector regions during the leg raise task. Additionally, there was a non-significant trend toward increased connectivity from MRP2 to the motor planning regions of SMN in athletes.CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggest that the neural signature of expert motor control is better reflected by refined interactions within the cerebello-cerebral circuit, rather than by heightened neural activation. Athletes demonstrate a reorganization of cerebellar modulation, with MRP1 facilitating automatic motor output and MRP2 showing reduced involvement during complex tasks. These results provide new insights into the neural basis of motor expertise and could inform targeted approaches in sports training and neurorehabilitation.
{"title":"Cerebello-Cerebral Network Dynamic of Basketball Athletes in Motor Control Tasks.","authors":"Yapeng Qi,Yihan Wang,Wenxuan Fang,Xinwei Li,Xiaoxia Du","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003892","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEThe cerebellum is essential for motor control due to its dynamic interactions with the sensorimotor network (SMN). Within the cerebellum, motor functions are organized into two distinct representations, known as the first motor representation (MRP1) and the second motor representation (MRP2). While long-term training in athletes optimizes motor control, the functional reorganization in the cerebellum and its interaction with the SMN remains unclear. Specifically, the unique contributions of MRP1 and MRP2 to motor expertise remain poorly understood.METHODSWe utilized task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to compare 55 elite basketball athletes with 65 non-athlete controls during two general motor tasks: a grip force task focused on upper-limb control and a leg raise task assessing lower-limb postural control. We examined brain activation and effective connectivity across cerebellar and cortical motor regions.RESULTSNo significant differences in regional brain activation were found between the groups. DCM analysis revealed that, compared to non-athletes, athletes' MRP1 showed significant stronger bidirectional connectivity with effector regions in both tasks. In contrast, athletes' MRP2 exhibited a significant decreased connectivity with effector regions during the leg raise task. Additionally, there was a non-significant trend toward increased connectivity from MRP2 to the motor planning regions of SMN in athletes.CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggest that the neural signature of expert motor control is better reflected by refined interactions within the cerebello-cerebral circuit, rather than by heightened neural activation. Athletes demonstrate a reorganization of cerebellar modulation, with MRP1 facilitating automatic motor output and MRP2 showing reduced involvement during complex tasks. These results provide new insights into the neural basis of motor expertise and could inform targeted approaches in sports training and neurorehabilitation.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145499541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003889
Matt S Stock,Hannah M Bauerlein,Maya F Edwards,Kelsey E Stambaugh,Emily J Parsowith,Joshua C Carr,Abbie E Smith-Ryan,Randi M Richardson
PURPOSEWe examined changes in peak and rapid force and surface electromyographic (sEMG) excitation among females using monophasic OC and females not using OC following immobilization and rehabilitation. To examine potential sex differences, a male control group was included.METHODSTen males, 10 OC females, and 10 non-OC females (mean ± SD age = 23 ± 3 years) immobilized their left wrist/hand with a brace for one week, followed by ≥ one week of rehabilitation. Participants completed grip tests to assess peak force and the rate of force development (RFD) before and after immobilization and post-rehabilitation, with electromyographic signals recorded from the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECBR) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS).RESULTSGrip force declined post-immobilization: males = -17.2 ± 10.3%, non-OC = -22.3 ± 24.7%, OC = -20.7 ± 14.8%. No significant time × group interactions were observed for any dependent variables (p > 0.05, η² ≤ 0.084). Time effects showed recovery post-rehab across all groups. RFD, particularly at 200 ms, declined posttest and rebounded post-rehab. ECBR excitation increased post-rehab; FDS excitation responses were highly variable across participants. Five participants required > one week of rehabilitation (2 males, 2 non-OC, 1 OC), suggesting rapid recovery for most.CONCLUSIONSMales and females in this study exhibited similar declines and recovery in grip force after one week of wrist/hand immobilization, regardless of OC use. These findings suggest that the influence of OC use on neuromuscular outcomes in females undergoing short-term musculoskeletal rehabilitation may be minimal.
{"title":"Effects of Oral Contraceptives and Biological Sex on Grip Strength and Excitation During Immobilization and Recovery: An Exploratory Clinical Trial.","authors":"Matt S Stock,Hannah M Bauerlein,Maya F Edwards,Kelsey E Stambaugh,Emily J Parsowith,Joshua C Carr,Abbie E Smith-Ryan,Randi M Richardson","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003889","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEWe examined changes in peak and rapid force and surface electromyographic (sEMG) excitation among females using monophasic OC and females not using OC following immobilization and rehabilitation. To examine potential sex differences, a male control group was included.METHODSTen males, 10 OC females, and 10 non-OC females (mean ± SD age = 23 ± 3 years) immobilized their left wrist/hand with a brace for one week, followed by ≥ one week of rehabilitation. Participants completed grip tests to assess peak force and the rate of force development (RFD) before and after immobilization and post-rehabilitation, with electromyographic signals recorded from the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECBR) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS).RESULTSGrip force declined post-immobilization: males = -17.2 ± 10.3%, non-OC = -22.3 ± 24.7%, OC = -20.7 ± 14.8%. No significant time × group interactions were observed for any dependent variables (p > 0.05, η² ≤ 0.084). Time effects showed recovery post-rehab across all groups. RFD, particularly at 200 ms, declined posttest and rebounded post-rehab. ECBR excitation increased post-rehab; FDS excitation responses were highly variable across participants. Five participants required > one week of rehabilitation (2 males, 2 non-OC, 1 OC), suggesting rapid recovery for most.CONCLUSIONSMales and females in this study exhibited similar declines and recovery in grip force after one week of wrist/hand immobilization, regardless of OC use. These findings suggest that the influence of OC use on neuromuscular outcomes in females undergoing short-term musculoskeletal rehabilitation may be minimal.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145440593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003891
Giovanni Berardi,Adam Janowski,Samuel McNally,Andrew Post,Alpana Garg,Kathleen A Sluka
PURPOSEIn individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), physical activity can exacerbate symptoms for days-to-weeks, referred to as post-exertional symptom exacerbation (PESE). This study characterized the trajectory of PESE symptoms before and for 7 days after a sub-maximal exercise task in individuals with ME/CFS or PASC.METHODSIndividuals with ME/CFS (n=30) or PASC (n=30) and matched controls (n=30) were recruited from a university hospital and the community setting. Participants completed a 25-minute moderate intensity exercise on a whole-body cycle ergometer. The trajectory of 8 commonly reported PESE symptoms (physical fatigue, mental fatigue, pain, physical function, flu-like symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, sleep dysfunction, anxiety) before and for 7 days after exercise.RESULTSThere was variability in the proportion of those who experienced increased symptoms ranging from 46/60 reporting physical fatigue to only 18/30 reporting anxiety. There was no change in any of the symptoms across the 7-day period when analyzed individually. An aggregate score of 4-5 symptoms that includes physical fatigue, mental fatigue, physical function and flu-like symptoms, with or without pain, was more comprehensive in capturing maximal changes in PESE. Changes were greatest during the 72h post-exercise and for those with ME/CFS. The aggregate score shows 8/30 of individuals with ME/CFS and 12/30 with PASC show minimal-to-no increase in PESE, while 6-7/30 show increases greater than 3/10 points.CONCLUSIONSPESE to a clinically relevant exercise task is variable in individuals with ME/CFS and PASC as submaximal exercise does not exacerbate symptoms for some, while modifications of intensity may be necessary to minimize PESE in others.
{"title":"Post-Exertional Symptom Exacerbation after Sub-Maximal Exercise in Individuals with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19.","authors":"Giovanni Berardi,Adam Janowski,Samuel McNally,Andrew Post,Alpana Garg,Kathleen A Sluka","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003891","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEIn individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), physical activity can exacerbate symptoms for days-to-weeks, referred to as post-exertional symptom exacerbation (PESE). This study characterized the trajectory of PESE symptoms before and for 7 days after a sub-maximal exercise task in individuals with ME/CFS or PASC.METHODSIndividuals with ME/CFS (n=30) or PASC (n=30) and matched controls (n=30) were recruited from a university hospital and the community setting. Participants completed a 25-minute moderate intensity exercise on a whole-body cycle ergometer. The trajectory of 8 commonly reported PESE symptoms (physical fatigue, mental fatigue, pain, physical function, flu-like symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, sleep dysfunction, anxiety) before and for 7 days after exercise.RESULTSThere was variability in the proportion of those who experienced increased symptoms ranging from 46/60 reporting physical fatigue to only 18/30 reporting anxiety. There was no change in any of the symptoms across the 7-day period when analyzed individually. An aggregate score of 4-5 symptoms that includes physical fatigue, mental fatigue, physical function and flu-like symptoms, with or without pain, was more comprehensive in capturing maximal changes in PESE. Changes were greatest during the 72h post-exercise and for those with ME/CFS. The aggregate score shows 8/30 of individuals with ME/CFS and 12/30 with PASC show minimal-to-no increase in PESE, while 6-7/30 show increases greater than 3/10 points.CONCLUSIONSPESE to a clinically relevant exercise task is variable in individuals with ME/CFS and PASC as submaximal exercise does not exacerbate symptoms for some, while modifications of intensity may be necessary to minimize PESE in others.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145433804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003775
Lauren Ptomey,Kerri A Morgan,Cheri A Blauwet,Benjamin D Boudreaux,B O Fernhall,Janet Hauck,David Legg,Stephanie Tow,Kathleen A Martin Ginis
Participating in physical activity and meeting physical activity guidelines are far more challenging for persons with disabilities than for the general population. This American College of Sports Medicine expert consensus statement provides an evidence-based summary of (i) the impact of physiological factors, physical activity guidelines, and barriers on physical activity participation and prescription for individuals with disabilities; (ii) three consensus statements derived from research evidence; and (iii) five practical recommendations for prescribing and designing physical activity programs tailored to adults with disabilities, based on an integration of research evidence with expert consensus.
{"title":"ACSM Expert Consensus Statement: Considerations and Recommendations for Prescribing Exercise and Designing Physical Activity Programs for People with Disabilities.","authors":"Lauren Ptomey,Kerri A Morgan,Cheri A Blauwet,Benjamin D Boudreaux,B O Fernhall,Janet Hauck,David Legg,Stephanie Tow,Kathleen A Martin Ginis","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003775","url":null,"abstract":"Participating in physical activity and meeting physical activity guidelines are far more challenging for persons with disabilities than for the general population. This American College of Sports Medicine expert consensus statement provides an evidence-based summary of (i) the impact of physiological factors, physical activity guidelines, and barriers on physical activity participation and prescription for individuals with disabilities; (ii) three consensus statements derived from research evidence; and (iii) five practical recommendations for prescribing and designing physical activity programs tailored to adults with disabilities, based on an integration of research evidence with expert consensus.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"19 1","pages":"2588-2598"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145283935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003795
David J Bishop,Belinda Beck,Stuart J H Biddle,Keri L Denay,Alessandra Ferri,Martin J Gibala,Samuel Headley,Andrew M Jones,Mary Jung,Matthew J-C Lee,Trine Moholdt,Robert U Newton,Sophia Nimphius,Linda S Pescatello,Nicholas J Saner,Chris Tzarimas
The evidence supporting the many beneficial effects of physical activity, including exercise, is overwhelming. This has led to numerous publications, statements, and position stands providing evidence-based recommendations to realize the performance-enhancing and therapeutic benefits of exercise. However, one factor hampering research and limiting the adoption of these recommendations is the inconsistent use of terminology associated with different exercise intensities. The goal of this international group of researchers and practitioners, therefore, was to propose standardized physical activity and exercise intensity terminology that has utility across all ages, sexes, genders, physical abilities, conditions, applications, and activities. After much discussion, we propose a standard terminology for physical activity, exercise, and sport and human performance comprising five exercise intensities: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. We also propose five different descriptors for the perception of effort that align with the five intensities we have suggested: very easy, easy, somewhat hard, hard, and very hard. To enable consistent use of these descriptors with both cardiorespiratory and resistance exercise, we suggest not using descriptors such as light, heavy, weak, or strong (which might be perceived as only being applicable to describing load). We appreciate that some fields have long-established terminology and may be reluctant to change. Nonetheless, at a minimum, the terminology proposed here allows for more clarity when comparing the different exercise intensity descriptors currently used by different fields. Finally, we hope this will be an important "first step" in harmonizing the descriptions of exercise intensity across the fields of physical activity for public health, exercise science, and sport science.
{"title":"Physical Activity and Exercise Intensity Terminology: A Joint American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Expert Statement and Exercise and Sport Science Australia (ESSA) Consensus Statement.","authors":"David J Bishop,Belinda Beck,Stuart J H Biddle,Keri L Denay,Alessandra Ferri,Martin J Gibala,Samuel Headley,Andrew M Jones,Mary Jung,Matthew J-C Lee,Trine Moholdt,Robert U Newton,Sophia Nimphius,Linda S Pescatello,Nicholas J Saner,Chris Tzarimas","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003795","url":null,"abstract":"The evidence supporting the many beneficial effects of physical activity, including exercise, is overwhelming. This has led to numerous publications, statements, and position stands providing evidence-based recommendations to realize the performance-enhancing and therapeutic benefits of exercise. However, one factor hampering research and limiting the adoption of these recommendations is the inconsistent use of terminology associated with different exercise intensities. The goal of this international group of researchers and practitioners, therefore, was to propose standardized physical activity and exercise intensity terminology that has utility across all ages, sexes, genders, physical abilities, conditions, applications, and activities. After much discussion, we propose a standard terminology for physical activity, exercise, and sport and human performance comprising five exercise intensities: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. We also propose five different descriptors for the perception of effort that align with the five intensities we have suggested: very easy, easy, somewhat hard, hard, and very hard. To enable consistent use of these descriptors with both cardiorespiratory and resistance exercise, we suggest not using descriptors such as light, heavy, weak, or strong (which might be perceived as only being applicable to describing load). We appreciate that some fields have long-established terminology and may be reluctant to change. Nonetheless, at a minimum, the terminology proposed here allows for more clarity when comparing the different exercise intensity descriptors currently used by different fields. Finally, we hope this will be an important \"first step\" in harmonizing the descriptions of exercise intensity across the fields of physical activity for public health, exercise science, and sport science.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"8 1","pages":"2599-2613"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145283937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003886
William B Hammert,Anna Kang,Yujiro Yamada,Ryo Kataoka,Robert Sallberg,Emily E Metcalf,Jeremy P Loenneke
PURPOSETo determine if acute cardiovascular responses to low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) exhibit true and repeatable inter-individual variability, and whether responses differ between absolute and relative pressure application methods.METHODSIn a replicate crossover design, 82 healthy adults [21 (3) years] were randomly assigned to an absolute (100 mmHg; n = 42) or relative [80% AOP (~128 mmHg); n = 40] pressure group and completed two exercise and two control trials (randomized order). Exercise involved two sets of 30% 1RM unilateral knee extensions under the assigned pressure, with repetitions individually prescribed as 70% maximum achieved during pre-testing. Systolic pressure (SBP), diastolic blood (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured pre- and post-trial, and control-adjusted responses calculated. Within-participant linear mixed models (covariate adjusted) and random-effects meta-analyses quantified inter-individual variability, while Pearson correlations assessed reproducibility.RESULTSBFR exercise increased SBP (18.0 mmHg), DBP (12.8 mmHg), and HR (4.5 bpm) versus control (all p < 0.001), with greater increases in SBP (4.9 mmHg) and DBP (4.1 mmHg) for the relative group (p ≤ 0.001). Participant-by-treatment interactions indicated true inter-individual variability for all outcomes except HR in the absolute group. Correlations between replicates were significant for all outcomes under relative pressures (p ≤ 0.018), but only for SBP (p < 0.001) in the absolute group.CONCLUSIONSAcute cardiovascular responses to BFR exercise are variable between and reproducible within individuals, particularly under relative pressures. Whether these differences are attributable to BFR or reflect inherent variability to low-load resistance exercise remains unknown.
{"title":"Inter-Individual Variability of Acute Cardiovascular Responses to Low-Load Resistance Exercise with Different Methods of Blood Flow Restriction.","authors":"William B Hammert,Anna Kang,Yujiro Yamada,Ryo Kataoka,Robert Sallberg,Emily E Metcalf,Jeremy P Loenneke","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003886","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSETo determine if acute cardiovascular responses to low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) exhibit true and repeatable inter-individual variability, and whether responses differ between absolute and relative pressure application methods.METHODSIn a replicate crossover design, 82 healthy adults [21 (3) years] were randomly assigned to an absolute (100 mmHg; n = 42) or relative [80% AOP (~128 mmHg); n = 40] pressure group and completed two exercise and two control trials (randomized order). Exercise involved two sets of 30% 1RM unilateral knee extensions under the assigned pressure, with repetitions individually prescribed as 70% maximum achieved during pre-testing. Systolic pressure (SBP), diastolic blood (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured pre- and post-trial, and control-adjusted responses calculated. Within-participant linear mixed models (covariate adjusted) and random-effects meta-analyses quantified inter-individual variability, while Pearson correlations assessed reproducibility.RESULTSBFR exercise increased SBP (18.0 mmHg), DBP (12.8 mmHg), and HR (4.5 bpm) versus control (all p < 0.001), with greater increases in SBP (4.9 mmHg) and DBP (4.1 mmHg) for the relative group (p ≤ 0.001). Participant-by-treatment interactions indicated true inter-individual variability for all outcomes except HR in the absolute group. Correlations between replicates were significant for all outcomes under relative pressures (p ≤ 0.018), but only for SBP (p < 0.001) in the absolute group.CONCLUSIONSAcute cardiovascular responses to BFR exercise are variable between and reproducible within individuals, particularly under relative pressures. Whether these differences are attributable to BFR or reflect inherent variability to low-load resistance exercise remains unknown.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145403768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003888
Clifton J Holmes,Florêncio Diniz-Sousa,Clark Sims,Lisa T Jansen,Audrey Martinez,Alvin Dupens,Donald Turner,Tim Edwards,Jayne Bellando,Taren Massey-Swindle,Eva C Diaz,Elisabet Børsheim,Aline Andres
PURPOSEThis study investigated the effects of a combined aerobic and resistance exercise program on maternal health and birth outcomes in pregnant people with obesity and prior sedentary lifestyle.METHODSTwo hundred and sixty-four pregnant people (≥30.0 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to a standard-of-care group (SOC; n = 107) or an exercise group (EX; n = 157). The intervention consisted of aerobic, resistance, and stretching exercises, 3x per week from the 12 weeks of gestation until delivery. A submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise treadmill test was performed at 12 and 24 weeks of pregnancy. Biological sample collection, body composition assessment, resting and activity energy expenditure assessment, and depression and stress evaluations were obtained at 12.1 ± 0.5, 24.2 ± 0.7, and 36.0 ± 0.5 weeks of gestation. Linear mixed-effect models were used to compare maternal outcomes, while linear and logistic models were used to compare delivery outcomes.RESULTSThe median compliance for exercise sessions attended from the start of exercise (14.0 ± 0.8 weeks gestation) to delivery (38.8 ± 1.7 weeks gestation) was 61.7%. No significant time × group interactions were found for most maternal outcomes, however, significant time × group interactions were observed in cardiorespiratory fitness outcomes, specifically in grade (p < 0.001), HR (p = 0.003), workload (p < 0.001), V̇O₂ (p < 0.001) during final fitness testing stage corresponding to rating of perceived exertion of 15, and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (p < 0.001). No significant effects were observed for other maternal health outcome measures, including gestational weight gain, systemic inflammation, and birth outcomes.CONCLUSIONSRegular physical activity and participation in aerobic and resistance exercise during pregnancy is safe and effective for improving and maintaining physical fitness and activity levels people with obesity who were previously sedentary.
目的：本研究探讨了有氧运动和抗阻运动联合训练对肥胖和既往久坐生活方式孕妇的孕产妇健康和分娩结局的影响。方法164例孕妇（≥30.0 kg/m2）随机分为标准护理组（SOC, n = 107）和运动组（EX, n = 157）。干预包括有氧运动、阻力运动和伸展运动，从妊娠12周到分娩，每周3次。在妊娠12周和24周进行了次最大心肺运动跑步机试验。在妊娠12.1±0.5周、24.2±0.7周和36.0±0.5周进行生物样本采集、体成分评估、静息和活动能量消耗评估以及抑郁和应激评估。采用线性混合效应模型比较产妇结局，采用线性和logistic模型比较分娩结局。结果从运动开始（妊娠14.0±0.8周）到分娩（妊娠38.8±1.7周）参加运动的中位依从性为61.7%。在大多数产妇结局中没有发现显著的时间与组间相互作用，但在心肺健康结局中观察到显著的时间与组间相互作用，特别是在等级（p < 0.001）、HR （p = 0.003）、工作量（p < 0.001）、最终健康测试阶段（对应于感知运动等级为15）的V²O²（p < 0.001）和吸氧效率斜率（p < 0.001）。未观察到对其他孕产妇健康指标的显著影响，包括妊娠期体重增加、全身炎症和分娩结局。结论孕期有规律的体育锻炼和参加有氧运动和抗阻运动对改善和维持以前久坐不动的肥胖人群的身体健康和活动水平是安全有效的。
{"title":"The Effect of an Exercise Program on Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes in Sedentary Pregnant Participants With Obesity - Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Clifton J Holmes,Florêncio Diniz-Sousa,Clark Sims,Lisa T Jansen,Audrey Martinez,Alvin Dupens,Donald Turner,Tim Edwards,Jayne Bellando,Taren Massey-Swindle,Eva C Diaz,Elisabet Børsheim,Aline Andres","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003888","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEThis study investigated the effects of a combined aerobic and resistance exercise program on maternal health and birth outcomes in pregnant people with obesity and prior sedentary lifestyle.METHODSTwo hundred and sixty-four pregnant people (≥30.0 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to a standard-of-care group (SOC; n = 107) or an exercise group (EX; n = 157). The intervention consisted of aerobic, resistance, and stretching exercises, 3x per week from the 12 weeks of gestation until delivery. A submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise treadmill test was performed at 12 and 24 weeks of pregnancy. Biological sample collection, body composition assessment, resting and activity energy expenditure assessment, and depression and stress evaluations were obtained at 12.1 ± 0.5, 24.2 ± 0.7, and 36.0 ± 0.5 weeks of gestation. Linear mixed-effect models were used to compare maternal outcomes, while linear and logistic models were used to compare delivery outcomes.RESULTSThe median compliance for exercise sessions attended from the start of exercise (14.0 ± 0.8 weeks gestation) to delivery (38.8 ± 1.7 weeks gestation) was 61.7%. No significant time × group interactions were found for most maternal outcomes, however, significant time × group interactions were observed in cardiorespiratory fitness outcomes, specifically in grade (p < 0.001), HR (p = 0.003), workload (p < 0.001), V̇O₂ (p < 0.001) during final fitness testing stage corresponding to rating of perceived exertion of 15, and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (p < 0.001). No significant effects were observed for other maternal health outcome measures, including gestational weight gain, systemic inflammation, and birth outcomes.CONCLUSIONSRegular physical activity and participation in aerobic and resistance exercise during pregnancy is safe and effective for improving and maintaining physical fitness and activity levels people with obesity who were previously sedentary.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145403802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003887
Le Wei,Matthew N Ahmadi,Joanna M Blodgett,Elroy J Aguiar,Raaj Kishore Biswas,Nicholas A Koemel,Borja Del Pozo Cruz,Emmanuel Stamatakis
BACKGROUNDEvidence on the potential mortality gain of higher free-living stepping intensity is limited and equivocal, potentially due to the inconsistent usage among various estimation metrics. To estimate the difference in the association with mortality risk across different stepping intensity metrics, we aimed to compare different metrics in terms of their multivariable-adjusted associations with all-cause (ACM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality.METHODSThis cohort study included UK biobank participants wearing wrist-worn accelerometers. We included eight peak cadence metrics, defined as the highest averaged steps/min across eight different time windows (1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 30-, 60-min), and two non-peak-cadence metrics including average daily cadence (steps/accelerometer wearing minutes) and purposeful cadence (averaged steps/min for minutes ≥40 steps). For each metric, we first standardized each individual's absolute cadence using (individual's absolute cadence-mean cadence)/standard deviation. We then estimated their dose-response associations using Cox-restricted-cubic-spline models and compared them on overlay plots.RESULTSAmong 65,253 participants (mean age: 61.5 years [SD: 7.8]; 57% female) followed for 8.0 (median) years, all peak-cadence metrics and the average daily cadence exhibited similar positive dose-response associations with mortality. For example, the medians of the individual-level standardized cadence and hazard ratios (HR) across peak 1-, 30-, and 60-min cadence were: ACM, -0.17 steps/min (HR: 0.71 [95%CI: 0.64, 0.80], -0.15 (0.66 [0.59, 0.74]) and -0.15 (0.66 [0.59, 0.75]), respectively; CVD mortality, -0.17 steps/min (HR: 0.63 [95%CI: 0.51, 0.78]), -0.15 (0.57 [0.46, 0.71]), and -0.15 (0.57 [0.46, 0.71]); cancer mortality, -0.17 steps/min (HR: 0.88 [95%CI: 0.75, 1.03]), -0.15 (0.89 [0.75, 1.04]), -0.16 (0.93 [0.78, 1.09]). Purposeful cadence was not associated with mortality (e.g., median of the individual-level standardized cadence: 0.59 steps/min; HR: 0.99 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.15)]).CONCLUSIONSThis study suggested that peak cadence and average cadence metrics can be used interchangeably to quantify the associations of stepping intensity with long-term health outcomes.
{"title":"Does the Choice of Stepping Intensity Metric Influence Dose-Response Associations with Mortality? Analysis on UK Population Cohort Study of 65,253 Adults.","authors":"Le Wei,Matthew N Ahmadi,Joanna M Blodgett,Elroy J Aguiar,Raaj Kishore Biswas,Nicholas A Koemel,Borja Del Pozo Cruz,Emmanuel Stamatakis","doi":"10.1249/mss.0000000000003887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003887","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDEvidence on the potential mortality gain of higher free-living stepping intensity is limited and equivocal, potentially due to the inconsistent usage among various estimation metrics. To estimate the difference in the association with mortality risk across different stepping intensity metrics, we aimed to compare different metrics in terms of their multivariable-adjusted associations with all-cause (ACM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality.METHODSThis cohort study included UK biobank participants wearing wrist-worn accelerometers. We included eight peak cadence metrics, defined as the highest averaged steps/min across eight different time windows (1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 30-, 60-min), and two non-peak-cadence metrics including average daily cadence (steps/accelerometer wearing minutes) and purposeful cadence (averaged steps/min for minutes ≥40 steps). For each metric, we first standardized each individual's absolute cadence using (individual's absolute cadence-mean cadence)/standard deviation. We then estimated their dose-response associations using Cox-restricted-cubic-spline models and compared them on overlay plots.RESULTSAmong 65,253 participants (mean age: 61.5 years [SD: 7.8]; 57% female) followed for 8.0 (median) years, all peak-cadence metrics and the average daily cadence exhibited similar positive dose-response associations with mortality. For example, the medians of the individual-level standardized cadence and hazard ratios (HR) across peak 1-, 30-, and 60-min cadence were: ACM, -0.17 steps/min (HR: 0.71 [95%CI: 0.64, 0.80], -0.15 (0.66 [0.59, 0.74]) and -0.15 (0.66 [0.59, 0.75]), respectively; CVD mortality, -0.17 steps/min (HR: 0.63 [95%CI: 0.51, 0.78]), -0.15 (0.57 [0.46, 0.71]), and -0.15 (0.57 [0.46, 0.71]); cancer mortality, -0.17 steps/min (HR: 0.88 [95%CI: 0.75, 1.03]), -0.15 (0.89 [0.75, 1.04]), -0.16 (0.93 [0.78, 1.09]). Purposeful cadence was not associated with mortality (e.g., median of the individual-level standardized cadence: 0.59 steps/min; HR: 0.99 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.15)]).CONCLUSIONSThis study suggested that peak cadence and average cadence metrics can be used interchangeably to quantify the associations of stepping intensity with long-term health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":18500,"journal":{"name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145380787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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